Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Virtual Automation Networks 15-7

Important. functionalities. are,. e.g.,. the. runtime. tunnel. establishment. and. maintenance,. security.

(including.ACL),.device.and.network.management,.VAN.name-based.addressing.routing,.and.VAN.

(provider).switching.

15.3 Name-Based addressing and routing,runtime

tunnel Establishment

To.exchange.distributed.application.data.objects.(runtime.objects),.two.phases.of.the.connection.estab-

lishment

.have.to.be.considered.[NPM08]:

.establishment.of.a.runtime.tunnel,.i.e.,.to.organize.the.VAN.infrastructure,.comparable.with.

laying.a.wired.line.between.the.applications.processes.(e.g.,.automation.application.process.handling.

the.automation.objects.to.be.exchanged)..For.this,.Web.services.are.used.. is.runtime.tunnel.is.

capable.of.oering.the.necessary.quality.of.service.(QoS).(e.g.,.availability,.real-time.capabilities,.or.

security.level).

.establishment.of. the.application.layer.connection.between.the.application.objects.itself.(e.g.,.

PROFINET. application. objects. [IEC61158]. to. be. exchanged).using. the. established. runtime.tunnel..

 at.connection.establishment.follows.the.rules.of.the.protocols.that.are.used.to.realize.the.distributed.

application.(e.g.,.PROFINET.ASE.denitions.and.protocols),.and.is,.therefore,.not.in.the.scope.of.VAN.

(instead.within.the.scope.of.e.g.,.PROFINET)..In.the.following,.the.important.aspects.for.establishing.a.

runtime.tunnel.will.be.described.

.VAN.domain.usually.consists.of.several.subdomains.that.are.interconnected.via.public.or.private.

WANs..Within.a.subdomain.also,.further.subdomain.structures.can.be.realized.

Figure

.15.6.depicts.a.typical.VAN.scenario.[SOPSA07,WM08]:.two.subdomains,.containing.VAN-ADs.

and.VAN-PDs,.connected.via.a.WAN.. e.subdomains.are.parts.of.industrial.automation.networks..

In.a.demilitarized.zone.(DMZ).of.the.company’s.network,.a.VAN-AP.is.situated.as.a.bastion.host.. e.

WAN

Profinet

network

with several

devices

DMZ

VAN-AP

VAN-device

VAN-proxy

DMZ

VAN-AP

Pronet

network

with several

devices

VAN-device

VAN-proxy

Subdomain 1 Subdomain 2

FIGURE 15.6 Connected.subdomains.(AP,.access.point;.DMZ,.demilitarized.zone).

15-8 Industrial Communication Systems

DMZ.protects.the.industrial.network.and.by.this,.the.VAN.subdomain.against.unauthorized.access.from.

the.outside.(and.related.to.the.VAN-AP.also.from.inside).according.to.the.company’s.security.policy..Via.the.

VAN-AP,.all.incoming.and.outgoing.VAN.messages.will.be.forwarded..A.subdomain.can.also.have.several.

VAN-APs.

Standard

.IT-routing.mechanism.alone.will.not.work.for.the.interconnection.of.dierent.industrial.

domains.because.a.device.of.an.industrial.domain.will.not.be.visible.outside.its.local.domain,.neither.

by.its.DNS.name.nor.its.IP.address..Furthermore,.it.is.to.be.expected.that.in.most.cases,.the.industrial.

domains.are.administrated.independently,.e.g.,.overlapping.IP.address.spaces.may.exist.or.addresses.

may.change.over.time..To.enable.communication.between.devices.of.those.industrial.domains,.a.name-

based

.addressing.and.routing.concept.was.developed—the.VAN.name-based.routing..Here,.the.routing.

decision.is.not.based.on.network.addresses,.but.on.names..A.VAN.name.is.a.complete.fully.qualied.

domain.name.(FQDN).containing.the.structure.of.the.devices.location.within.a.VAN.domain..VAN.

routing.is.a.proactive.next-hop.routing.mechanism.allowing.the.forwarding.of.Web.services.without.

knowing.the.entire.path.also.in.between.dierent.industrial.domains.and.via.public.networks.

Each

.VAN.end-to-end.connection.is.precongured.in.both.involved.VAN.devices.by.VAN.engineer-

ing.

