Воробьев М.С. Устройства генерирования радиосигналов

31

3.3. ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɦ

ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ (ɪɢɫ 3.3). Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɩɪɟɨ-

ɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ

R

1

ɢ

R

2

ɜ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ

R

0

. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚ-

ɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɩɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥ-

ɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ

R

0

<

R

1

,

R

0

<

R

2

. (3.8)

ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟ-

ɬɨɦ

R

0

ɪɚɜɧɚ

Q

1

, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ —

Q

2

, ɬɨ

ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɪɚɜ-

ɧɚ

Q

=

Q

1

+

Q

2

. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ

ɐɋ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ

Q

, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ

R

0

. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ: ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ

R

0

ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (3.8), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ

Q

R

Q

R

1

0

2

0

1 1= − = −

ɢ ,

ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ

Q

, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ

R

0

.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ

ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ

Q

ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɟɩɢ.

ȼɵɪɚɡɢɦ

R

0

ɱɟɪɟɡ

Q

1

:

R

Q

R

Q

0

1

2

1

2

1

1 1=

+

= + −, ( ) .

ɨɬɫɸɞɚ

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ

Q

2

=

Q

−

Q

1

, (3.11)

ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

Q

1

( ) ( ) .Q Q

R

Q− = + −

1

2

1

2

1 1

Ɋɟɲɚɹ ɷɬɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɪɧɢ

Q

R

Q B

R

B

R

Q

R

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1=

±

−

= − −

( )

, ( ) .

ɝɞɟ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɂɡ (3.11) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ

Q

1

<

Q

, (3.13)

ɚ ɢɡ (3.12) —

B

≥ 0

.

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:

x

3

x

′

3

x

″

3

R

1

x

1

R

0

x

2

R

2

Ɋɢɫ.3.3. ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɐɋ

(3.9)

(3.10)

(3.12)

32

Q

R

2

1

2

1

2≥ + − .

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ (3.13) ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ

R

1

/

R

2

> 1.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ (3.12), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ

Q

R

Q Q

R

B

1

2

1

2

− > ± .

ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɤɟ “+” ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ. ɉɪɢ

ɡɧɚɤɟ “–” ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ (3.15) ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɢɞ

− > − >Q B B Q

ɢɥɢ

2

.

Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ

Q

R

2

1

2

1

2

1 1> − >, .ɟɫɥɢ

Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟɦ (3.14).

ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

R

1

/

R

2

< 1 ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ (3.12) ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ

Q

R

Q Q

R

B B Q

1

2

1

2

− < ± <, .ɢɥɢ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɦ

Q

R

2

1

2

1

1 1> − >, .

ɟɫɥɢ

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ

x

1

, x

2

, x

′

3

, x

″

3

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ

Q

1

ɢ

Q

2

. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɜɚ ɢɡ

ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ

x

1

=

x

2

= −

x

3

,

x

3

=

x

′

3

+

x

″

3

. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɐɋ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ

x R R Q

Q

R R

i

= ⋅ = =

1 2 1

2

1 2

1

, .

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ

R

2

:

R

x

R

1

2

= .

3.4. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ

Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ ɜ ɐɋ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ n-ɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ

ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚɯ,

(3.14)

(3.15)

(3.16)

(3.17)

(3.18)

33

(

)

( )

,

Re

1

2

11

ɉ

ɉnnɉn

I

P

ɉ

Z

¸

¹

·

¨

©

§

=

(3.19)

ɝɞɟ

Z

ɉn

,

Z

ɉ1

— ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ n-ɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚɯ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ;

I

n

,

I

1

— ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ n-ɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɐɋ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ (3.19) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ — ɨɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɐɋ.

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ

K

ɮn

, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɢ ɤ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɐɋ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ, ɬ.ɟ.

K

I

ɮn

ɜɵɯn

ɜɵɯ

n

ɜɵɯn

ɜɵɯ n

= = ⋅

1

,

ɝɞɟ

I

ɜɵɯn

,

I

ɜɵɯ1

— ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ n-ɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ Ⱥɗ, ɫɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɤ Ⱥɗ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɬɨ (3.20) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ:

K

I

ɮ

n

= ⋅

α

( )

.

Θ

1

Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ

K

ɮn

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɟ

P

n ɞɨɩ

. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ

(3.19) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ

max

Re( )

max

min

,

Z

R

Z Ʉɋȼ

Ʉɋȼ Ʉɋȼ

ɧn

ɧ

n n

ɮ n

ɮ

n

1 1 1 1

1

= = =

⋅

= ⋅

ɝɞɟ

Z

ɮ

— ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɞɟɪɚ;

Ʉɋȼ

1

, Ʉɋȼ

n

— ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ

ɫɬɨɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɮɢɞɟɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ n-ɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.

ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ (3.22) ɢ (3.21) ɜ (3.19) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

K

P

A Ʉɋȼ Ʉɋȼ

ɮn

n ɉ

ɞɨɩn

n

≥ ⋅ ⋅

α

( )

,

Θ

1

ɝɞɟ

A

— ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɮɢɞɟɪɚ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ

R

n

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɚ

R

1

ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ

A

≈ 0,2.

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɨɬɫɟɱɤɢ

Θ

≈ 90

ɨ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ

Ʉɋȼ

1

=

2

,

Ʉɋȼ

n

=

10

,

P

nɞɨɩ

=

0,05

ȼɬ,

P

ɉ1

=

100

ȼɬ, ɬɨ

K

ɮn

≥ 45 (33 ɞȻ).

(3.20)

(3.21)

(3.22)

(3.23)

34

3.5. ɐɟɩɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

ȼ ɋȼɑ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɐɋ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ. ȼ ɬɪɚɧ-

ɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ

ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɐɋ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɲɥɟɣɮɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ,

ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.4.

l=

λ

/4

,

Z

ɜ

l, Z

ɜ

R

1

l

ɲ

Y

2

=1/

Z

2

R

1

l

ɲ

Z

2

Z

ɲ

Z

ɲ

ɚ) ɛ)

Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɐɋ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ

ȼ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɲɥɟɣɮɵ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ

ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɲɥɟɣɮɵ. ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɚ) ɲɥɟɣɮ

ɞɥɢɧɨɣ

l

ɲ

ɫ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

Z

ɲ

ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ

Y

2

=

(

G

2

+ jB

2

)

, ɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɣ

ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɫ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

Z R G

ɜ

=

1 2

ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

1

/G

2

ɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

R

1

.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɚ) ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ

ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ 50...200 Ɉɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɛ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [6].

ȼ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɋȼɑ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɦɩɵ [7]. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɚɦɩ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɤɨɥɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ

ɥɟɝɱɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɚɤ

ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.3.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ

ɫɟɬɤɟ. Ɋɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (Ɋɋ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ (ɄɅ),

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɄɁ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ

ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ Ɋɋ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ

C

ɫɜ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɋȼɑ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɞɟɪ. Ɋɋ ɢ

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɐɋ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.

35

ȼɵɜɨɞ ɫɟɬɤɢ ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɞɟɪ

ȼɵɜɨɞ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ Ⱥɧɨɞ ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɄɅ

C

ɫɜ

ɄɁ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ

Ⱥɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ

Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ l

ɫɜ

ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɵ l

ɪɫ

Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. ɗɫɤɢɡ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɚɦɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɐɋ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ [3] ɢ [7].

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ

ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɐɋ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɚ. ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɥɚɦɩɚ ɩɪɟɞ-

U

l

1

C

ɫɜ

2

C

ɚɫ

ɄɁ U

lmax

U

ɚ

U

ɮ

Z

ɮ

U

ɫɜ

l

ɪɫ

l

ɫɜ

l

ɪɫ

l

ɫɜ

ɚ) ɛ)

Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɐɋ ɚ), ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɛ).

ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ

C

ɚɫ

, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɚɧɨɞɧɨ-ɫɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɠ-

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɞɟɪ — ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

Z

ɮ

.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ Ɋɋ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ

l

ɪɫ

. ɑɬɨɛɵ

ɫɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ

C

ɚɫ

, ɜɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ɋɋ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ

ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ

C

ɫɜ

,

Z

ɮ

, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɋ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ

l arcctg Z C

ɫ ɫ ɚɫɪ ɪ

( ),=

λ

π

ω

2

ɝɞɟ

λ

— ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ;

Z

ɪɫ

— ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɄɅ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɩɨ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ

ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɄɁ

ɩɨɪɲɧɹ. ɂɡ (3.24) ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ

l

ɪɫ

≤

λ/

4

,

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ

(3.24)

36

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

l

ɪɫ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ

ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɺ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ

λ/

2

.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

R

ɤɪ

ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɐɋ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ

l

ɫɜ

ɢ

C

ɫɜ

. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ

P

ɉ

ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɚɧɨɞɟ

U

ɚ

, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ

R

ɤɪ

>>

Z

ɪɫ

,

ɬɨ ɜ ɄɅ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ Ʉɋȼ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ

ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

U

l

ɜɞɨɥɶ ɄɅ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 2 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.

