Yung Y.L., DeMore W.B. Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
426
Notes
and
Bibliography
1.4
Stability
of
Planetary Atmospheres Against
Escape
The
fundamental
theory
of
thermal escape
is
developed
by
Jeans,
J. H.,
1916,
The
Dynamical
Theory
of
Gases. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University
Press)
and
Chamber-
lain,
J. W.,
1963, "Planetary Coronae
and
Atmospheric Evaporation." Planet. Space
Sci.
11,
901-960.
Chapter
2
2.1
Introduction
There
are
several excellent books covering
the
subject matter
in
this chapter: Okabe,
H.,
1978,
Photochemistry
of
Small Molecules (New York: Wiley); Brasseur,
G., and
Solomon,
S.,
1984,
Aeronomy
of the
Middle Atmosphere (Dordrecht: Reidel); Wayne,
R.
P.,
1988, Principles
and
Applications
of
Photochemistry (New York: Oxford Uni-
versity
Press).
2.2
Solar
Flux
Much
of the
material
in
this chapter
is
based
on
Goody,
R.
M.,
and
Yung,
Y. L.,
1989, Atmospheric Radiation (2nd ed.;
New
York: Oxford University Press).
A
recent review
of the
sun's output
and its
evolution
is by
Sonnett,
C. P.,
Giampapa,
M.
S.,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1991,
The Sun in
Time (Tucson: University
of
Arizona Press).
The
usefulness
of
I4
C
as a
proxy
for the
variability
of the sun in
time
is
discussed
by
Damon,
P. E., and
Sonnett,
C. P.,
1991,
"Solar
and
Terrestrial Components
of the
I4
C
Variation Spectrum,"
in
Sonett
et
al.
(1991; cited above),
p.
360.
The
loss
of
heavy elements
from
the
atmospheres
of
terrestrial planets
via
hydro-
dynamic
escape
in the
early
history
of the
solar system
is
discussed
by
Pepin,
R. O.,
1991,
"On the
Origin
and
Early
Evolution
of
Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres
and
Meteoritic
Volatiles."
Icarus
92, 2.
The
discussion
of
entropy
flux is
taken
from
Peixoto,
J. P. et
al.,
1991, "Entropy
Budget
of the
Atmosphere."
/
Geophys.
Res.
96,
10981.
2.3
Absorption
in the
Ultraviolet
The
books
by
Okabe (1978)
and
Brasseur
and
Solomon
(1984),
cited
in
section
2.1,
contain excellent summaries
of
absorption data
of
simple molecules.
Unless
otherwise stated,
the
cross section data
are
taken from
DeMore,
W. B. et
al.,
1994, Chemical Kinetics
and
Photochemical Data
for Use in
Stratospheric Modeling
(JPL
Publ.
No.
94-26;
Pasadena,
Calif.:
Jet
Propulsion Laboratory)
p.
273.
The
temperature dependence
of CO2
cross
sections
was
measured
by
Lewis,
B.,
and
Carver,
J.
H.,
1983, "Temperature Dependence
of the
Carbon Dioxide Photoabsorption
Cross
Section between 1200
and
1970
A." J.
Quant. Spectrosc.
Radial.
Transf.
30,
297.
Notes
and
Bibliography
427
Table
2.3 was
compiled
from
Franklin,
J. L. et
al.,
1969,
lonization
Potentials,
Appearance Potentials,
and
Heats
of
Formation
of
Gaseous Ions (National Bureau
of
Standards
Ref.
Publ.
NSRDS-NBS
26;
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing
Office),
p.
289.
2.4
Interaction with
the
Atmosphere
The
fundamental
theory
of
radiative
transfer
is
developed
in two
classic texts
by
Chandrasekhar,
S.,
1960, Radiative
Transfer
(New York: Dover);
and van de
Hulst,
H. C.,
1980, Multiple Light Scattering
(vols.
1 and 2; New
York: Academic Press).
Applications
of the
theory
of
radiative transfer
to the
atmosphere
are
developed
by
Liou,
K.-N.,
1980,
An
Introduction
to
Atmospheric Radiation (New York: Academic
Press);
and
Goody
and
Yung
(1989;
cited
in
section 2.2).
2.5
Sunlight
and
Life
The
discussion
on
photosynthesis
is
based
on
material from Gregory,
R. P. F.,
1989,
Biochemistry
of
Photosynthesis (New York: Wiley).
Chapter
3
3.1
Introduction
There
are
several excellent books covering
the
subject matter
in
this chapter: John-
ston,
H.
S.,
1966,
Gas
Phase Reaction Rate Theory (New York: Ronald Press); Benson,
S. W.,
1982, Foundations
of
Chemical Kinetics (New York: McGraw-Hill); Levine,
R.
D., and
Bernstein,
R. B.,
1987, Molecular Dynamics
and
Chemical Reactivity (New
York:
Oxford University
Press);
Wayne,
R. P.,
1988, Principles
and
Applications
of
Photochemistry (New York: Oxford University Press); Bowers,
M.