.So,.it.is.congured.who.is.the.initiator.and.who.is.the.end.point.of.that.connection.. e.initiator.at.

rst.sends.a.tunnel.setup.Web.service.request.to.its.end.point..Since.this.request.is.targeted.to.a.device.

outside.its.own.subdomain,.the.requester/initiator.sends.this.message.to.its.VAN-AP.. e.latter.knows.

via.which.next.VAN-AP.the.subdomain.of.the.targeted.device.can.be.reached.(either.directly.or.indi-

rectly)

.and.hands.over.the.request.respectively..If.the.request.hits.its.destination,.the.message.will.be.

processed.and.a.response.will.be.issued.

.case.of.a.positive.response,.the.establishment.of.the.tunnel.connection.starts.. is.means.between.

all.aected.VAN.devices.on.the.path.(the.path.is.determined.by.the.VAN.routing),.tunnel.segments,.

which.belong.to.that.connection,.will.be.built.up.

For

.example,.in.an.easy.case.as.depicted.in.Figures.15.6.and.15.7,.the.requestor.builds.a.tunnel.to.

its.VAN-AP.. e.latter.builds.up.a.tunnel.to.the.VAN-AP.of.the.subdomain.of.the.target.device,.and.a.

further.tunnel.segment.will.be.built-up.between.the.VAN-AP.of.the.target.device.and.the.target.device.

itself..All.the.single.tunnel.ends.in.the.VAN-APs.will.be.connected.via.bridges..By.this,.a.cascaded.

tunnel.will.be.established..A.further.option.is.to.build.a.further.tunnel.through.this.cascaded.tunnel.

directly.between.the.end.devices.(the.initiator.and.the.end.point).

From

.this,.it.can.be.derived.that.the.data.for.the.tunnel.segments.of.a.dedicated.connection.will.be.

brought.to.the.infrastructure.components.(the.VAN-APs).during.the.establishment.process.because.the.

path.is.determined.dynamically..If.the.establishment.of.a.runtime.tunnel.is.done.by.the.Web.service.

communication.using.name-based.addressing.and.routing,.both.devices.are.interconnected.via.a.tun-

nel,

.which.can.be.seen.as.a.virtual.wire..A.standardized.connection.establishment.and.communication.

of.the.eldbus.system.can.follow..Both.devices.“see”.each.other.as.if.they.were.in.one.local.net.allowing.a.

standard.IP.and.MAC.addressing-based.communication.for.the.runtime.data.exchange..Only.the.tem-

poral

.behavior.of.a.connection.is.what.distinguishes.it.from.a.local.connection.. e.VAN.functionality.

hides.the.complexity.of.the.heterogeneous.network.for.the.application.

WAN

VAN-AP

VAN subdomain 1

VAN subdomain 2

Initiator

End point

VAN-

device

VAN-

device

FIGURE 15.7 Establishment.of.cascaded.tunnels.

Virtual Automation Networks 15-9

15.4 Maintenance of the runtime tunnel Based

onQuality-of-Service Monitoring and Provider Switching

To.use.a.heterogeneous.network.for.the.exchange.of.application.data.in.the.automation.domain,.the.

following.requirements.have.to.be.fullled:

•

. Non-interrupted.availability

•

. Guarantee.of.the.desired.safety.integrity.level.to.protect.the.human.life/health.as.well.as.the.assets.

[AW08]

•

. Automation-specic.security.measures.by.the.reasons.of.overall.safety.[AW08,WA08]

•

. Suitable.real-time.behavior.for.geographically.distributed.automation.applications.that.can.be.

oered.by.the.used.transmission.technology.[BZ08,RL08]

Since

.the.aspects.of.safety.and.security.have.been.described.in.several.chapters.of.this.handbook,.only.

the.aspect.of.availability.should.be.discussed.here.in.the.context.of.using.WAN.

