Василевич Г.А. (ред.) Сборник нормативных правовых актов о труде. В 2 т. Том 1

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?= ƒ=C,“, " 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* ("*ë=ä/ø * …L).

ck`b` 3. g`meqemhe qbedemhi n p`anŠmhje

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18. o%“ë 3*=ƒ=…, ä=2/ ƒ=C%ë……, 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, !=K%2…,*

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ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,…,ì=2ë .

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19. o!, "…“…,, ƒ=C,“, % C!,ì …= !=K%23 " ã!=- 3 !=ƒäë= &q"-

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…=…,ì=2ë .

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20. g=C,“ü % C!,ì …= !=K%23 " C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"% ,ë, “2!3*23!…% C%ä-

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ì q%"2= l,…,“2!%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 25 ì= 2005 ã. 1 536 (m=-

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“%%2"2“2"3þ? 3ä%“2%"!…,, ã% …%ì! , ä=2=.

272

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&o%ë3÷…= "2%!= C!%-““, $ .ë*2!%ã=ƒ%“"=!?,* “ C!,“"%…,ì 3 !=ƒ-

! ä= , "%ƒë%›…,ì %K ƒ=……%“2L C% "/C%ë……,þ .ë*2!%ã=ƒ%“"=!%÷-

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ä=2/ äë=2“ ““/ë*= …= ä=23 , …%ì! C!,*=ƒ=.

22. b “ë3÷= ƒ=*ëþ÷…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= % !=K%2 …= 3“ë%", .

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ì=2ë %-%!ìë 2“ " 2%ì › C%! ä*, *=* , C!,ì …= !=K%23, 2%ëü*%

"ì“2% “ë%"= &C!,… 2[ ƒ=C,“/"=2“ &C!"ä…[. o!, .2%ì … 3*=ƒ/"=-

2“ C!,÷,…= C!"%ä=.

25. b…“…, ƒ=C,“L % C!"%ä !=K%2…,*= …= ä!3ã3þ C%“2% ……3þ

!=K%23 Kƒ 3*=ƒ=…, *%…*!2…/. C%ä!=ƒäë…,L ,ë, C% C!%,ƒ"%ëü…% ä=…-

…/ì …=,ì…%"=…, ì C!%-““,L, ä%ë›…%“2L, “Cö,=ëü…%“2L, !=K%2 …

ä%C3“*=2“ .

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ä,2“ “ “%Këþä…,ì “ëä3þ?,. C!=",ë: " ã!=- 1 “2=",2“ C%! ä*%"/L

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3"%ëü……,, "…%“,2“ " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 “ 3*=ƒ=…,ì .2%L C!,÷,…/.

29. o!, 3"%ëü……,, !=K%2…,*=, “ ã% “%ãë=“, , " “" ƒ, “ C!"%ä%ì *

ä!3ã%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ " ã% 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* *=* " ƒ=C,“, %K 3"%ëü……,,,

2=* , " ƒ=C,“, % C!,ì …= !=K%23 " ã!=- 3 3*=ƒ/"=2“ :

&r"%ë… " “" ƒ, “ C!"%ä%ì " 2=*3þ-2% %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,þ, C. 4 “2. 35

Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“=[;

273

&o!,… 2 " C%! ä* C!"%ä= " 2=*%L-2% ö. (%2äë) …= 2=*3þ-2% ä%ë-

›…%“2ü[.

30. o!, 3"%ëü……,, " “" ƒ, “ C!.%ä%ì …= "/K%!…3þ ä%ë›…%“2ü "

ã!=- 3 ƒ=C,“/"=2“ : &r"%ë… " “" ƒ, “ C!.%ä%ì …= "/K%!…3þ ä%ë›-

…%“2ü " 2=*3þ-2% %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,þ, C. 4 “2. 35 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“=[.

ck`b` 5. g`meqemhe qbedemhi n m`cp`fdemh“u h onnypemh“u

31. b !=ƒäë &q"ä…, % …=ã!=›ä…, . , C%%?!…, .[ 2!3ä%"%L

*…,›*, !=K%2…,*= "…%“ 2“ “ëä3þ?, “"ä…, :

% …=ã!=›ä…,, %!ä…=ì, , ìä=ë ì, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, C!%,ƒ"%-

ä,ì%ì " 3“2=…%"ë……%ì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì C%! ä* ƒ= 3“C., " !=K%2;

% C!,“"%…,, ƒ"=…,L (…=C!,ì!: &k=3!=2 c%“3ä=!“2"……%L C!ì,,

p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü[);

% …=ã!=›ä…,, C%÷2…/ì, ã!=ì%2=ì,, …=ã!3ä…/ì, ƒ…=*=ì,;

% C%%?!…, ., C!ä3“ì%2!……/. C!=",ë=ì, "…32!……ã% 2!3ä%"%ã%

!=“C%! ä*= (…=C!,ì!, %KA "ë…, Kë=ã%ä=!…%“2,, …=ã!=›ä…, ö……/ì

C%ä=!*%ì , ä!.).