T,
editor, 1979,
Gas
Phase
Ion
Chemistry (vols. 1-3;
New
York: Academic Press).
Quote
from
Chuang
Tsu is
taken
from
The
Complete
Work
ofChuang
Tsu, translated
by
B.
Watson (N.Y.: Columbia
University
Press), 1968.
3.2
Thermochemical Reactions
The
standard reference
for
equilibrium
chemistry
is
Lewis,
G. N., and
Randall,
M.,
1961, Thermodynamics (New York: McGraw-Hill).
Unless
otherwise stated,
the
values
of
enthalpies
and
entropies
are
taken from
DeMore,
W. B. et
al.,
1994, Chemical Kinetics
and
Photochemical Data
for Use in
Stratospheric Modeling
(Evaluation
No.,
11,
JPL
publication
94-26;
Pasadena,
Calif.:
Jet
Propulsion Laboratories).
3.3
Unimolecular
Reactions
The
material
in
this
section
is
based
on
Robinson,
P.
J.,
and
Holbrook,
K.
A.,
1972,
Unimolecular Reactions (New York: Wiley).
428
Notes
and
Bibliography
3.4
Bimolecular
Reactions
The
material
on
ion-molecule reactions
is
based
on
Levine
and
Bernstein
(1989;
cited
in
section 3.2).
3.5
Termolecular
Reactions
Tree's
theory
of
termolecular
reactions
is
developed
by
Troe,
J.,
1977,
"Theory
of
Thermal Unimolecular Reactions
at Low
Pressures.
I.
Solutions
of the
Master
Equation."
J.
Chem.
Phys.
66,
4745;
and
"Theory
of
Thermal Unimolecular Reactions
at
Low
Pressures.
II.
Strong Collision Rate Constants. Applications."
J.
Chem. Phys.
66,
4758.
The
importance
of
termolecular reactions
for
astrophysical
and
planetary applica-
tions
was
pointed
out by
Williams,
D.
A.,
1971, "Association Reactions."
Astrophys.
Lett.
10, 17; and
Laufer,
A.
H.
et
al.,
1983, "Computations
and
Estimates
of
Rate
Constants
for
Hydrocarbon Reactions
of
Interest
to the
Atmospheres
of the
Outer
Solar
System."
Icarus
56,
560.
3.7
Miscellaneous
Reactions
Data
from table
3.3 are
from
Okabe,
H.,
1978, Photochemistry
of
Small Molecules
(New
York: Wiley).
Chapter
4
4.1
Introduction
There
are
several publications covering
the
subject matter
in
this
chapter: Lewis,
J. S., and
Prinn,
R. G.,
1984, Planets
and
Their Atmospheres (New York: Academic
Press); Black,
D. C., and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1985, Protostars
and
Planets
II
(Tucson:
University
of
Arizona Press); Levy,
E.
H.,
and
Lunine,
J.
I.,
editors, 1993,
Protostars
and
Planets
III
(Tucson:
University
of
Arizona Press);
Kerridge,
J. R,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1988, Meteorites
and the
Early Solar System (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona Press);
and
Atreya,
S. K.,
Pollack,
J. B., and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors,
1989, Origin
and
Evolution
of
Planetary
and
Satellite Atmospheres (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona Press).
4.2
Cosmic
Organization
The
material
on
astronomy
and
astrophysics
is
based
on
Shu,
F.,
1981,
The
Phys-
ical
Universe:
An
Introduction
to
Astronomy
(Mill
Valley,
Calif.:
University
Science
Books).
Notes
and
Bibliography
429
4.3
Elements
of the
Periodic
Table
The
chemical classification scheme used
in
this section
is
based
on
Larimer,
J.
W.,
1987, "The Cosmochemical Classification
of the
Elements,"
in
Kerridge
and
Matthews
(1988;
cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
375-389.
4.4
Molecular Clouds
The
material
in
this section
is
based
on
Irvine,
W. M., and
Knacke,
R. E,
1989,
"Chemistry
of
Interstellar
Gas and
Grains,"
in
Atreya
et
al.
(1989;
cited
in
section
4.1),
pp.
3-34.
4.5 The
Solar Nebula
The
energy
flux
ratio
is
taken
from
Prinn,
R. G., and
Fegley,
B.,
Jr., 1989,
"Solar
Nebula Chemistry: Origin
of
Planetary, Satellite
and
Cometary
Volatiles,"
in
Atreya
et al.
(1989;
cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
78-136.
4.6
Meteorites
The
material
in
this section
is
based
on
Wasserburg,
G.
J.,
1985,
"Short-lived
Nu-
clei
in the
Early Solar
System,"
in
Black
and
Matthews
(1985;
cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
703-737.
Table
4.3 was
compiled from Swindle,
T. D.,
1993, "Extinct Radionu-
clides
and
Evolutionary Time
Scales,"
in
Protostars
and
Planets
III,
Levy,
E. H., and
Lunine,
J.
