Wyatt L.T. III The Industrial Revolution
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Credit Mobilier,98
Crimean War, 146, 160
Cromford Mill, 158–69
Crompton, Samuel, 42 51; mule
on continent, 122, 177
Crystal Palace, 2, 75, 119. See also
International Exhibition of the
Works of Industry of
All Nations
Cumberland Road, 89. See also
National Road
Daguerre, Louis, 182
daguerreotype, 182
Davis, Jefferson: support for
transcontinental railroad, 98
Davy, Sir Humphrey, 186
Dickens, Charles, 63, 72–73, 171
Dishley Society, 33
Douglas, Stephen A.: support for
transcontinental railroad, 98
Duke of Bridgewater, 54, 93. See
also Bridgewater Canal
Duke of Wellington, 164, 189;
praise of Richard Trevithick,
190
Duryea, Charles and Frank, 112
Dutch School of Learning, 150. See
also Japan, opening of
economic theory, 42–44. See also
‘‘invisible hand’’; laissez-faire;
Malthus, Thomas; Ricardo,
David; Smith, Adam; value,
labor theory of
Edison, Thomas, 112, 116
education: in Japan, 152
Eiffel Tower, 136
electric trolley, 112
Elsworth, Annie: first telegraph
message, 182
Embargo Act of 1807, 87
Empress Josephine, 179
enclosure movement, 27–30;
parliamentary acts (1801,
1836, 1840, 1845), 29;
Surrey County enclosures,
29–30. See also Agricultural
Revolution
Engels, Friedrich, 71 – 72, 131,
139–40
entrepreneurship, 45
epidemic disease, 3, 170, 171
Erie Canal, 90–91
Essay on the Principles of
Population, 69. See also
Malthus, Thomas
Evans, Oliver, 175
Exposition of National Industry
(Paris), 178
Factory Acts of 1833 and
1850, 73
factory system, 47, 59–61; early
conditions, 60–61; first
enterprise, 59; impact on
church, 60; impact on workers,
60; wages, 61
families: before Industrial
Revolution, 13
Fields, Cyrus, 183
‘‘fire engine,’’ 184. See also Savery,
Thomas
Fitch, John, 93, 172–76. See also
steamboats
Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony: Boke of
Husbandrie,
28
For
d,
Henry, 113
Franklin Institute, 108–9, 181
Fulton, Robert, 93–94, 168, 172,
175. See also Clermont;
steamboats
Gale, Leonard, 181
gas-powered engine, 112
George III, 71, 159
George IV, 71. See also Great
Reform Bill of 1832
Gladstone, William, 162, 172
Gould, Jay, 105
257
Index
Grant, Ulysses S.: opening of
Centennial Exposition, 97. See
also Centennial Exposition (U.S.)
Great Britain (steamship), 165.
See also Brunel, Isambard
Kingdom
Great Eastern (steamship), 165.
See also Brunel, Isambard
Kingdom
Great Reform Bill of 1832, 71–72
Great Stink, 63
Great Western Railway, 164–65.
See also Brunel, Isambard
Kingdom
Great Western (steamship), 165.
See also Brunel, Isambard
Kingdom
Great White Fleet, 116
Greene, Catherine, 201, 203.
See also Whitney, Eli
Grey, Earl, 169
Guericke, Otto, 18
Hamilton, Alexander, 84–87;
Report on the Subject of
Manufacturing,86
Hargreaves, James, 51, 167, 159,
176–78. See also spinning jenny
Haymarket Affair of 1886, 106.
See also strikes
Henry, Joseph, 180
Hering, Ralph, 135
Highs, Thomas, 157–59, 176
Homestead Strike of 1892, 106–7.