32. o%! ä%* "…“…, “"ä…,L % …=ã!=›ä…, . , C%%?!…, . “ë-

ä3þ?,L: " ã!=- 3 “%%2"2“2"3þ?ã% !=ƒäë= 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, C,ø2“

" ",ä ƒ=ã%ë%"*= …=,ì…%"=…, …=…,ì=2ë ; …,› " ã!=- 1 3*=ƒ/"=2“

C%! ä*%"/L …%ì! ƒ=C,“, (…3ì!=ö, , …=!=“2=þ?= " 2÷…, "“ã% C-

!,%ä= 2!3ä%"%L ä 2ëü…%“2, !=K%2…,*=); " ã!=- 2 “2=",2“ ä=2= …=-

ã!=›ä…, ,ë, C%%?!…, ; " ã!=- 3 ƒ=C,“/"=2“ , *ì …=ã!=›ä… ,ë,

C%%?!… !=K%2…,*, ƒ= *=*, ä%“2,›…, , *=*%L …=ã!=ä%L ,ë, C%%?!-

…,ì; " ã!=- 4 3*=ƒ/"=2“ , …= %“…%"=…,, ÷ã% "…“…= ƒ=C,“ü (“% ““/ë-

*%L …= ä=23, …%ì! , …=,ì…%"=…, ä%*3ì…2=).

ck`b` 6. g`meqemhe qbedemhi n m`gm`)emhh oemqhh

33. o!, …=ƒ…=÷…,, C…“,, C% "%ƒ!=“23, C…“,, ƒ= "/“ë3ã3 ë2, =

2=*› C…“,, C% ,…"=ë,ä…%“2, , C% “ë3÷=þ C%2!, *%!ì,ëüö=, *%2%!/

…=ƒ…=÷=þ2“ C%›,ƒ………%, " 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* !=K%2…,*= %K!=ƒö= 1995

ã%ä= %!ã=…=ì, C% 2!3ä3 , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 " !=ƒäë &q"ä…, % …=-

ƒ…=÷…,, C…“,,[ “2=",2“ ø2=ìC &o…“, …=ƒ…=÷…=[. b 2!3ä%"%L *…,›-

* !=… 3“2=…%"ë……/. %K!=ƒö%", … “%ä!›=?,. 2=*%ã% !=ƒäë=, 3*=-

ƒ=……/L ø2=ìC “2=",2“ …= C!"%L “2!=…,ö.

ck`b` 7. bmeqemhe hglememhi b g`ohqh Šprdnbni jmhfjh

34. e“ë, " C!,%ä !=K%2/ C!%,“.%ä,2 C!ä=÷= %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ,ƒ C%ä-

÷,……, %ä…%ã% %!ã=…= " C%ä÷,……, ä!3ã%ã% ë,K% “ì…= “%K“2"……,*=

,ì3?“2"= , !%!ã=…,ƒ=ö, (“ë, …,, C!,“%ä,……,, !=ƒäë…,, "/ä-

ë…,, C!%K!=ƒ%"=…,) %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, = 2!3ä%"/ %2…%ø…, “ “%ãë=“,

!=K%2…,*= C!%ä%ë›=þ2“ , 2% %K .2%ì %2äëü…%L “2!%*%L " ã!=- 3 2!3-

ä%"%L *…,›*, C!%,ƒ"%ä,2“ “%%2"2“2"3þ?= ƒ=C,“ü, = " ã!=- 4 ƒ=C,-

“/"=þ2“ …%ì! , ä=2= C!,*=ƒ= (!=“C%! ›…, ), …= %“…%"=…,, *%2%!%ã%

3*=ƒ=……/ ,ƒì……, C!%,ƒ"ä…/.

274

35. b “ë3÷= %K…=!3›…, …C!=",ëü…%L ,ë, …2%÷…%L ƒ=C,“,, "…-

“……%L " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 !=K%2…,*=, %…= ,“C!="ë 2“ …=…,ì=2ëì,

ä%C3“2,"ø,ì %ø,K*3 ,ë, …2%÷…%“2ü.

36. h“C!="ë…, ƒ=C,“L " !=ƒäë &q"ä…, % !=K%2[ %“3?“2"ë -

2“ “ëä3þ?,ì %K!=ƒ%ì: " ã!=- 1 C,ø2“ C%! ä*%"/L …%ì! "…%“,-

ì%L ƒ=C,“,, " ã!=- 2 $ ä=2= "…“…, ƒ=C,“,, " ã!=- 3 $ &ƒ=C,“ü …%ì!

2=*%L-2% …äL“2",2ëü…=[ , ä=ë C!=",ëü…/L "=!,=…2 “"ä…,L, " ã!=-

- 4 $ ä=2= , …%ì! C!,*=ƒ= (!=“C%! ›…, ), …= %“…%"=…,, *%2%!%ã% "…%-

“,2“ ä=……= ƒ=C,“ü.

g=÷!*,"=…, !=… "…“……/. …C!=",ëü…/. ,ë, …2%÷…/. ƒ=C,-

“L, ,“C!="ë…, ,. “ 3*=ƒ=…,ì &h“C!="ë……%ì3 "!,2ü[ ë,K% &h“C!="-

ë……% "!…%[ … ä%C3“*=2“ .