I.,
eds., (Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press),
pp.
867-881.
Table
4.4 was
compiled from Cronin,
J. R. et
al.,
1988,
"Organic
Matter
in
Carbonaceous Chondrites,
Planetary
Satellites, Asteroids,
and
Comets,"
in
Meteorites
and the
Early
Solar
Sys-
tem, Kerridge,
J. R, and
Matthews,
M. S.,
eds. (Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press),
pp.
819-857.
4.7
Comets
The
material
in
this
section
is
based
on
Mumma,
M.
J.,
Weissman,
P.
R.,
and
Stern,
S.
A.,
1993,
"Comets
and the
Origin
of the
Solar System: Reading
the
Rosetta
Stone,"
in
Levy
and
Lunine (1993; cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
1177-1252.
4.8
Planets
The
material
in
this
section
is
based
on
Pollack,
J.
B.,
1985,
"Formation
of the
Giant
Planets
and
Their Satellite Ring Systems:
An
Overview,"
in
Black
and
Matthews
(1985; cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
791-831.
Table
4.7 was
compiled
from
Pollack,
J.
B.,
and
Bodenheimer,
P.,
1989,
"Theories
of the
Origin
and
Evolution
of the
Giant
Planets,"
in
Atreya
et al.
(1989;
cited
in
section 4.1),
pp.
564-602.
430
Notes
and
Bibliography
Appendix
4.2 was
compiled
from
Sears,
D. W. G., and
Dodd,
R. T.,
1988, "Overview
and
Classification
of
Meteorites,"
in
Meteorites
and the
Early Solar System,
Kerridge,
J. F., and
Matthews,
M. S.,
eds. (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona
Press),
pp.
3-31.
Chapter
5
5.1
Introduction
There
are
several books that cover
the
subject matter
of
this
chapter: Lewis,
J.
S.,
and
Prinn,
R.
G.,
1984, Planets
and
Their Atmospheres: Origin
and
Evolution (New
York:
Academic Press); Wayne,
R. P.,
1985, Chemistry
of
Atmospheres (New York:
Oxford
University Press); Atreya,
S.,
1986, Atmospheres
and
Ionospheres
of
the
Outer
Planets
and
Their Satellites (New York:
Springer-Verlag);
Chamberlain,
J.
W.,
and
Hunten,
D.
M.,
1987, Theory
of
Planetary Atmospheres (New York: Academic
Press).
Several conference proceedings cover
the
subject matter
in
this
chapter: Gehrels,
T.,
editor,
1976, Jupiter (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona
Press);
Gehrels,
T.,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1982, Saturn (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona
Press);
Bergstrahl,
J.
T.,
Miner,
E.
D.,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1991, Uranus (Tucson: University
of
Arizona Press); Atreya,
S.
K.,
Pollack,
J. B., and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1989,
Origin
and
Evolution
of
Planetary
and
Satellite Atmospheres (Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press); Black,
D. C., and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1985, Protostars
and
Planets
II
(Tucson:
University
of
Arizona
Press);
Levy,
E. H., and
Lunine,
J.
I.,
editors, 1993, Protostars
and
Planets
III
(Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press).
Pollack,
J.
B.,
and
Bodenheimer,
P.,
1989,
"Theories
of the
Origin
and
Evolution
of
Planetary
and
Satellite Atmospheres," cited
in
section 5.1.
5.1.1
Voyage
r
Obse
rvations
The
Voyager discoveries were reported
in the
following special issues.
Jupiter
encounter: Science 1979, 204,
945-1008
(Voyager
1);
Nature
1979, 280,
725-806
(Voyager
1);
Science 1979, 206,
925-995
(Voyager
1); J.
Geophys.
Res.
1981,
86,
8123-8841
(Voyager
1 and 2).
Saturn
encounter: Science 1981, 212,
159-243
(Voyager
1);
Science 1982, 215,
499-594
(Voyager
2); J.
Geophys.
Res.
1983,
88,
8639-9018
(Voyager
2).
Uranus
encounter: Science 1986, 233,
39-109
(Voyager
2);
/
Geophys. Res. 1987,
92,
14873-15375
(Voyager
2).
Neptune
encounter: Science 1989, 246,
1417-1501
(Voyager
2);
Geophys. Res. Lett.
1990,
17,
1643-1772
(Voyager
2); J.
Geophys. Res. 1991,
96,
18903-19268
(Voyager
2).
New
results
from
the
Galileo mission
to
Jupiter were reported
in a
special issue
of
Science 274,
p.
377-413,
1996.
5.7.2
Chemical Composition
There
are
several good reviews
on the
chemical composition
of
atmospheres
in
the
outer solar system: Gautier,
D.,
and
Owen,
T,
1989,
The
Composition
of
Outer
Notes
and
Bibliography
43 I
Planet
Atmospheres,
in
Atreya
et
al.