Besides

.a.suiting.service.level.agreement.(SLA—the.contract.with.the.provider),.the.main.VAN.mecha-

nisms

.to.guarantee.the.availability.of.an.end-to-end.communication.within.the.heterogeneous.network,.

especially.regarding.WANs,.are

•

. Monitoring.the.actual.behavior.of.the.selected.communication.path.through.the.WAN.[WM08];.

from.the.monitoring.results,.a.VAN.switching.can.be.derived

•

. VAN.switching.between.providers.or.suitable.transmission.technologies.that.are.congured.in.

the.VAN.device.communication.properties

•

. VAN.priority.mapping.(mapping.of.the.priorities.of.the.tunneled.packets.to.the.tunnel.packets)

.contrast.to.a.local.automation.network,.where.the.entire.transmission.behavior.can.be.com-

pletely

.controlled,.this.is.extremely.limited.in.public.WANs..Here,.the.end.user.has.very.little.techni-

cal

.possibilities.to.inuence.the.behavior.of.the.transmission.channel.. e.detailed.infrastructure.

composition.and.therefore.the.exact.communication.path.cannot.be.described.in.end-to-end.detail.

(see.Figure.15.8).. e.communication.path.is.also.subject.to.temporary.changes.and.is.oen.even.not.

known.by.the.service.provider.himself.. e.quality.of.the.line.is.contractually.determined.by.an.SLA.

with.the.provider..In.the.SLA,.parameters.are.dened.such.as.bandwidth,.delays,.uctuation.range,.

availability,.priority.classes,.data.loss.rate,.etc..Besides.those.quantitative.technical.aspects.also.organi-

zational

.items.as.service.hours,.reaction.times.on.problems,.responsibilities,.and.escalation.scenarios..

Sometimes,.incentive.awards.for.service.levels.exceeded.and.usually.penalty.provisions.for.unprovided.

services.are.dened.

.100%.availability.cannot.be.guaranteed,.a.usual.contract.value.is.about.98%..Also,.99.5%.is.pos-

sible,

.but.at.the.moment,.this.is.too.expensive.for.a.broad.use.in.respective.automation.applications..

n × segments

Network 1

Network 2

Transmission

capabilities

Resulting

transmission

capability

FIGURE 15.8 End-to-end.path.capabilities.in.a.chain.of.segments.

15-10 Industrial Communication Systems

Inboth.cases,.this.means.the.network.can.be.“not.available”.for.several.days.per.year..During.runtime,.

no.online.measuring.data.on.the.current.state.of.the.connection.is.available.to.the.user.. e.provider.

does,.however,.carry.out.measurements.within.his.network,.but.these.are.only.made.available.to.the.

user.aer.the.corresponding.accounting.period.at.the.earliest.

.be.able.to.react.on.QoS.failure.scenarios.and.to.have.verication.against.the.SLA,.VAN.denes.

its.own.QoS.monitoring.for.the.runtime.quality.of.the.connection.. e.VAN.QoS.monitoring.focuses.

on.the.public.wide.network,.since.it.is.the.most.uncertain.part.of.an.end-to-end.connection.. e.public.

network.is.considered.as.a.black.box.

Figure

.15.9.gives.the.general.topology.structure.of.the.VAN.QoS.monitoring.. e.main.approach.

focuses.on.an.active.measurement.by.generating.an.additional.data.stream.directly.between.the.involved.

VAN-APs.as.the.entrance.points.to.the.public.network.part.of.a.connection.. e.data.stream.will.be.pro-

duced

.and.analyzed.by.a.special.application.distributed.on.the.producing.and.receiving.VAN-AP.. is.

means.the.entire.public.network.path.is.considered.as.black.box..Important.is.the.time.synchronization.

between.them.to.get.analyzable.data.. e.time.synchronization.will.be.realized.using.a.precise.GPS.

receiver.at.each.location.or.by.using.NTP..Each.packet.of.the.measurement.data.stream.will.be.time.

stamped.as.base.of.further.calculation.(e.g.,.latency,.jitter).

Most

.important.point.is.that.the.process.data.stream.will.not.be.disturbed.by.the.measurement..

 erefore,.it.is.necessary.to.know.the.bandwidth.of.the.line.contracted.with.the.provider.and.the.band-

width

.needed.by.the.entire.process.data.stream.(sum.of.the.bandwidth.of.all.running.connections)..

Since.for.tunneling,.a.UDP-based.openVPN.tunnel.is.used,.the.generated.stream.for.monitoring.is.also.

a.UDP.stream.