37. b “ë3÷= ë,*",ä=ö,, %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, C!*!=?…, ä 2ëü…%“2,

,…ä,",ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,…,ì=2ë ,“C!="ë…, " …C!=",ëü…3þ ,ë,

…2%÷…3þ ƒ=C,“ü, "…“……3þ " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3, "…%“,2 3÷!ä,2ëü, “%K-

“2"……,*, "/ø“2% ?= %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, , ì,…,“2!“2"%, ,…%L !“C3Kë,*=…-

“*,L %!ã=… ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% 3C!="ë…, , ì“2…/L ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/L ,

!=“C%! ä,2ëü…/L %!ã=…, ƒ=!ã,“2!,!%"="ø,L ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,-

…,ì=2ë , $ C!, …=ë,÷,, 3 …,. ä%*3ì…2%", C%ƒ"%ë þ?,. C!%,ƒ"“2,

…%K.%ä,ì3þ ƒ=C,“ü.

38. hƒì……, ƒ=C,“L " 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* % -=ì,ë,,, ,ì…,, %2÷-

“2", ä=2 !%›ä…, , %K %K!=ƒ%"=…,,, C!%-““,,, “Cö,=ëü…%“2, C!%,ƒ"%-

ä 2“ …=…,ì=2ëì C% C%“ëä…ì3 ì“23 !=K%2/ …= %“…%"=…,, ä%*3ì…-

2%", C%ä2"!›ä=þ?,. “%%2"2“2"3þ?, “"ä…, , “% ““/ë*%L …= ,. …%-

ì! , ä=23.

r*=ƒ=……/ ,ƒì……, "…%“ 2“ …= C!"%L “2!=…,ö (2,23ëü…%ì ë,“2)

2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,. nä…%L ÷!2%L ƒ=÷!*,"=2“ , …=C!,ì!, C!›… -=-

ì,ë, , …=ä …L ƒ=C,“/"=2“ …%"= , ,ƒì………= . q“/ë*= …= “%%2"2-

“2"3þ?,L ä%*3ì…2 ƒ=C,“/"=2“ …= "…32!……L “2%!%… %Kë%›*,, ƒ="-

! 2“ C%äC,“üþ …=…,ì=2ë ,ë, 3C%ë…%ì%÷……%ã% ä%ë›…%“2…%ã% ë,ö=

, C÷=2üþ …=…,ì=2ë , = " “ë3÷=  %2“32“2", 3 ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…%ã% C!ä-

C!,…,ì=2ë $ C÷=2üþ ì“2…%ã% ,“C%ë…,2ëü…%ã% , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…%ã%

%!ã=…=, %“3?“2","øã% !ã,“2!=ö,þ C!äC!,…,ì=2ë .

hƒì……, ƒ=C,“L % C!%-““,,, “Cö,=ëü…%“2, …= C!"%L “2!=…,ö

(2,23ëü…%ì ë,“2) 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, " “ë3÷= C%ë3÷…, !=K%2…,*%ì

…%"%L C!%-““,,, “Cö,=ëü…%“2, C!%,ƒ"%ä,2“ C32ì ä%C%ë……, ,ìþ-

?,.“ ƒ=C,“L Kƒ ƒ=÷!*,"=…, !=… "…“……/. ƒ=C,“L.

39. h“C!="ë…, “"ä…,L % !=K%2, % …=ã!=›ä…, . , C%%?!…, .

ƒ= 3“C., " !=K%2 C!%,ƒ"%ä,2“ …= %“…%"=…,, C%äë,……,*= C!,*=ƒ= (!=“-

C%! ›…, ) …=…,ì=2ë , ä%ë›…% C%ë…%“2üþ “%%2"2“2"%"=2ü ã% -%!-

ì3ë,!%"*.

b “ë3÷= 32!=2/ C!,*=ƒ= (!=“C%! ›…, ) ë,K% …“%%2"2“2", ã%

-=*2,÷“*, "/C%ë… "øL“ !=K%2 ,“C!="ë…, “"ä…,L % !=K%2 C!%-

,ƒ"%ä,2“ …= %“…%"=…,, ä!3ã,. ä%*3ì…2%", C%ä2"!›ä=þ?,. 2!3ä%"3þ

ä 2ëü…%“2ü !=K%2…,*=: ë,ö"/ “÷2= , "ä%ì%“2, …= "/ä=÷3 ƒ=!=K%2-

275

…%L Cë=2/, C!,*=ƒ/ (!=“C%! ›…, ) % C!ä%“2="ë…,, %2C3“*%" , ,…/

ä%*3ì…2/, C%ä2"!›ä=þ?, “"ä…, % C!,%ä=. !=K%2/.

nä…=*% " “%%2"2“2",, “ .2,ì, ä%*3ì…2=ì, ì%›…% ,“C!="ë 2ü ƒ=-

C,“, 2%ëü*% ƒ= 2%2 C!,%ä, *%2%!/L %…, C%ä2"!›ä=þ2. m=C!,ì!, "

2!3ä%"%L *…,›* !=K%2…,*= ƒ=C,“=…%, ÷2% %… K/ë C!"ä… ,ƒ ö.= “

"!ä…/ì, 3“ë%", ì, 2!3ä= " ö. “ %K/÷…/ì, 3“ë%", ì, 2!3ä= " 1982

ã%ä3. p=K%2…,* 32"!›ä=2, ÷2% C!"%ä K/ë %“3?“2"ë… " 1984 ã%ä3.