3.6, ɛ) ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɫɬɨɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ

(ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 1 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɛ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ

ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ:

U l U l

l

( ) sin( ).

max

=

2

π

λ

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɦɩɵ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɞɟɪɚ

U U l U U l

ɚ ɫ ɫɜ ɫɜ

= =

max ɪ max

sin( ), sin( ).

2 2

π

λ

π

λ

Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ

U

ɫɜ

ɢ

U

ɚ

:

U

l

ɫɜ

ɚ

ɫ

ɫɜ

= ⋅

sin( )

sin( ).

ɪ

2

π

λ

π

λ

ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ

U

ɫɜ

ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵ-

ɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɮɢɞɟɪɟ

U

ɮ

:

2

1

¸

¹

·

¨

©

§

+

=

ɫɜ

ɮ

ɫɜ

ɮ

C

Z

UU

ω

. (3.27)

ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

U

ɮ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ

P

ɉ

:

U

P Z

ɮ

ɉ ɮ

ɮ

=

2

η

,

ɝɞɟ

η

ɮ

— ɄɉȾ ɮɢɞɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ (3.28) ɢ (3.27), ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ

»

¼

º

«

¬

ª

¸

¹

·

¨

©

§

+=

2

1

2

ɫɜ

ɮ

ɮɮ

ɫɜ

C

Z

P

U

ɉ

ωη

. (3.29)

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɞɥɢɧɭ

l

ɫɜ

ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɫɜɹɡɢ

C

ɫɜ

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ (3.29).

(3.25)

(3.26)

(3.28)

37

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ɍɆɇɈɀɂɌȿɅɂ ɑȺɋɌɈɌɕ

4.1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

ɍɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ (ɍɑ) — ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɧɚ

ɜɯɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ

f

ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ

ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ

N f

. ȼ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɍɑ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ:

• ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ

ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ;

• ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ;

• ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɧɵɯ

ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɍɑ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ;

• ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɜɢɚɰɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ

(ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣ) ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɍɑ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ

N

, ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ

P

N

ɧɚ N-ɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɟ, ɜɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ

P

1

,

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

P

N

/

P

1

. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɜ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɍɑ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ

K

N

,

ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

η

N

, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ

ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥ-

ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ

ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɍɑ, ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ɮɚɡɵ ɢ ɩɪ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɸ ɍɑ, ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɍɑ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ

ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɫɬ: ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

R

ɜɧ

u

ɜɨɡ

Ɏ

1

ɇɗ Ɏ

N

R

ɉ

Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɍɑ ɫ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ

u

ɜɨɡ

(f

1

)

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ Ɏ

1

ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ (ɇɗ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɚɹ

ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Ɏ

N

. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ Ɏ

1

ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ

ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɍɑ.

38

ɇɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɍɑ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɢ,

ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɥɢɛɨ

ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

4.2. Ɍɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

Ɉɰɟɧɢɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɍɑ. ɗɬɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ

ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɍɑ ɢ ɌɍɆ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɜ

ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɇɗ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ

Ɉɗ, ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ (

ω

≤ 0,5

ω

ɝɪ

). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ

ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ

u

ɜɯ

= E

ɫɦ

+ U

ɛ1

.cos

τ

,

ɝɞɟ

τ = ω

1

t.

(4.1)

ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɍɑ ɢ ɌɍɆ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:

• ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ;

• ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ

E

ɉ

;

• ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɬɨɤɚ

I

ɤ max

ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ,

ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ξ

ɤɪ

.

ȿɫɥɢ

I

ɤ max

= const, ɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ N-ɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

α

N

(

Θ

),

ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ

Θ

N

= 120

ɨ

/N

. Ⱦɥɹ

ɌɍɆ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ

Θ

1

= 90

ɨ

. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

P

U I

U I N

N ɇN ɄN

ɇ Ʉ

N N

o

1 1 1 1

0 5

0 5 90

1

=

⋅

⋅ ⋅

= ≈

,

( )

;

α

Θ

η

ξ

ɷN

ɷ

ɤ N N

ɤ

o

N N

o

g

1 1 1

0 5

0 5 90 90

= =

, ( )

( )

.