See also strikes
Homfray, Samuel, 195
Howe, Elias. 110. See also sewing
machine
Huskisson, William, 189. See also
Stephenson, George
immigration: pre-Civil War, 104–5
Imperator, 166
industrial city: in 19th century,
62–64. See also Manchester
Industrial Revolution, historical
interpretations of, 3–9. See also
Toynbee, Arnold
interchangeable parts, 110, 202–
203. See also Whitney, Eli
International Exhibition of the
Works of Industry of All
Nations, 2, 58, 74–75. See also
Crystal Palace
International Telegraph Company,
183. See also Morse, Samuel
Finley Breese
Irish labor, on transcontinental
railroad, 97, 99
iron industry: in Belgium, 126; in
France, 131; in Germany, 128,
130; in Great Britain, 52–
53;
in
the
United States during Civil
War, 105
inventive spirit, 41–42
‘‘invisible hand,’’ 43. See also
Smith, Adam
Iwakura Mission, 152. See also
Japan, opening of
Jackson, Charles T., 180–81
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 131,
178–79
Jacquard Loom, 122
Japan, opening of, 150–51;
business development, 151;
child labor, 153; educational
developments, 152; factory
reform, 154; move to
industrialization, 150–54; textile
production, 151; worker
conditions, 153. See also Dutch
School of Learning; Meiji
Restoration; Perry, Matthew;
railroads; Tokugawa Shogunate
Jefferson, Thomas, 83–84,
86, 202
joint stock ventures, 125
Jupiter, 100. See also
transcontinental railroad
258
Index
Kanagawa, Treaty of, 150. See also
Japan, opening of
Kay, John, 42, 51, 157, 159, 176
Kelly, William, 162
Knights of Labor, 162
Krupp, Alfred, 124
labor unions, 106–7. See also
American Federation of Labor
(AFL); Knights of Labor;
National Labor Union; trade
unions
laissez-faire, 42, 68. See also
economic theory; Smith, Adam
Lectures on the Industrial Revolution
in England,4.See also Industrial
Revolution, historical
interpretations of; Toynbee, Arnold
L’Enfant, Major Pierre-Charles, 85
Lincoln, Abraham: support for
transcontinental railroad, 97
literacy: pre-industrial, 14
Liverpool to Manchester Railway, 57,
88. See also Stephenson, Geor ge
Livingston, Robert R., 168
London: in 19th century, 62–63
London Debating Society, 169
London–Holyhead Road, 190, 191.
See also Telford, Thomas
Lord Palmerston, 171–72
Lowell, Francis, 102–3. See also
Lowell Mill
Lowell Mill, 102–3; women
workers at, 103–4
lower classes: pre-industrial, 15
Ludd, Ned, 70
Luddites, 70
Lunar Society of Birmingham, 197.
See also Watt, James
Lyon weavers, 179. See also
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
Magnetic Telegraph Company, 183.
See also Morse, Samuel Finley
Breese
Malthus, Thomas, 68. See also
Essay on the Principles of
Population
Manchester (19th century), 64–66;
efforts for reform, 66; immigrant
labor, 65; lack of hygiene, 65;
living conditions of workers, 65;
textile mills, 64
Manifest Destiny, 97
Martin, Pierre-Emile, 162
Marx, Karl, 139. See also
Communist Manifesto
McAdam, John L.: developments
in road construction, 48,
56–57
McCormick, Cyrus: agricultural
reaper, 111
Meiji Restoration, 151. See also
Japan, opening of
Menai Bridge, 192– 93. See also
Telford, Thomas
middle class, pre-industrial,
13–14; education, 138; families,
135–36; leisure time, 138–39;
rise of (19th century), 66–68,
137; standard of living,
137–
38; women’s roles, 136
Mill,
John
Stuart, 169.
See also
utilitarian thinkers
Mitsubishi Company, 151
Mormon workers: on
transcontinental railroad, 99
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, 110,
180–84. See also telegraph,
Morse Code
Morse Code, 182
Muhammed Ali: impact on Industrial
Revolution in Egypt, 144
Napoleon: abolition of Holy
Roman Empire, 122; extension
of French citizenship, 124
Napoleon III, 136
Napoleonic wars: impact on
Industrial Revolution, 70, 87
259
Index
National Labor Union, 106.
See also labor unions
National Road, 89. See also
Cumberland Road
navies, 55, 57
Neolithic Revolution, 1
Newcomen, Thomas, 123, 184–86,
194; engine repaired by James
Watt, 198
New Leicester sheep, 33. See also
Bakewell, Robert
newspapers, introduction of, 14
New York Manufacturing Society,
84
Norfolk System, 30–31
orphans, 114. See also Orphan
Trains
Orphan Trains, 114
Owen, Robert, 69
Paine, Thomas, 169
Papin, Denis, 18
parliamentary acts. See Corn Law;
enclosure movement; Factory
Acts of 1833 and 1850; Great
Reform Bill of 1832; Poor Law;
Public Health Act of 1848;
Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884;
Ten Hours Act
patents, 109–10. See also Edison,
Thomas
Paterson, New Jersey, 85
Paxton, Joseph, 74. See also
International Exhibition of the
Works of Industry of all Nations
Pawtucket, Rhode Island mill, 82.