o%äë,……,* C!,*=ƒ= " =!.," C!äC!, 2, … %K…=!3›…. nä…=*% …= C!ä-

C!, 2,, ,ìë,“ü "ä%ì%“2, …= ƒ=!=K%2…3þ Cë=23 , ë,“2*, 2=Këü…%ã%

3÷2=, C% *%2%!/ì !=K%2…,* ÷,“ë,2“ !=K%2=þ?,ì " ö. “ "!ä…/ì,

3“ë%", ì, 2!3ä= " 1983 ã%ä3. b ä=……%ì “ë3÷= " 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* !=K%2-

…,*= ì%›2 K/2ü ,“C!="ë… 2%ëü*% %ä,… ã%ä.

n2“32“2", …%K.%ä,ì/. ä%*3ì…2=ëü…/. ä=……/. ,“*ëþ÷=2 "%ƒ-

ì%›…%“2ü "…“…, ,“C!="ë…,L " “"ä…, % !=K%2.

40. hƒì……, , ä%C%ë……, , "…“……/ " 3“2=…%"ë……%ì C%! ä* "

eä,…/L 2=!,-…%-*"=ë,-,*=ö,%……/L “C!="%÷…,* !=K%2 , C!%-““,L

!=K%÷,., " eä,…/L *"=ë,-,*=ö,%……/L “C!="%÷…,* ä%ë›…%“2L “ë3›=-

?,., = 2=*› " ø2=2…% !=“C,“=…,, ä%ë›…/ K/2ü ä%"ä…/ ä% “"ä…,

!=K%2…,*%", C%“ë ÷ã% " ,. 2!3ä%"/ *…,›*, …= %“…%"=…,, C!,*=ƒ= …=-

…,ì=2ë "…%“ 2“ “%%2"2“2"3þ?, ,ƒì……, , ä%C%ë……, .

41. b 2. “ë3÷= ., *%ãä= !=K%2…,* K/ë …ƒ=*%……% C!"ä… …= ä!3-

ã3þ C%“2% ……3þ !=K%23 ,ë, 3"%ë… …=…,ì=2ëì, = ƒ=2ì "%““2=…%"ë…

…= C!›…ì ì“2 !=K%2/, ,“C!="ë…, " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 "…%“,2“ "

2=*%ì › C%! ä*: &g=C,“ü ƒ= …%ì!%ì 2=*,ì-2% …äL“2",2ëü…=, "%“-

“2=…%"ë… …= C!›…L !=K%2[. `…=ë%ã,÷…/ì %K!=ƒ%ì ,ƒì… 2“ -%!-

ì3ë,!%"*= %“…%"=…, 3"%ëü……, : &g=C,“ü ƒ= …%ì!%ì 2=*,ì-2% …äL-

“2",2ëü…=, 3"%ë…...[ , 3*=ƒ/"=2“ …%"= -%!ì3ë,!%"*=. b .2%L ã!=-

… äë=2“ ““/ë*= …= !ø…, “3äK…/. %!ã=…%" % "%““2=…%"ë…,, …=

!=K%2 !=K%2…,*=.

o% C!%“üK !=K%2…,*= …=…,ì=2ëì, "…“ø,ì 2=*3þ ƒ=C,“ü, "/ä=-

2“ ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, Kƒ "…“…, " … .2%L ƒ=C,“,. m= C!-

"%L “2!=…,ö C!›…L 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, C,ø2“ : &bƒ=ì… "/ä=… ä3K-

ë,*=2[, , %…= "%ƒ"!=?=2“ "ë=äëüö3 äë C!ä“2="ë…,  "C%“ëä-

“2",, " %!ã=…/ C% 2!3ä3 , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 äë ä%*3ì…2=ëü…%ã% C%ä-

2"!›ä…, 2!3ä%"%ã% “2=›= ä% C%“23Cë…, …= !=K%23 * …=…,ì=2ëþ,

"/ä="øì3 3*=ƒ=……/L ä3Kë,*=2.

b 2=*%ì › C%! ä* C!,ƒ…=2“ …äL“2",2ëü…%L ƒ=C,“ü , "/ä=2-

“ ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, !=K%2…,*3 " “ë3÷= C!,ƒ…=…, " 3“2=…%"-

ë……%ì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì C%! ä* …ƒ=*%……/ì, C!,"ë÷…, * 3ã%-

ë%"…%L %2"2“2"……%“2,, %“3›ä…, , C%“ë3›,"ø,. %2“2!=……,þ %2 ä%ë-

›…%“2,, %“"%K%›ä…,þ %2 !=K%2/ (ä%ë›…%“2,).

ck`b` 8. bjk`d{x b Šprdnbr~ jmhfjr

42. b 2. “ë3÷= ., *%ãä= " 2!3ä%"%L *…,›* !=K%2…,*= ƒ=C%ë……/

"“ “2!=…,ö/ “%%2"2“2"3þ?,. !=ƒäë%" ,ë, %ä…%ã% ,ƒ …,., %…= ä%C%ë… -

2“ "*ë=ä/øì. b*ë=ä/ø "ø,"=2“ " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3, ƒ=C%ë… 2“

, "ä2“ …=…,ì=2ëì " 2%ì › C%! ä*, ÷2% , 2!3ä%"= *…,›*=.

276

b*ë=ä/ø "ø,"=2“ " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 ì›ä3 C%“ëä…,ì ë,“2%ì

, C!="%L %Kë%›*%L *…,›*,.