ɪ

Θ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɍɑ ɜ N ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ

ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

g

N

(

Θ

N

)

ɞɥɹ N = 2, 3, 4 ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 1,27; 1,26;

1,25, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ N. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

η

ɷN

/η

ɷ1

≈ 1,25/1.57 ≈ 0.8,

ɬ.ɟ. ɄɉȾ ɍɑ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ

η

ɷ1

= 0,65...0,7, ɬɨ

η

ɷN

≈ 0,5...0,55.

Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɍɑ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ

R

Nɤɪ

ɜ N ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ

ɌɍɆ:

R

I

U

N

Nɤ

ɤ

ɤN

ɇN

ɇ

ɨ

N N

ɪ

( )

.

1

90

= ⋅ = ≈

α

α Θ

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɍɑ ɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨ′ɥɶɲɚɹ

ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ

(4.2)

(4.3)

39

U

S I

N

ɛ N

ɛ

ɤ

N

o

ɤ

1

2

1

1 90

0 46=

⋅

−

⋅

−

⋅

≈

max

cos( )

, .

Θ

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ

ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɑ:

K

K N

N

1

2

1 23

≈

,

.

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɦɧɨ-

ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ

ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ N ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɫɟɱɤɢ

ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ

ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɍɑ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɯ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ

ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ (N=2, 3), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ N > 4

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ.

4.3. ɍɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɚɯ

ȼ ɋȼɑ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɍɑ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯɩɨ-

ɥɸɫɧɢɤɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ

ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɞɢɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɶɬɚɦɩɟɪɧɨɣ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ. Ⱦɢɨɞ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɪɢɫɬɨɪ, ɬ.ɟ.

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ

ɜɚɪɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɍɑ,

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɟɟ ɜ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɢɨɞɵ, ɭ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɣ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ p-n ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ

ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɨɞɵ,

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɤɚɩɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɨɞɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ

ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ — ɞɢɨɞɵ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ (ȾɇɁ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɢ ɤ

ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɧɢ ɤ ɜɚɪɢɤɚɩɚɦ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪ.

ɍɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤɚɯ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ: ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ 4.2). ȼ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ,

ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨ-

ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

f

1

ɢ

N

⋅

f

1

. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡ-

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ

i

ɜɨɡ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɨɞ (ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɢɤ)

ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ

I

1

ɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

40

u(t)

. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ Ɏ

N

ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɬɨɤ N-

ɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ

R

ɧ

. Ɍɨɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤ

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɫ-

ɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

u

ɜɨɡ

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ

ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ Ɏ

1

ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨ-

ɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɨɞ ɧɟɫɢɧɭɫɨɢ-

ɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. N-ɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚ

ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɭɡ-

ɤɭ

R

ɧ

, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɮɢɥɶɬɪ Ɏ

N

. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ

ɫɯɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ.

4.4. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ p-n ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

u

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.3. ȼ ɡɚɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (

u >

0) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ

ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɣ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ:

( ) ( )

γ

ϕ

¸

¹

·

¨

©

§

≈

¸

¹

·

¨

©

§

+

=

u

U

UC

u

C

uC

ɩɩ

ɤ

ɧ

0

1

(4.4)

ɝɞɟ

C

ɧ

— ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ

u = 0

;

ϕ

ɤ

= 0,2 ... 0,7 ȼ — ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧ-

ɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ;

γ

— ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ,

ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ

ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ (

γ

=

1

/

2

— ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ,

γ

=

1

/

5

— ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ);

C

ɩ

(U

0

)

– ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ

ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

U

0

>>

ϕ

ɤ

. ɉɪɢ

ɨɬɩɢɪɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (

u < 0

) ɤ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɣ

ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ

C

ɞ

, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ

ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ.

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 4.4, ɚ), ɝɞɟ

R

s

— ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ

ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ;

L

— ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɨɞɚ;

C

ɤ

— ɟɦ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɞɢɨɞɚ;

r

— ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɤɨɦ-

ɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ;

R

— ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-

Ɏ

1

Ɏ

N

R

ɜɧ

i

ɜɨɡ

I

1

I

N

R

ɧ

I

1

ɚ)

I

N

R

ɜɧ

Ɏ

1

Ɏ

N

u

ɜɨɡ

i R

ɧ

ɛ)

Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɍɑ:

ɚ) ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɛ) ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

C

ɩ

/C

ɧ

C

ɞ

/C

ɧ

γ

=

1

/

5

γ

=

1

/

2

u

Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ

ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

Воробьев М.С. Устройства генерирования радиосигналов

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