See also Brown, Moses; Slater,
Samuel
Peele, Sir Robert, 168, 171. See
also Great Reform Bill of 1832
Pennsylvania Packet, 174. See also
Fitch, John
Perry, Matthew: opening of Japan,
150–51, 154
Perseverance, 175. See also Fitch,
John
Peterloo Massacre, 70–71
pig iron production, 53
political reformers. See Cobbett,
William; Engels, Friedrich;
Marx, Karl
Poor Law, 49, 72
Poor Law Amendment Act, 169
Poor Law Commission, 169
population, pre-industrial, 11–14;
Belgium, 125; Bradford, 47;
colonial America, 80, 86;
Europe in the 19th century,
135; France, 11–12, 127, 136;
Glasgow, 47; Great Britain,
11–12, 59, 125; Italy, 11–12;
Japan, 152, 154; Leeds, 47;
Liverpool, 64–66; London,
12–14, 61–63; Moscow, 12;
Paris, 13; population density of
New York City, 114 Prussia, 12,
128; Russia, 12; Sheffield, 48;
Spain, 11–12; United States in
the 19th century, 113–14;
Warsaw, 12;
power
looms,
51, 167–
68. See also
Cartwright, Edmund
Priestly, Joseph, 169
Prince Albert, 62, 74–75
Public Health Act of 1848, 171
Pulteney, Sir William, 190
Punch magazine: comment on
working conditions in Great
Britain, 63, 77n25
Queen Victoria, 2, 58, 62, 74–75,
163, 183. See also Crystal Palace
railroads: accidents, 96–97;
development in Belgium, 126,
130–31; in Brazil, 146; in
France, 128, 130–31; in
Germany 130–31; in Great
Britain, 57–58, 130–31; in India,
260
Index
144; in Japan, 151; in Mexico,
146; in Russia, 146–47; in the
United States, 94; early
passenger travel, 101; impact on
time, 58; Native American threat
to, 99–100; railroad lines, 95,
96, 98, 101, 187–88;
transcontinental railroad,
97–101
Railroad Act of 1862, 98
Reform Bill of 1832, 71–72. See
also Great Reform Bill of 1832;
Peele, Sir Robert
Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884, 140
Ricardo, David, 27
roads, pre-industrial, 14–15; early
U.S. roads, 88; improved
standards, 57; road construction
techniques, 56. See also
Cumberland Road; McAdam,
John L.; National Road; Telford,
Thomas
Rockefeller, John D., 105
Rocket, 189. See also Stephenson,
George
Sanitary Commission: in
Manchester, 66
sanitation, 64–65. See also
Chadwick, Edwin; Great Stink;
sewerage systems
Savery, Thomas, 42; improved
draining of mines, 54, 184.
See also ‘‘fire engine’’
Schwarzmann, Herman J., 108.
See also Centennial Exposition
(U.S.)
science: impact on Industrial
Revolution, 17–18
Scientific American, 109
seed drill, 31. See also Tull, Jethro
sewerage systems: in Europe 135.
See also Chadwick, Edwin
sheep breeding, 33. See also
Bakewell, Robert
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 97
Siemens, Charles and Ernest, 162.
See also Bessemer, Henry;
Bessemer process
silk exports: Japan, 153
Sisters of Charity, 114. See also
orphans
skyscraper, 162
Slater, Samuel, 82. See also Brown,
Moses; Pawtucket, Rhode Island
mill
Smith, Adam, 27, 42–44, 155, 158.
See also economic theory; Wealth
of Nations
Smith, F. O. J., 181
socialist parties: in Russia, 149
Society for Useful Manufacturers,
85–86. See also Hamilton,
Alexander
spinning frame, 158, 167. See also
Arkwright, Richard
spinning Jenny, 176. See also
Hargreaves, James
standard of living, 137–38
steamboats: accidents, 94;
development
of,
93–94, 172–75.
See also Evans, Oliver; Fitch, John;
Fulton, Robert
steam engine: early development
of, 51, 54; 19th century growth
of steam power, 131; Watt–
Boulton, 197–200. See also Watt,
James
Stephenson, George: development
of modern railway system, 57,
94, 124, 165, 186–90. See also
railroads
Stephenson, Robert: collaboration
with George Stephenson, 165,
186. See also railroads
strikes: workers, 106. See also
Haymarket Affair of 1886;
Homestead Strike of 1892
Surrey County enclosures, 29–30.