Also,

. the. behavior. and. status. of. the. tunnel. has. to. be. investigated. according. to. the. single.

defined.QoS.classes.(if.more.than.one.is.used)..Therefore,.the.monitoring.traffic.also.has.to.be.

generated.and.analyzed.for.the.single.priority.classes..Figure.15.10.depicts.a.tunnel.with.differ-

ent

.prioritized.QoS.channels.with.pre-allocated.bandwidth.(realized.as.different.queues.in.the.

network.routers).

VAN-AP

Subdomain

Process data stream

Test data stream

Free bandwidth

Public networkVAN subdomain

VAN-AP

VAN subdomain

Synchronization

(NTP or GPS)

Subdomain

QoS

monitoring

QoS

monitoring

FIGURE 15.9 VAN.QoS.monitoring.

Priority 1

Priority 2

Priority 3

Packet with

priority 2

Packet with

priority 1

Packet with

priority 3

FIGURE 15.10 Dierent.prioritized.QoS.channels.

Virtual Automation Networks 15-11

 ere.are.two.monitoring.modes.dened:

•

. e.sta

nd-alone

.mod

.is.for.tes

ting

.the.lin

.qua

lity

.betw

een

.the.end.poi

nts

.wit

hout

.rea

.auto

ma-

tion

.tra

.So,.the.test.tra

.tran

sferred

.alon

.the.path.is.issu

.and.cont

rolled

.by.the.meas

ure-

ment

.pro

cess

.onl

•

. In.the.runt

ime

.mode

.the.meas

urement

.tra

.runs.in.para

llel

.with.the.runt

ime

.autom

ation

.traf

c,

.thus.it.has.to.be.assu

red

.that.the.meas

urement

.does.not.impa

.the.runt

ime

.autom

ation

.tra

.moni

toring

.can.be.used.to.meas

ure

.the.curr

ent

.netw

ork

.para

meter

.valu

.and.to.iden

tify

.whet

her

the.prov

ider

.netw

ork

.meet

.the.agre

.limi

.cont

racted

.in.the.SLA.. e.latt

.also.cove

.logg

ing

.and.

proc

essing

.of.the.his

tory

.of.par

ameter

.val

ues.

.VAN.QoS.moni

toring

.can.be.exte

nded

.to.a.cond

ition

.moni

toring

.that.will.even.allo

.deri

ving

fore

casts

.of.the.beh

avior

.of.a.tra

nsmission

.pat

.fro

.its.cur

rent

.and.pre

ceding

.sta

tus.

.a.moni

tored

.valu

.reac

hes

.a.pred

ened

.thre

shold,

.then.a.VAN.swit

ching

.even

.can.be.deri

ved.

.VAN.

switching.provides. alternative.transmission.paths.for.dierent.provider. accesses.or.dierent.access.

tech

nologies.

.If.ther

.are.alte

rnative

.line

.betw

een

.two.netw

orks,

.then.a.VAN-

.can.choo

.betw

een

them

. e.rea

sons

.to.swi

tch

.bet

ween

.alt

ernative

.com

munication

.pat

.cou

.be

•

. Bad.QoS.or.deg

raded

.QoS

.cha

nges

.in.QoS

•

. Loss.of.lin

.lin

.fai

lure

.(re

dundancy

.cas

.hot.sta

ndby

.sys

tems)

•

. Leas

.cos

.rou

ting:

.sel

ecting

.the.che

apest

.lin

15.5 VaN telecontrol Prole

 e.so.far.described.aspects.refer.to.the.approach.of.realizing.classical.eldbus.communication.via.

WANs

.Fiel

dbus

.stan

dards

.are.prim

arily

.base

.on.cycl

.tran

sfer

.of.IO.data.and.do.not.supp

ort

.dis-

ributed

.appl

ications

.acro

.subn

.boun

daries.

.On.the.othe

.hand

.a.vari

ety

.of.prop

rietary

.and.stan

dardized

.proto

cols

.desig

ned

.to.comm

unicate

.acro

.publ

.netw

orks

.in.the.sepa

rate

.autom

ation

.eld.

of.tele

matic

.syst

ems

.do.exis

. us,.eld

bus

.tech

nologies

.and.TC.syst

ems

.today.are.base

.on.die

rent

mech

anisms,

.tech

nologies,

.and.proto

cols.