(1989;
cited
in
section 5.1),
p.
487; Pollack,
J. B.,
and
Bodenheimer,
P.,
1989,
"Theories
of the
Origin
and
Evolution
of
Planetary
and
Satellite
Atmospheres," cited
in
section
5.1.
The
best He/H determinations were from
the
Voyager IRIS observations.
See
special
issues
of
Science
cited above.
A
good
review
of the
immiscibility
of
helium
in
hydrogen
is by its
principal
proponent,
Stevenson,
D.
J.,
1982,
"Interiors
of the
Giant
Planets."
Ann. Rev. Earth
Planet.
Sci.
10,
257.
A
good
review
on the
history
of
gravitational contraction
of the
giant planets
is by
Pollack,
J.
B.,
and
Bodenheimer,
P.,
1989,
"Theories
of the
Origin
and
Evolution
of
the
Giant
Planets,"
in
Atreya
et al.
(1989;
cited
in
section 5.1),
p.
564.
An
alternative interpretation
of He
abundance
in
Neptune
is by
Marten,
A. et
al.,
1993,
"First
Observations
of CO and HCN on
Neptune
and
Uranus
at
Millimeter
Wavelengths
and
Their Implications
for
Atmospheric
Chemistry."
Astrophys.
J.
406,
285.
Table
5.1
reference:
(1)
Lindal,
G. F. et
al.,
1992,
Astron.
J.
103, 967.
Tables
5.2, 5.3,
and 5.4
were compiled from
Fegley,
B.
Jr., 1995,
"Properties
and
Composition
of the
Terrestrial
Oceans
and of the
Atmospheres
of the
Earth
and the
Other
Planets,"
in
AGU
Handbook
of
Physical Constants, Ahrens,
T,
ed.
(Washington,
DC:
American Geophysical Union),
pp.
320-325.
Table
5.7
references:
(1)
Broadfoot,
A. L. et
al.,
1981,
J.
Geophys. Res.
86,
8259;
(2)
Broadfoot,
A. L. et
al.,
1986, Science 233,
74; (3)
Strobel,
D. F. et
al.,
1990,
J.
Geophys. Res.
95,
10375.
5.1.3
The
One-Dimensional
Model
A
detailed description
of the
numerical method
for
solving
the
continuity
and
diffusion
equations
can be
found
in
Allen,
M.,
Waters,
J. W., and
Yung,
Y.
L.,
1991,
"Vertical Transport
and
Photochemistry
in the
Terrestrial Mesosphere
and the
Lower
Thermosphere
(50-120
km)."
J.
Geophys. Res.
86,
3617.
5.2.7
Energetics
A
detailed discussion
of the
energetics
of the
thermosphere
of the
giant
planets
can
be
found
in
Atreya
(1986;
cited
in
section 5.1), section 6.3.
An
early article
that
discusses
a
soft electron heat source
for
Jupiter's thermosphere
is
Hunten,
D.
M.,
and
Dossier,
A.
J.,
1977,
"Soft
Electrons
as a
Possible Heat Source
for
Jupiter's
Thermosphere."
Planet. Space Sci.
25,
817.
A
more recent discussion
of the
possibility
of
gravity waves
as a
heat source
is
by
Yelle,
R. V. et
al.,
1996, "Structure
of
Jupiter Upper
Atmosphere—Predictions
for
Galileo."
J.
Geophys. Res. Planets
101(E1),
2149.
Table
5.8
references: Atreya,
S.
K.
et
al.,
1981,
"Jupiter:
Structure
and
Composi-
tion
of the
Upper Atmosphere." Astrophys.
J.
Lett. 247,
L43;
McConnell,
J. C. et
al.,
1982,
"A New
Look
at the
Ionosphere
of
Jupiter
in
Light
of the UVS
Occultation
Results."
Planet.
Space Sci.
30,
151; Smith,
G. R. et
al.,
1983,
"Saturn's
Upper
Atmosphere from
the
Voyager
2 EUV
Solar
and
Stellar
Occupations."
J.
Geophys.
Res.
88,
8667;
Herbert,
F. et
al.,
1987, "The Upper Atmosphere
of
Uranus—EUV
432
Notes
and
Bibliography
Occultations
Observed
by
Voyager
2." J.
Geophys.
Res.
92,
15093;
Broadfoot,
A. L.
et
al.,
1989, "Ultraviolet Spectrometer Observations
of
Neptune
and
Triton." Science
246, 1459; Waite,
J. H. et
al.,
1988,
"Superthermal
Electron Processes
in the Up-
per
Atmosphere
of
Uranus—Aurora
and
Electroglow."
J.
Geophys. Res.
93,
14295;
Sandel,
B. R. et
al.,
1982,
"Extreme
Ultraviolet Observations from
the
Voyager
2
Encounter
with
Saturn." Science 215, 548.