43. n "/ä=……%ì "*ë=ä/ø …= 2,23ëü…%ì ë,“2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,

""!.3 “2=",2“ ø2=ìC “ …=äC,“üþ &b/ä=… "*ë=ä/ø[ , 3*=ƒ/"=þ2“

“!, , …%ì! "*ë=ä/ø=. gä“ü › C!, *=›ä%L C%“ëä3þ?L "/ä=÷

"*ë=ä/ø= “2=",2“ ø2=ìC , 3*=ƒ/"=þ2“ “!, , …%ì! "*ë=ä/ø=.

b*ë=ä/ø Kƒ 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, …äL“2",2ë….

44. o!, …%K.%ä,ì%“2, ä%C%ë……, 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, "*ë=ä/øì

"/ä=2“ "*ë=ä/ø …%"%ã% %K!=ƒö=, …ƒ=",“,ì% %2 2%ã%, *=*3þ 2!3ä%"3þ

*…,›*3 ,ì2 !=K%2…,* (…%"%ã% ,ë, !=… 3“2=…%"ë……%ã% %K!=ƒö=).

ck`b` 9. b{d`)` Šprdnb{u jmhfej h qbedemhi n p`anŠe

45. o!, 3"%ëü……,, !=K%2…,*= "“ ƒ=C,“, % !=K%2, …=ã!=ä=. , C%-

%?!…, . ƒ= 3“C., " !=K%2, "…“……/ " 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 ƒ= "!ì ã%

!=K%2/, ƒ="! þ2“ C%äC,“üþ …=…,ì=2ë ,ë, 3C%ë…%ì%÷……%ã% ä%ë›-

…%“2…%ã% ë,ö= , C÷=2üþ …=…,ì=2ë , = " “ë3÷=  %2“32“2", 3 ,…ä,",-

ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,…,ì=2ë ë,K% ã!=›ä=…,…=, *%2%!%ì3 ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü-

“2"%ì C!ä%“2="ë…% C!="% ƒ=*ëþ÷…, , C!*!=?…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%-

"%!=, $ C÷=2üþ ì“2…%ã% ,“C%ë…,2ëü…%ã% , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…%ã% %!ã=…=,

%“3?“2","øã% !ã,“2!=ö,þ C!äC!,…,ì=2ë , ƒ=!ã,“2!,!%"="øã% 2!3-

ä%"%L ä%ã%"%! “ ä%ì=ø…,ì !=K%2…,*%ì.

46. Š!3ä%"= *…,›*= "/ä=2“ !=K%2…,*3 " ä…ü 3"%ëü……, .

o!, ƒ=ä!›* "/ä=÷, 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, C% ",… …=…,ì=2ë !=K%2-

…,*3 "/Cë=÷,"=2“ “!ä…,L ƒ=!=K%2%* ƒ= "“ "!ì "/…3›ä……%ã% C!%-

ã3ë=, , ä=2= 3"%ëü……, C!, .2%ì ,ƒì… 2“ …= ä…ü "/ä=÷, 2!3ä%"%L

*…,›*,.

47. e“ë, !=K%2…,* %2“32“2"32 …= !=K%2 " ä…ü 3"%ëü……, , 2% …=…,-

ì=2ëü " .2%2 › ä…ü …=C!="ë 2 ì3 ƒ=*=ƒ…% C,“üì% “ 3"ä%ìë…,ì “

3*=ƒ=…,ì % …%K.%ä,ì%“2, C%ë3÷…, 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,.

o!“/ë*= 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, C%÷2%L “ ä%“2="*%L C% 3*=ƒ=……%ì3

=ä!“3 ä%C3“*=2“ 2%ëü*% “ C,“üì……%ã% “%ãë=“, !=K%2…,*=.

48. b “ë3÷= ., *%ãä= !=K%2…,* %2*=ƒ/"=2“ “=ì C%ë3÷,2ü 2!3ä%"3þ

*…,›*3, …=C!,ì! %… “÷,2=2, ÷2% …=…,ì=2ëü ã% …ƒ=*%……% 3"%ë,ë, …-

“ì%2! …= ƒ=*=ƒ…% C,“üì% “ 3"ä%ìë…,ì % …%K.%ä,ì%“2, C%ë3÷…,

2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,, … "ë 2“ ƒ= …L , … "/!=ƒ,ë ›ë=…, …= C!“/ë-

*3  C% C%÷2, …=…,ì=2ëü … …“2 %2"2“2"……%“2, ƒ= ƒ=ä!›*3 "/ä=÷,

2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,.

t=*2 %2*=ƒ= %2 C%ë3÷…, 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, %-%!ìë 2“ =*2%ì “

3*=ƒ=…,ì C!,“32“2"3þ?,. C!, .2%ì “",ä2ëL.

49. b “ë3÷= “ì!2, !=K%2…,*=, = 2=*› " “ë3÷= C!,ƒ…=…, ã% “3-

ä%ì 3ì!ø,ì ,ë, Kƒ"“2…% %2“32“2"3þ?,ì 2!3ä%"= *…,›*= "/ä=2“

…= !3*, ã% Kë,›=Lø,ì !%ä“2"……,*=ì C%ä !=“C,“*3 ,ë, "/“/ë=2“

C% C%÷2 C% ,. C,“üì……%ì3 2!K%"=…,þ. b .2,. “ë3÷= . " 2!3ä%"/.

