Wyatt L.T. III The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial

Revolution

LEE T. WYATT III

Greenwood Guides to Historic Events, 1500–1900

Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey, Series Editors

GREENWOOD PRESS

Westport, Connecticut  London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wyatt, Lee T.

The industrial revolution / Lee T. Wyatt III.

p. cm.—(Greenwood guides to historic events, 1500–1900, ISSN 1538-442X)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-313-33769-7 (alk. paper)

1. Industrial revolution—Great Britain—History—18th century. 2. Industrial

revolution—Great Britain—History—19th century. 3. Industrial revolution—United

States—History—19th century. 4. Agriculture—Economic aspects—Great Britain—

History. I. Title.

HC254.5.W93 2009

338.9’034—dc22 2008029501

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

C 2009 by Lee Wyatt III

reproduced, by any process or technique, without the

express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008029501

ISBN: 978-0-313-33769-7

ISSN: 1538-442X

First published in 2009

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.greenwood.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National

Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).

10987654321

CONTENTS

Series Foreword by Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey vii

Preface xi

Chronology xv

Chapter 1 Historical Overview 1

Chapter 2 The Way We Were: On the Eve of the Industrial

Revolution 11

Chapter 3 The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain 25

Chapter 4 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 39

Chapter 5 The Industrial Revolution in America 79

Chapter 6 The Industrial Revolution on the Continent

in the Late 19th Century 119

Chapter 7 The Industrial Revolution beyond the West 143

Biographies 157

Primary Documents 205

Annotated Bibliography 243

Index 255

Photographs follow page 156.

SERIES FOREWORD

American statesman Adlai Stevenson stated, ‘‘We can chart our future

clearly and wisely only when we know the path which has led to the

present.’’ This series, Greenwood Guides to Historic Events, 1500–

1900, is designed to illuminate that path by focusing on events from

1500 to 1900 that have shaped the world. The years 1500 to 1900

include what historians call the early modern period (1500 to 1789,

the onset of the French Revolution) and part of the modern period

(1789 to 1900).

In 1500, an acceleration of key trends marked the beginnings

of an interdependent world and the posing of seminal questions

that changed the nature and terms of intellectual debate. The series

closes with 1900, the inauguration of the twentieth century. This

period witnessed profound economic, social, political, cultural, reli-

gious, and military changes. An industrial and technological revolu-

tion transformed the modes of production, marked the transition

from a rural to an urban economy, and ultimately raised the stand-

ard of living. Social classes and distinctions shifted. The emergence

of the territorial and later the national state altered man’s relations

with and view of political authority. The shattering of the religious

unity of the Roman Catholic world in Europe marked the rise of a

new pluralism. Military revolutions changed the nature of warfare.

The books in this series emphasize the complexity and diversity of

the human tapestry and include political, economic, social, intellec-

tual, military, and cultural topics. Some of the authors focus on

events in U.S. history such as the Salem witchcraft trials, the Amer-

ican Revolution, the abolitionist movement, and the Civil War.

Others analyze European topics, such as the Reformation and

Counter-Reformation and the French Revolution. Still others bridge

cultures and continents by examining the voyages of discovery, the

Atlantic slave trade, and the Age of Imperialism. Some focus on

intellectual questions that have shaped the modern world, such as

Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, or on turning points such as the

Age of Romanticism. Others examine defining economic, religious,

or legal events or issues such as the building of the railroads, the

Second Great Awakening, and abolitionism. Heroes (e.g., Meriwether

Lewis and William Clark), scientists (e.g., Darwin), military leaders

(e.g., Napoleon Bonaparte), poets (e.g., Lord Byron) stride across

the pages. Many of these events were seminal in that they marked

profound changes or turning points. The Scientific Revolution, for

example, changed the way individuals viewed themselves and their

world.

The authors, acknowledged experts in their fields, synthesize

key events, set developments within the larger historical context,

and, most important, present well-balanced, well-written accounts

that integrate the most recent scholarship in the field.

The topics were chosen by an advisory board composed of

historians, high school history teachers, and school librarians to

support the curriculum and meet student research needs. The vol-

umes are designed to serve as resources for student research and to

provide clearly written interpretations of topics central to the sec-

ondary school and lower-level undergraduate history curriculum.

Each author outlines a basic chronology to guide the reader

through often-confusing events and presents a historical overview

to set those events within a narrative framework. Three to five top-

ical chapters underscore critical aspects of the event. In the final

chapter the author examines the impact and consequences of the

event. Biographical sketches furnish background on the lives and

contributions of the players who strut across the stage. Ten to fif-

teen primary documents, ranging from letters to diary entries, song

lyrics, proclamations, and posters, cast light on the event, provide

material for student essays, and stimulate critical engagement with

the sources. Introductions identify the authors of the documents

and the main issues. In some cases a glossary of selected terms is

provided as a guide to the reader. Each work contains an annotated

bibliography of recommended books, articles, CD-ROMs, Internet

sites, videos, and films that set the materials within the historical

debate.

Reading these works can lead to a more sophisticated under-

standing of the events and debates that have shaped the modern

world and can stimulate a more active engagement with the issues

that still affect us. It has been a particularly enriching experience to

work closely with such dedicated professionals. We have come to

know and value even more highly the authors in this series and our

viii

Series Foreword

editors at Greenwood, particularly Kevin Ohe and Michael Hermann.

In many cases they have become more than colleagues; they have

become friends. To them and to future historians we dedicate this

series.

Linda S. Frey

University of Montana

Marsha L. Frey

Kansas State University

Series Foreword

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