5.2.2 Electroglow
The
problem
of the
electroglow
in the
giant planets
is
discussed
by
Yelle,
R. V. et
al.,
1987, "The Dependence
of
Electroglow
on the
Solar
Flux."
J.
Geophys. Res. Space
Physics 92(A13),
15110;
and
Liu,
W.
H.,
and
Dalgarno,
A.,
1996, "The Ultraviolet-
Spectrum
of the
Jovian
Dayglow."
Astrophys.
J.
462(1),
502-518.
5.2..?
Ionosphere
The
layered structures
in the
ionospheres
of the
giant planets
are
most
likely
caused
by
metals ions derived from ablation
of
meteorites,
as
suggested
by
Lyons,
J.
R.,
1995
"Metal
Ions
in the
Atmosphere
of
Neptune." Science
267(5198),
648.
5.3
Hydrocarbon Chemistry
The
foundation
of
hydrocarbon chemistry
in the
outer solar system
was
laid
by
Stro-
bel,
D.
F,
1973, "The Photochemistry
of
Hydrocarbons
in the
Jovian Atmosphere."
J.
Atmos.
Sci.
30,
489.
A
recent comprehensive model
of
hydrocarbon chemistry
is by
Gladstone,
G.
R.,
Allen,
M., and
Yung,
Y.
L.,
1996, "Hydrocarbon Photochemistry
in the
Upper Atmo-
sphere
of
Jupiter." Icarus 119,
1.
Table
5.9
references:
(1)
Lias,
S. G. et
al.,
1988,
J.
Phys.
Chem. Ref. Data
17, 1;
Lias,
S. G. et
al.,
1994,
NIST
Stand Ref. Database
25,
1;
(2)
Domalski,
E.
S.,
and
Hearing,
E.
D.,
1993,
J.
Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data
22,
805;
(3)
Chase,
M. W. et
al.,
1985,
J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
14,
1;
(4)
Wagman,
D. D. et
al.,
1982,
/
Phys. Chem. Ref.
Data
11, 1.
Table 5.10 references:
(1)
Mentall,
J.
E.,
and
Gentieu,
E. P.,
1970,
J.
Chem. Phys.
52,
5641;
(2) van
Dishoeck,
E. R,
1989, personal communication;
(3)
Pilling,
M. J.
et
al.,
1971, Chem. Phys. Lett.
9,
147;
(4)
Okabe,
H.,
1978, Photochemistry
of
Small
Molecules,
Wiley-Interscience,
New
York;
(5)
Parkes,
D. A. et
al.,
1976,
J.
Chem.
Soc., Faraday Trans.
I 72,
1935;
(6)
Arthur,
N.
L.,
1986a,
J.
Chem. Soc., Faraday
Trans.
2 82,
331;
(7) Yu, H. T. et
al.,
1984,
J.
Chem. Phys.
80,
2049;
(8) Ye, H. T.
et
al.,
1988,
J.
Chem. Phys.
89,
2797;
(9)
Samson,
J. A. R. et
al.,
1989,
J.
Chem.
Phys.
90,
6925;
(10) Backx,
C. et
al.,
1975,
J.
Phys.
B:
Atom.
Mol.
Phys.
8,
3007;
(11)
Lee,
L.
C.,
and
Chiang,
C.
C.,
1983,
J.
Chem. Phys.
78,
688; (12) Mount,
G. H.
et
al.,
1977, Astrophys.
J.
214, L47; (13) Mount,
G.
H.,
and
Moos,
H.
W.,
1978,
Astrophys.
J.
224, L35; (14)
Ditchburn,
R.
W.,
1955,
Proc.
R.
Soc. London,
Set:
A
229,
44;
(15) Brion,
C.
E.,
and
Thomson,
J. P.,
1984,
J.
Elect. Sped. Related
Phenom.
33,
301; (16) Rebbert,
R.
E.,
and
Ausloos,
P.,
1972/1973,
J.
Photochem.
1,
171;
(17)
Slanger,
T.
G.,
and
Black,
G.,
1982,
J.
Chem. Phys.
77,
2432; (18) Laufer,
A.
H.,
Notes
and
Bibliography
433
and
McNesby,
J.
R.,
1968,
J.
Chem. Phys.
49,
2272; (19) Han,
J. C. et
al.,
1989,
/
Chem. Phys.
90,
4000;
(20) Suto,
M.,
and
Lee,
L.
C.,
1984,
/
Chem. Phys.
80,
4824;
(21)
Wu, C. Y.
R.,
1990, personal communication; (22) Hamai,
S.,
and
Hirayama,
F.,
1979,
J.
Chem. Phys.
71,
2934;
(23)
Cooper,
G. et
al.,
1988, Chem. Phys. 125, 307;
(24)
Okabe,
H.,
1981a, personal
communication;
Okabe,
H.,
1981b,
J.
Chem. Phys.
75,
2772; Okabe,
H.,
1983a, Can.
J.
Chem.
61,
850; Okabe,
H.,
1983b,
J.