*…,›*=. " !=ƒäë &q"ä…, % !=K%2[ C%“ë 3*=ƒ=…, C%! ä*%"%ã% …%-

277

ì!= , ä=2/ ƒ=C,“, " ã!=- 3 C,ø2“ : &p=K%2= C!*!=?…= " “" ƒ, “%

“ì!2üþ[; &p=K%2= C!*!=?…= " “" ƒ, “ C!,ƒ…=…,ì !=K%2…,*= “3ä%ì

3ì!ø,ì ,ë, Kƒ"“2…% %2“32“2"3þ?,ì[; ä=ë ƒ=C%ë… 2“ ã!=-= 4 (3*=-

ƒ/"=þ2“ ä=2= , …%ì! C!,*=ƒ= (!=“C%! ›…, ). }2= ƒ=C,“ü ƒ="! 2“ "

3“2=…%"ë……%ì C%! ä*.

50. m=…,ì=2ëü "/ä=2 !=K%2…,*3 C% ã% C,“üì……%L C!%“üK 2!3ä%-

"3þ *…,›*3 “!%*%ì … K%ë ÷ì …= 5 *=ë…ä=!…/. ä…L.

o!, 32!=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, " “ë3÷= "/ä=÷,  …= !3*, !=K%2…,*3

"/ä=2“ ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, “ "ƒ,ì=…,ì ã% “2%,ì%“2,.

m=…,ì=2ëü "C!=" " 2=*,. “ë3÷= . %2*=ƒ=2ü !=K%2…,*3 " “%äL-

“2",, C!, C%ë3÷…,, ä%*3ì…2%", C%ä2"!›ä=þ?,. “2=› ã% !=K%2/,

C!äø“2"3þ?,L C%“23Cë…,þ * ä=……%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ.

b “ë3÷= …%K.%ä,ì%“2, …=…,ì=2ëü "/ä=2 !=K%2…,*3 C% ã% C,“ü-

ì……%L C!%“üK ƒ="!……/ "/C,“*, “"ä…,L % !=K%2 ,ƒ 2!3ä%"/. *…,-

›*.

ck`b` 10. drakhj`Š Šprdnbni jmhfjh

51. b “ë3÷= 32!=2/ 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, ("*ë=ä/ø= * …L) !=K%2…,*

"C!=" %K!=2,2ü“ * …=…,ì=2ëþ C% C%“ëä…ì3 ì“23 !=K%2/ " 2÷…,

2!. ì“ ö" “% ä… ã% 3"%ëü……, “ C,“üì……/ì ƒ= "ë…,ì % "/ä=÷

ä3Kë,*=2= 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,. m C%ƒä… 15 ä…L “% ä… %K!=?…, …=-

…,ì=2ëü "/ä=2 !=K%2…,*3 ä!3ã3þ 2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 ("*ë=ä/ø * …L)

%K!=ƒö= !“C3Kë,*=…“*%L 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, 1995 ã%ä= “ …=äC,“üþ &d3K-

ë,*=2[ " C!="%ì "!.…ì 3ãë3 C!"%L “2!=…,ö/. o!, 32!=2 2!3ä%"%L

*…,›*, C% ,“2÷…,, 3*=ƒ=……%ã% “!%*= …=…,ì=2ëì "/ä=2“ “C!="*=

% C!,%ä !=K%2/ 3 …ã% !=K%2…,*=, *%2%!= "ë 2“ %“…%"=…,ì äë

ƒ="ä…, C% …%"%ì3 ì“23 !=K%2/ !=K%2…,*= ä!3ã%L 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,

("*ë=ä/ø= * …L), …% “ …=äC,“üþ &d3Kë,*=2[.

o!, C!*!=?…,, ä 2ëü…%“2, …=…,ì=2ë 3"%ë……/L !=K%2…,*

%K!=?=2“ C% "%C!%“3 "/ä=÷, “C!="*, % "!ì…, !=K%2/ 3 ä=……%ã% …=…,-

ì=2ë , !=ƒì! ƒ=!=K%2…%L Cë=2/, = 2=*› ä!3ã,. ä%*3ì…2%" C% ì“23

.!=……, “ä=……/. " 3“2=…%"ë……%ì C%! ä* ä%*3ì…2%" “2!%ã%L %2÷2-

…%“2, (“%K“2"……,* ë,*",ä,!3ì%ã% …=…,ì=2ë , ì“2…/L ,“C%ë…,2ëü-

…/L , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/L %!ã=…, =!.," , ä!.).

o!, 32!=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, ("*ë=ä/ø= * …L) C% ",… …=…,ì=2-

ë %… %K ƒ=… “=ì%“2% 2ëü…% C!,… 2ü ì!/ äë C%ë3÷…, “%%2"2“2"3-

þ?,. ä%*3ì…2%", C%ä2"!›ä=þ?,. “2=› !=K%2/ !=K%2…,*=, C!äø“2"3-

þ?,L C%“23Cë…,þ * ä=……%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ.