.In.VAN,.a.comm

.open.plat

form

.and.comm

.mean

.to.

combi

.bot

.cla

ssical

.el

dbus

.tas

.and.TC.tas

.are.str

ived.

For

.this

.a.den

ition

.of.a.TC.pro

.has.been.done

.aimi

.for.a.seaml

ess

.inte

gration

.of.TC.func

tional-

ities

.into.the.inte

rnational

.eld

bus

.stan

dard

.IEC6

1158

.type.10.[BWM

08].

.TC.take

.advan

tage

.of.the.fact.

that.ther

.is.no.direc

.feedb

ack

.from.inpu

.to.outp

uts.

. e.tran

sfer

.from.the.data.prov

ider

.to.the.data.

cons

umer

.is.decou

pled.

. e.majo

.reaso

.for.the.appl

ication

.of.TC.are.mini

mization

.of.comm

unication

cost

.mini

mization

.of.comm

unication

.volu

me,

.dela

.caused.by.netw

ork

.tran

sfers,

.and.tole

rance

.to.a.

netw

ork

.bein

.temp

orarily

.unava

ilable.

.In.orde

.to.reac

.the.mini

mization

.of.the.data.volu

me,

.die

rent

mecha

nisms

.are.used:.mecha

nism

.to.gene

rate

.a.tran

sfer

.objec

.mecha

nism

.to.bue

.tran

sfer

.objec

ts,

.and.

mecha

nism

.to.init

iate

.a.data.tran

sfer

.(Fig

ure

.15.1

1).

.A.mini

mized

.amou

.of.data.is.the.preco

ndition

.in.

orde

.to.keep.a.smal

.netw

ork

.load.and.to.mini

mize

.the.tran

smission

.cost

. e.gene

ration

.of.the.data.and.

its.tran

sfer

.occur.at.die

rent

.time

. is.kind.of.comm

unication

.is.call

.even

t-driven

.comm

unication.

 ere

.are.die

rent

.adju

stable

.lte

.that.cont

rol

.whet

her

.the.inpu

.data.is.copi

.into.a.tran

sfer

.objec

and.store

.in.the.tran

sfer

.bue

.or.not..Crit

eria

.are.even

.orie

nted

.at.each.valu

e/information

.chan

ge,

event-oriented.at.threshold.settings.(dierent.strategies),.spontaneous.(user-controlled,.user.may.be.

prov

ider

.or.con

sumer),

.and.cyc

lic

.(ti

.dri

ven).

 ese

.mecha

nisms

.guar

antee

.a.mini

mum

.quan

tity

.of.tran

sfer

.objec

.to.be.gene

rated

.and.trig

gering

.of.a.

data.tran

sfer,

.when.the.tran

sfer

.cond

ition

.is.unco

nditional/immediately,

.that.mean

.an.alar

.is.iden

tied.

.tra

nsfer

.bu

.sup

ports

.two.tas

ks:

•

. e.objec

.to.be.tran

sferred

.are.bue

red

.duri

.comm

unication

.faul

t/error.

. ere

fore,

.no.data.

is.los

•

. e.amount.of.data.to.be.transferred.and,.therefore,.also.the.communication.costs.can.be.further.

redu

ced.

15-12 Industrial Communication Systems

 e.data.transfer.mechanisms.are.aligned.to.the.meaning.of.the.data.and.the.reduction.of.commu-

nication

.costs:

•

. Spontaneously—Data.is.transmitted.immediately.(unconditional).. e.decision.for.immediate.or.

later.transmission.is.only.relevant.for.dial-up.networks..In.other.networks.with.permanent.con-

nectivity,

.data.is.transferred.immediately,.even.if.the.transfer.condition.is.set.to.conditionally..

Alarms.are.always.transmitted.immediately.

•

. Conditionally—Data.is.transmitted.when.the.send.buer.is.lled.or.an.alarm.(unconditional.data).

occurs.

•

. Time.driven.means.that.data.is.transmitted.periodically.or.at.given.times.

.TC. functionality. will.be.realized. as. a. prole,.independent.from. the.underlying. eldbus..

Figure.15.12.shows.this.TC.add-on.put.on.the.IEC61158.type.10.eldbus.(IEC61158).stack.architecture.

of.the.VAN.demonstrator.