Chem. Phys.
78,
1312; (25) Fahr,
A.,
and
Laufer,
A.
H.,
1986,
J.
Photochem.
34,
261; (26) Wodtke,
A.
M.,
and
Lee,
Y. T.,
1985,
J.
Phys. Chem.
89,
4744;
(27) Hunziker,
H. E. et
al.,
1983, Can.
J.
Chem.
61,
993; (28) Zelikoff,
M.,
and
Watanabe,
K.,
1953,
/
Opt. Soc.
Amer.
43,
756; (29) Hara,
H.,
and
Tanaka,
L,
1973, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan
46,
3012;
(30) Adachi,
H. et
al.,
1979, Int.
J.
Chem.
Kinet.
11,
995; (31) Blomberg,
M. R.
A.,
and
Liu,
B.,
1985,
J.
Chem. Phys.
83,
3995;
(32)
Calvert,
J.
G.,
and
Pitts,
J. N.,
1966,
Photochemistiy,
Wiley,
New
York; (33) Lias,
S. G. et
al.,
1970,
J.
Chem. Phys.
52,
1841; (34) Akimoto,
H. et
al.,
1965,
J.
Chem. Phys.
42,
3864;
Akimoto,
H. et
al.,
1973,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan
46,
2267; (35) Jacox,
M.
E.,
and
Milligan,
D.
E.,
1974, Chem.
Phys.
4, 45;
(36) Nakayama,
T.,
and
Watanabe,
K.,
1964,
J.
Chem. Phys.
40,
558;
(37) Person,
J.
C.,
and
Nicole,
P. P.,
1970,
J.
Chem. Phys.
53,
1767; (38) Stief,
L. J.
et
al.,
1971,
J.
Chem. Phys.
54,
1913; (39) Rabalais,
J. W. et
al.,
1971, Chem. Rev.
71,
73;
(40) Fuke,
K.,
and
Schnepp,
O.,
1979, Chem. Phys.
38,
211;
(41)
Shimo,
N. et
al.,
1986,
J.
Photochem.
33,
279; (42) Gierczak,
T. et
al.,
1988,
J.
Photochem.
Photobiol.
A
43, 1;
(43) Samson,
J. A. R. et
al.,
1962,
J.
Chem. Phys.
36,
783; (44)
Collin,
G.
J.,
1988, Adv. Photochem.
14,
135; (45) Johnston,
G. R. et
al.,
1978,
J.
Prog. React. Kin.
8,
231; (46)
Clicker,
S.,
and
Okabe,
H.,
1987,
J.
Phys. Chem.
91,
437; (47) Braude,
E.
A.,
1945, Ann. Rept.
Progr.
Chem.
42,
105; (48)
Yung,
Y. L. et
al.,
1984,
Astrophys.
J.
Suppl.
Sei:
55,
465; (49)
Hill,
K.
L.,
and
Doepker,
R.
D.,
1972,
J.
Phys. Chem.
76,
1112;
(50) Deslauriers,
H. et
al.,
1980, Can.
J.
Chem.
58,
2100; (51) Doepker,
R.
D.,
and
Hill,
K.
L.,
1969,
J.
Phys. Chem.
73,
1313; (52)
Collin,
G.
J.,
and
Deslauriers,
H.,
1986,
J.
Photochem.
32, 9;
(53) Diaz,
Z., and
Doepker,
R.
D.,
1977,
J.
Phys. Chem.
81,
1442; (54) Doepker,
R.
D.,
1968,
/
Phys. Chem.
72,
4037;
(55) Bergmann,
K.,
and
Demtroder,
W.,
1968,
J.
Chem. Phys.
48, 18;
(56)
Collin,
G.
J.,
and
Wiceckowski,
A.,
1978,
J.
Photochem.
8,
103; (57)
Collin,
G.
J.,
1973, Can.
J.
Chem.
51,
2853;
(58) Niedzielski,
J. et
al.,
1978, 1979,
J.
Photochem.
10,
287; (59) Jackson,
J.
A.,
and
Lias,
S.
G.,
1974,
J.
Photochem.
3,
151; (60) Okabe,
H.,
and
Becker,
D.
A.,
1963,
J.
Chem. Phys.
39,
2549.
Table
5.11
references:
(1)
Tsang,
W, and
Hampson,
R.
F.,
1986,
J.
Phys. Chem.
Ref.
Data
15,
1087;
(2)
Zabarnick,
S.
J.,
Fleming,
W.,
and
Lin,
M.
C.,
1986 estimate,
J.
Chem. Phys.
85,
4373;
(3)
Allen,
M.,
Yung,
Y.
L.,
and
Gladstone,
G.
R.,
1992,
Icarus 100, 527;
(4)
Yung,
Y.
L.,
Allen,
M.,
and
Pinto,
J. P.,
1984, Astrophys.
J.
Suppl.
Ser.