52. e“ë, 2!3ä%"= *…,›*= ("*ë=ä/ø * …L) C!,øë= " …ã%ä…%“2ü

(%Kã%!ë=, ,ƒ%!"=…= , 2.C.), 2% …=…,ì=2ëü C% C%“ëä…ì3 ì“23 !=K%2/

C% C,“üì……%L C!%“üK !=K%2…,*= "/ä=2 !=K%2…,*3 ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L

*…,›*, ("*ë=ä/ø= * …L).

o!, .2%ì …= C!"%L “2!=…,ö 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,, C!,øäøL " …-

ã%ä…%“2ü, äë=2“ …=äC,“ü: &bƒ=ì… "/ä=… ä3Kë,*=2[, = *…,›*= "%ƒ"!=-

?=2“  "ë=äëüö3. o!, C%“23Cë…,, …= …%"% ì“2% !=K%2/ !=K%2…,*

%K ƒ=… C!äA ",2ü ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,.

278

53. d3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, ƒ=C%ë… 2“ C% %K?,ì C!=",ë=ì.

b !=ƒäë/ &q"ä…, % !=K%2[, &q"ä…, % …=ã!=›ä…, .[, &q"ä…, %

C%%?!…, .[ C!, ƒ=C%ë……,, ä3Kë,*=2= "…%“ 2“ ƒ=C,“, % !=K%2, = 2=*-

› % …=ã!=›ä…, . , C%%?!…, . C% ì“23 C%“ëä…L !=K%2/ …= %“…%"=-

…,, !=… ,ƒä=……/. C!,*=ƒ%" (!=“C%! ›…,L). }2, ƒ=C,“, ƒ="! þ2“

C%äC,“üþ …=…,ì=2ë ,ë, 3C%ë…%ì%÷……%ã% ä%ë›…%“2…%ã% ë,ö= , C÷=-

2üþ …=…,ì=2ë , = " “ë3÷=  %2“32“2", 3 ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,…,-

ì=2ë $ C÷=2üþ ,“C%ë…,2ëü…%ã% , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…%ã% %!ã=…=, %“3?-

“2","øã% !ã,“2!=ö,þ ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…%ã% C!äC!,…,ì=2ë .

54. e“ë, !=K%2…,* ä% C%“23Cë…, * ä=……%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ 3› !=K%-

2=ë, 2% C!, ƒ=C%ë……,, ä3Kë,*=2= 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, " !=ƒäë &q"ä…,

% !=K%2[ " ã!=- 3 C!›ä "“ã% "…%“,2“ ƒ=C,“ü %K %K?ì “2=› !=K%2/

ä% C%“23Cë…, * ä=……%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ, C%ä2"!›ä……%ì ä%*3ì…2=ì,.

nK?,L “2=› !=K%2/ ƒ=C,“/"=2“ “3ìì=!…%, 2.. 3*=ƒ/"=þ2“ %K?

*%ë,÷“2"% ë2, ì“ ö", ä…L !=K%2/ , …= *=*,. ä%ë›…%“2 . ,ë, C%

*=*%L C!%-““,, !=K%2=ë " C!%øë%ì "ë=äëö 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*,.

o%“ë .2%ã% %K?,L “2=›, C%ä2"!›ä……/L …=äë›=? %-%!ìë…-

…/ì, ä%*3ì…2=ì,, ƒ=C,“/"=2“ C% %2äëü…/ì C!,%ä=ì !=K%2/ " “ëä3-

þ?ì C%! ä*: " ã!=- 2 3*=ƒ/"=2“ ä=2= C!,ì= …= !=K%23; " ã!=- 3

C,ø32“ …=,ì…%"=…, …=…,ì=2ë , 3 *%2%!%ã% !=K%2=ë !=K%2…,*, = 2=*-

› -3…*ö,%…=ëü…= “ë3›K= (%2äë, ö., ë=K%!=2%!, , “*2%! ,ë, ,…%

“2!3*23!…% C%ä!=ƒäë…,) , ä%ë›…%“2ü (C!%-““, , !=K%2=), …= *%2%!3þ

K/ë C!,… 2 !=K%2…,*.

e“ë, ,ƒ C!ä“2="ë……/. ä%*3ì…2%" ",ä…%, ÷2% !=K%2…,* C!"%ä,ë-

“ …= ä!3ã3þ C%“2% ……3þ !=K%23 3 2%ã% › …=…,ì=2ë , 2% %K .2%ì äë=-

2“ “%%2"2“2"3þ?= ƒ=C,“ü.

g=2ì " ã!=- 2 ƒ=C,“/"=2“ ä=2= 3"%ëü……, , = " ã!=- 3 $ C!,÷,-

…= 3"%ëü……, , “ë, " C!ä“2="ë……%ì !=K%2…,*%ì ä%*3ì…2 ,ìþ2“

2=*, ä=……/.

b 2%ì “ë3÷=, *%ãä= ä%*3ì…2/ … “%ä!›=2 C%ë…%“2üþ 3*=ƒ=……/.