Structure

Local_Object

Object-reference

Peer-object

reference

Transfer-condition

Data-value

Quality-code

Timestamp

Other object

parameters

….

Status

Value

Time stamp

Transfer_Event:

-Transfer-condition

-Time

-Buer level

-Consumer

Filter:

Process object VAN telecontrol object

Buer

Transfer_Objects

WAN

Edc-threshold-lter

-Time driven-filter

-Edc-any-change-filter

-Edc-threshold-filter

FIGURE 15.11 VAN.telecontrol.object.principle.

Virtual Automation Networks 15-13

 e.prole.uses.the.functions.provided.by.the.communication.stack..In.order.to.enable.communica-

tion

.relations.via.a.temporarily.unavailable.network.path,.extensions.within.the.communication.stack.

may.be.necessary.

.the.TC.prole,.the.integration.of.TC.functionality.into.eldbus.technologies.has.been.done,.which.

starts.the.merging.of.both.classically.separated.elds.

abbreviations

ACL. Access.control.list

. Automation.device

. Access.point

CBA

. Component-based.automation

. Field.device

FQDN

. Fully.qualied.domain.name

GPS

. Global.positioning.system

NIC

. Network.interface.card

NTP

. Network.time.protocol

. Proxy.device.OS

Application

process

Legend:

CBA

Extension/

new

openVPN

Ethernet driver

NIC

SRT

Cyclic data

Network

TCP/UDP

RPC

Acyclic data

CBA

extensions

CBA API

TC provider

TC object

TC filter

Data aquisition

TC consumer

VAN

telecontrol

profile

Cyclic data

Process object Process object

FIGURE 15.12 VAN.telecontrol.prole.approach.

15-14 Industrial Communication Systems

QoS. Quality.of.service

RPC

. Rem

ote

.pr

ocedure

.ca

SRT

. So.re

.ti

. Tel

econtrol

VAN

. Vir

tual

.au

tomation

.ne

twork

. Vir

tual

.de

vice

VPN

. Vir

tual

.pr

ivate

.ne

twork

WAN

. Wide.ar

.ne

twork

references

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erschmidt,

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ork

.and.tele

control

.concep

.in.

virt

ual

.aut

omation

.netw

orks.

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ited

.Sessio

.“Vir

tual

.Aut

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orks.”

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.So

uth

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[BZ08]

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l-time

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aviour

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ual

.aut

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.netw

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irtual

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uth

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rea,

.2008.

[CPP06]

.Coo

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vate

.and.Public.Netw

orks,

.Deli

verable

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.on.Ana

lysed

.Public.

Netw

ork

. Tec

hnologies,

. Euro

pean

. Int

egrated

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ject

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Virt

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.Au

tomation

.Net

works,

.2006.

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.C.,.Ho

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gster,

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cept

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omation

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ustrial

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les.

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Pro

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[N07]

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[N08]

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[NPF07]

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netw

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oma-

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[PIP]

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OFIBUS

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OFIBUS

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.Orga

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[PNO05]

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FIsafe—Prole

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OPSA07]

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.of.the.Ope

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tem

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Int

egration.

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iverable

.D02

.4-1:

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hitecture

.and. Int

erface

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cication.

.Eur

opean

Int

egrated

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ject

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/2004/IST/NMP/2-016969

.VAN.Vir

tual

.Aut

omation

.Net

works,

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[VANOP06]

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cication

.of.the.Ope

.Pla

tform

.for.Aut

omation

.Infr

astructure,

.Del

iverable

.D02

.2-2:

.VAN.

Ope

.Pla

tform

.API

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opean

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egrated

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ject

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/2004/IST/NMP/2-016969

VAN.Virt

ual

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omation

.Net

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Virtual Automation Networks 15-15

[WA08].Wolframm,.M..and.Adamczyk,.H.,.Secure.virtual.automation.networks.based.on.generic.proce-

dure

.mod

el.

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ited

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.Net

works.”

.IFA

C World Congress 2008,

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ul,

.Sou

Kor

ea,

.200

[WM08]

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erschmidt,

. R.,. Der. Tele

control-Aspekt,

. Com

puter & Automation

. (May.