55,
465;
(5)
Sugawara,
K.,
Okazaki,
K.,
and
Sato,
S.,
1981, Bull. Chem.
Soc.
Jap.
54,
2872;
(6)
Lightfoot,
P.
D.,
and
Pilling,
M.
J.,
1987,
J.
Phys. Chem.
91,
3373;
(7)
Pratt,
G.
L.,
and
Wood,
S. W,
1984,
/
Chem.
Soc.,
Faraday
Trans.
J
80,
3419;
(8)
Teng,
L.,
and
Jones,
W.
E.,
1972,
/
Chem.
Soc.,
Faraday Trans.
1
68,
1267;
(9)
Munk,
J. et
al.,
1986,
J.
Phys. Chem.
90,
2752;
(10) Laufer,
A. H.
et
al.,
1983, Icarus
56,
560;
(11)
Homann,
K.
H.,
and
Schweinfurth,
H.,
1981, Ber.
Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.
85,
569; (12) Homann,
K.
H.,
and
Wellmann,
C.,
1983, Ber.
Bunsenges.
Phys. Chem.
87,
609;
(13)
Wagner,
Von H.
Gg.,
and
Zellner,
R.,
1972b,
Ber.
Bunsenges.
Physik.
Chem.
76,
518; (14) Allara,
D.
L.,
and
Shaw,
R.,
1980,
J.
Phys.
434
Notes
and
Bibliography
Chem.
Ref. Data
9,
523;
(15)
Tsang,
W.,
1988,
/
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
17,
887;
(16)
Nava,
D. F.,
Mitchell,
M.
B.,
and
Stief,
L.
J.,
1986,
J.
Geophys.
Res.
91,
4585;
(17)
Schwanebeck,
W.,
and
Warnatz,
J.,
1975,
Ber.
Bunsenges.
Phys. Chem.
79,
530;
(18)
Berman,
M.
R.,
and
Lin,
M.
C.,
1984,
J.
Chem. Phys.
81,
5743;
(19) Berman,
M.
R.,
and
Lin,
M.
C.,
1983, Chem. Phys.
82,
435; (20) Anderson,
S.
M.,
Freedman,
A.,
and
Kolb,
C.
E.,
1987,
J.
Phys. Chem.
91,
6272;
(21) Berman,
M. R. et
al.,
1982, Chem. Phys.
73, 27;
(22) Braun,
W.,
Bass,
A.
M.,
and
Pilling,
M.,
1970,
J.
Chem. Phys.
52,
5131; (23) Langford,
A.
O.,
Petek,
H.,
and
Moore,
C.
B.,
1983,
J.
Chem. Phys.
78,
6650;
(24) Bohland,
T.,
Temps,
F.,
and
Wagner,
H.
Gg.,
1985, Ber.
Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.
89,
1013; (25) Frank,
P.,
Bhaskaran,
K.
A.,
and
Just, Th.,
1986,
J.
Phys. Chem.
90,
2226;
(26) Laufer,
A.
H.,
1981, Rev. Chem.
Interned.
4,
225; (27) Bohland,
T.,
Temps,
F, and
Wagner,
H.
Gg.,
1986,
Twenty-first
Symposium
International
on
Combustion,
The
Combustion
Institute,
Pittsburgh,
841;
(28)
Moller,
W.,
Mozzhukhin,
E.,
and
Wagner,
H.
Gg.,
1986, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.
90,
854;
(29) Slagle,
I. R. et
al.,
1988,
J.
Phys. Chem.
92,
2455; (30) Anastasi,
C.,
and
Arthur,
N.
L.,
1987,
J.
Chem.
Soc.,
Faraday Trans.
2 83,
277; (31)
Hautman,
D. J. et
al.,
1981,
Int.
J.
Chem.
Kinet.
13,
149; (32) Pitts,
W.
M.,
Pasternack,
L.,
and
McDonald,
J.
R.,
1982, Chem. Phys.
68,
417; (33) Stephens,
J. W. et
al.,
1987,
/
Phys. Chem.
91,
5740;
(34) Okabe,
H.,
1983a, Can.
J.
Chem.
61,
850; Okabe,
H.,
1983b,
J.
Chem.
Phys.
78,
1312; (35) Tanzawa,
T, and
Gardiner,
W.
C.,
1980,
J.
Phys. Chem.
84,
236;
(36) Callear,
A.
B.,
and
Smith,
G.
B.,
1986,
J.
Phys. Chem.
90,
3229;
(37) Fahr,
A.,
and
Laufer,
A.
H.,
1990,
J.
Photochem.
34,
261; (38) Pacey,
P.
D.,
and
Wimalasena,
J.
H.,
1984,
J.
Phys. Chem.
88,
5657;
(39)
Arthur,
N.
L.,
1986b,
J.
Chem.
Soc.,
Faraday
Trans.
2 82,
1057; (40) Laufer,
A.
H.,
and
Bass,
A.
M.,
1979,
J.
Phys. Chem.