See also enclosure movement
261
Index
Tariff of Abominations, 87
technological developments:
transfer from Great Britain to
the continent, 123–24; on the
European continent (late 19th
century), 134; in the United
States (late 19th century),
111–12
telegraph: early device, 181; use in
Crimean War, 183. See also
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese;
Morse Code
telegraph companies, 183. See also
American Telegraph Company;
International Telegraph
Company; Magnetic Telegraph
Company; Western Union
telephone subscribers: cities of
Berlin, London, Paris, New York,
and St. Petersburg, 111–12
Telford, Thomas, 56, 190–93; early
church construction projects,
190; honors, 193; London–
Holyhead Road, 190; Menai
Bridge, 192–93; opposition to
president of Institute of Civil
Engineers, 193; participation in
canal building, 190– 92
Ten Hours Act, 73, 169
textile production: in Belgium,
130; in France, 127, 131; in
Japan, 151; in Germany, 128–29,
131; in Russia, 146; in the
United States, 131
Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist, 162
Thorton, 174. See also Fitch, John
Titanic, 166
Tokugawa Shogunate, 150–51. See
also Japan, opening of
Tom Thumb, 95. See also Cooper,
Peter
Tories, 71
Toynbee, Arnold, 3. See also
Lectures on the Industrial
Revolution in England
trade unions, 69, 106–7, 140
transcontinental railroad, 97–101.
See also Ambrose, Stephen;
Army Topographic Corps;
Central Pacific Railroad;
Chinese labor; Credit Mobilier;
Irish labor; Jupiter; Manifest
Destiny; Mormon workers;
Railroad Act of 1862; Union
Pacific Railroad; Whitman, Walt;
Whitney, Asa
Transportation Revolution: Great
Britain, 54–58. See also canals;
railroads; steamboats
Treaty of Paris (1783), 81
Trevithick, Richard, 57, 187, 190,
193–97. See also Catch Me Who
Can; railroads
Tull, Jethro, 31. See also seed
drill
turnpike construction, 89.
See also Cumberland Road;
National Road
Union Pacific Railroad, 98. See also
transcontinental railroad
urban growth, 19th-century United
States,
113–
14;
problems in the
cities: life expectancy, 114;
overcrowding, 114
utilitarian thinkers, 169. See also
Benthem, Jeremy; Mill, John Stuart
value, labor theory of, 43. See also
economic theory; Smith, Adam
Van Buren, Martin, 181
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 105
Vaucanson’s loom, 179
Voight, Henry, 174
Walpole, Sir Robert, 29
War of 1812, 81, 86–87
Washington, George, 81
water frame, 58, See also Arkwright,
Richard; factory system
262
Index
Watt, James, 51, 197–200; concept
of horsepower, 197;
disagreements with Richard
Trevithick; partnership with
Matthew Boulton, 198–99; steam
engine measures, 200; tribute by
Benjamin Haywood, 197
Watt–Boulton steam engine, 194.
See also Watt, James
Wealth of Nations, 43. See also
Smith, Adam
Wedgewood, Josiah, 55. See also
canals
Western Union, 183. See also
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese;
telegraph companies
Whigs, 71
Whitman, Walt, 100
Whitney, Asa: champion of
transcontinental railroad, 97–98,
100
Whitney, Eli, 110, 111, 200–203.
See also cotton gin;
interchangeable parts
Wilkinson, John: close-fitting
cylinders for steam
engine, 199
Winchester Repeating Arms
Company, 203. See also
interchangeable parts;
Whitney, Eli
Witte, Sergei, 148
workhouses, 17; Victoria,
169
working class, pre-industrial, 15;
beggars and vagabonds, 17;
family life, 16; illegitimacy, 16;
marriage, 16
Wright, Wilbur, 116
Young, Arthur, 67, 121;
discussion of new crops,
33–34. See also Annals of
Agriculture
Zaibatsu, 151
Zollverein (German customs
union), 121, 126, 128–29
263
Index
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About the Author
LEE T. WYATT III is a Visiting Professor at the University of Hawaii,
Honolulu and also teaches history at Brevard Community College. A
retired Army colonel, he is a former history faculty member at the
United States Military Academy at West Point. He has written a mul-
titude of journal and magazine articles, book reviews, and conference
papers on military, world, and American history.