2008)..ht

tp://www.computerautomation.de/

16-1

16.1 Introduction

 e.conventional.centralized,.rigid.information.systems.cannot.serve.the.demands.of.modern.(manu-

facturing)

.indu

stry

.adeq

uately

.any.long

er.

.In.orde

.to.stay.comp

etitive,

.indu

stry

.need

.to.be.high

exi

ble,

.with.shor

ter

.job.sizes

.vari

able

.prod

uct

.port

folios,

.and.alwa

.chan

ging

.shop.oor

.Alth

ough

cent

ralized

.appr

oaches

.can.in.the.mean

time

.prov

ide

.high

.soph

isticated

.and.eci

ent

.sche

duling

.solu

tions,

.the.requ

irements

.impo

sed

.by.nove

.manu

facturing

.tren

.rend

ers

.cent

ralized

.cont

rol

.syst

ems

more.and.mor

.unf

easible

.(cf

.[8]

Against

.this.back

ground,

.mult

i-agent

.base

.indu

strial

.info

rmation

.syst

ems

.seem.to.be.a.prom

ising

and.natu

ral

.alte

rnative.

. ey.prov

ide

.dece

ntralized

.arch

itecture,

.modu

larity,

.robu

stness,

.and.adapt

ability

.to.chan

ges

.(cf..[9])

.More

over,

.the.evol

ution

.of.indu

stry

.in.the.prev

ious

.deca

des

.has.rear

ranged

the.prin

cipal

.goal

.espe

cially

.in.manu

facturing

.cont

rol.

.In.the.past

.the.main.objec

tive

.was.achi

eving

an.optim

.sche

duling

.algo

rithm.

.Nowa

days,

.this.aim.has.been.sacr

iced

.for.the.sake.of.long

-term

.e-

ency:

.on.the.one.han

.the.sch

eduling

.pro

blem

.usu

ally

.can

not

.be.sol

ved

.in.pol

ynomial

.tim

.Mod

ern

cent

ralized

.cont

rol

.syst

.can.prov

ide

.a.good.solu

tion

.if.they.have.enou

.time

.but,.in.real.time

.this.is.

stil

.unre

alistic.

.On.the.othe

.hand

.possi

ble

.vari

ations

.that.may.occu

.incl

ude

.dema

.chan

ges,

.appa

ri-

tion

.of.new.prod

ucts,

.chan

ges

.on.the.physi

cal

.layo

ut,

.dist

urbances,

.and.erro

rs.

. ere

fore,

.the.stre

.is.

curr

ently

.set.upon.othe

.desir

able

.feat

ures

.of.manu

facturing

.cont

rol

.syst

ems,

.such.as.robu

stness,

.adapt

ability,

.and.rea

l-time

.abi

lity.

Finally,

. rece

. or. upco

ming

. tech

nologies

. like. serv

ice-oriented

. arch

itectures

. (SOA

)

. and. mode

tren

.in.autom

ation

.(e.g

.mass.custo

mization),

.have.comp

letely

.redr

awn

.the.prob

lem

.doma

in,

.brin

ing

.a.bun

.of.new.dem

ands,

.suc

.as.upg

radeability,

.pla

tform

.ind

ependence,

.sca

lability,

.or.resi

lience.

Industrial Agent

Technology

16.1. Introduction.....................................................................................16-1

16.2

. Agen

.and.Mul

ti-Agent

.Sys

tems..................................................16-2

Intelligent.Agents.Denition. •. Multi-AgentSystems. •. .

Ontologies. •. Self-Organization.and.Emergence. •. .

 eHolonicParadigm. •. Holonic.Multi-Agent.Systems. •. .

HowAgents.Can.Be.Implemented

16.3. Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems.in.Industry.............................16-6

16.4

. Appl

ication

.Are

as............................................................................16-6

Resource.Handling. •. Order.Handling. •. Comparison. •. Challenges.

of.Industrial.Agents’.Usage. •. Other.Application.Areas.in.Brief

16.5. Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems.in.Industry:.Conclusions......16-12

Abbreviations

.............................................................................................16-13

Refer

ences

...................................................................................................16-13

Aleksey Bratukhin

Austrian Academy

of Sci

ences

Yoseba Peña

Landaburu

University of Deusto

Paulo Leitão

Polytechnic Institute

of Bra

gança

Rainer Unland

University of

Duis

burg-Essen