83,
310;
(41) Cole,
J. A. et
al.,
1984, Combust. Flame
56, 51.
5.3.7
Photochemistry
and
Chemical Kinetics
A
thorough review
of
photochemistry
and
chemical kinetics
in the
outer solar
system
is by
Yung,
Y.
L.,
Allen,
M.,
and
Pinto,
J. P.,
1984, "Photochemistry
of the
Atmosphere
of
Titan: Comparison between Model
and
Observations."
Astrophys.
J.
Suppl.
Ser.
55,
465. Also,
see
Capone,
L. A. et
al.,
1980,
"Cosmic
Ray
Synthesis
of
Organic
Molecules
in
Titan's Atmosphere." Icarus
44, 72.
5.3.3 Comparison
of
Giant Planets
Modeling
studies have been carried
out for the
chemistry
of
Uranus
and
Neptune
by
Summers,
M.
E.,
and
Strobel,
D. F,
1989, "Photochemistry
of the
Atmosphere
of
Uranus." Astrophys.
J.
346, 495;
and
Romani,
P. N. et
al.,
1993, "Methane Photo-
chemistry
on
Neptune: Ethane
and
Acetylene
Mixing
Ratios
and
Haze Production."
Icarus 106, 442.
5.4
Nitrogen Chemistry
The
chemistry
of
nitrogen
has
been
investigated
by
Strobel,
D. F,
1973, "The
Photochemistry
of
NHj
in the
Jovian
Atmosphere."
J.
Atmos.
Sci.,
30,
1205; Atreya,
S.
K.,
Kuhn,
W.
R.,
and
Donahue,
T.
M.,
1980, "Saturn:
Tropospheric
Ammonia
Notes
and
Bibliography
435
and
Nitrogen."
Geophys.
Res. Lett.
7,
474; Kaye,
J.
A.,
and
Strobel,
D. F.,
1983,
"HCN
Formation
on
Jupiter:
The
Coupled Photochemistry
of
Ammonia
and
Acety-
lene."
Icarus
54,
417;
and
Kaye,
J.
A.,
and
Strobel,
D.
F.,
1983, "Formation
and
Photochemistry
of
Methylamine
in
Jupiter's Atmosphere." Icarus
55,
399.
The
detection
of HCN in the
atmosphere
of
Jupiter
is
still
controversial,
as
discussed
by
Bezard,
B.,
Griffith,
C.,
Lacy,
J.,
and
Owen,
T,
1995,
"Nondetection
of
Hydrogen-
Cyanide
on
Jupiter." Icarus 118, 384.
5.5
Phosphorus
Chemistry
The
chemistry
of
phosphine
has
been studied
by
Prinn,
R. G., and
Lewis,
J.
S.,
1975, "Phosphine
on
Jupiter
and
Implications
for the
Great
Red
Spot."
Science
190,
294.
5.6
Oxygen Chemistry
The
chemistry
of
oxygen
has
been studied
by
Prinn,
R.
G.,
and
Barshay,
S.
S.,
1977,
"Carbon
Monoxide
on
Jupiter
and
Implications
for
Atmospheric Convection."
Science 198, 1031; Strobel,
D.
F.,
and
Yung,
Y. L.,
1979, "The Galilean Satellites
as
a
Source
of CO in the
Jovian Upper Atmosphere." Icarus
37,
256;
and
Lodders,
K.,
and
Fegley,
B.,
1994, "The origin
of
Carbon-Monoxide
in
Neptune
Atmosphere."
Icarus 112, 368.
5.7
Miscellaneous
Topics
A
comprehensive model
of the
deep atmosphere
of
Jupiter
and
Saturn
is by
Fegley,
B.,
and
Lodders,
K.,
1994,
"Chemical-Models
of the
Deep
Atmospheres
of
Jupiter
and
Saturn." Icarus 110, 117.
Deuterium
in the
solar system
is
discussed
by
Yung,
Y.
L.,
and
Dissly,
R. W.,
1992,
"Deuterium
in the
Solar
System."
Am.
Chem.
Soc.
Symp.
Ser. 502, 369.
Chapter
6
6.1
Introduction
Several conference proceedings cover
the
subject matter
in
this chapter: Atreya,
S.
K.,
Pollack,
J.
B.,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1989, Origin
and
Evolution
of
Planetary
and
Satellite Atmospheres (Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press);
Black,
D.
C.,
and
Matthews,
M.
S.,
editors, 1985, Protostars
and
Planets
II
(Tucson:
University
of
Arizona Press); Levy,
E. H., and
Lunine,
J. L,
editors,
1993, Protostars
and
Planets
HI
(Tucson: University
of
Arizona
Press);
Cruik-
shank,
D. P.,
editor, 1995, Neptune
and
Triton (Tucson:
University
of
Arizona
Press).
The
Voyager discoveries were reported
in
special issues
of
Science
and J.
Geophys.
Res.,
cited
in
section
5.1.1.