"/ø “"ä…,L % !=K%2 " C!%øë%ì, " ä3Kë,*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, "…%-

“ 2“ 2%ëü*% ,ìþ?,“ " ä%*3ì…2=. “"ä…, .

b ã!=- 4 3*=ƒ/"=þ2“ …=,ì…%"=…,, ä=2= , …%ì! ä%*3ì…2=, …=

%“…%"=…,, *%2%!%ã% C!%,ƒ"ä…/ “%%2"2“2"3þ?, ƒ=C,“, " ä3Kë,*=2.

d%*3ì…2/, C%ä2"!›ä=þ?, “2=› !=K%2/, "%ƒ"!=?=þ2“ ,. "ë=äëüö3.

m=…,ì=2ëü %*=ƒ/"=2 “%äL“2", !=K%2…,*3 " C%ë3÷…,, ä%*3ì…2%",

C%ä2"!›ä=þ?,. “2=› ã% !=K%2/, C!äø“2"3þ?,L C%“23Cë…,þ * ä=…-

…%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ.

ck`b` 11. p`q)eŠ{ g` Šprdnb{e jmhfjh (bjk`d{xh j mhl),

up`memhe Šprdnb{u jmhfej

55. o!, "/ä=÷ 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, (ä3Kë,*=2=), = 2=*› "*ë=ä/ø= "

2!3ä%"3þ *…,›*3 !=K%2…,* C!%,ƒ"%ä,2 %Cë=23  (ã%) “2%,ì%“2, " “3ì-

ì, ƒ=2!=÷……%L …=…,ì=2ëì …= ,. C!,%K!2…,.

d…›…/ “!ä“2"=, C%ë3÷=ì/ ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ì, %!ã=…=ì,, -,…=…-

“,!3ì/ì, ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% , ì“2…/. Kþä›2%", " 2%ì

÷,“ë ì“2…/ì, ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/ì, , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/ì, %!ã=…=ì,, =

279

2=*› C%ä÷,………/ì, ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ì %!ã=…=ì %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ì,, "%,…“-

*,ì, ÷=“2 ì,, %!ã=…=ì, , C%ä!=ƒäë…, ì,, -,…=…“,!3ì/ì, ,ƒ Kþä-

›2=, ƒ= "/ä=……/ 2!3ä%"/ *…,›*, (ä3Kë,*=2/), = 2=*› "*ë=ä/ø, *

2!3ä%"/ì *…,›*=ì C!,.%ä3þ2“ " *=““3 %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, , … C%ƒä… “ë-

ä3þ?ã% ä… ƒ=÷,“ë þ2“ …= 2*3?,L (Kþä›2…/L) “÷2 %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,.

g=÷,“ë……/ …= 2*3?,L (Kþä›2…/L) “÷2 %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ä…›…/

“!ä“2"= … C%ƒä… 2!. !=K%÷,. ä…L %2 ä=2/ ,. C%ë3÷…, , " C%“ë-

ä…,L !=K%÷,L ä…ü ì“ ö= C%äë›=2 C!÷,“ë…,þ " ä%.%ä “%%2"2“2"3-

þ?ã% !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% ,ë, ì“2…%ã% Kþä›2= " “÷2 *%ìC…“=ö,, !=“-

.%ä%" ã%“3ä=!“2"=.

56. o!, 32!=2 …=…,ì=2ëì 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, !=K%2…,*= C% C!,-

÷,…=ì “2,.,L…%ã% Kä“2", , C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"……%L ="=!,, , C% ä!3ã,ì C!,-

÷,…=ì, … "ë þ?,ì“ ",…%L …=…,ì=2ë , "ë=äëüö3 "/ä=2“ ä3Kë,-

*=2 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, Kƒ "ƒ,ì=…, ã% “2%,ì%“2,.

57. Š!3ä%"/ *…,›*, ("*ë=ä/ø,, ä3Kë,*=2/) .!=… 2“ " “Cö,=ëü-

…% %K%!3ä%"=……%ì ì“2 *=* ä%*3ì…2/ “2!%ã%L %2÷2…%“2,.

Š!3ä%"/ *…,›*,, ,. ä3Kë,*=2/, … C%ë3÷……/ !=K%2…,*=ì, C!,

3"%ëü……,,, %“2=þ2“ " 2÷…, ä"3. ë2 …= .!=……,, 3 …=…,ì=2ë ,ë,

3C%ë…%ì%÷……%ã% ä%ë›…%“2…%ã% ë,ö=, …% %2äëü…% %2 2!3ä%"/. *…,›*

(,. ä3Kë,*=2%") !=K%2=þ?,. !=K%2…,*%". o% ,“2÷…,, 3*=ƒ=……%ã% “!%-

*= …"%“2!K%"=……/ 2!3ä%"/ *…,›*, (,. ä3Kë,*=2/) .!=… 2“ " =!.,-

" …=…,ì=2ë " 2÷…, 50 ë2, = ƒ=2ì %…, ì%ã32 K/2ü 3…,÷2%›…/ "

3“2=…%"ë……%ì C%! ä*.

ck`b` 12. r)eŠ Šprdnb{u jmhfej

58. m=…,ì=2ëì ,ë, 3C%ë…%ì%÷……/ì ä%ë›…%“2…/ì ë,ö%ì "-

ä2“ “ëä3þ?= ä%*3ì…2=ö, C% 3÷23 Kë=…*%" 2!3ä%"/. *…,›* ,

ƒ=C%ë………/. 2!3ä%"/. *…,›*:

C!,.%ä…%-!=“.%ä…= *…,ã= C% 3÷23 Kë=…*%" 2!3ä%"/. *…,›* ,

"*ë=ä/øL * …,ì (C!,ë%›…, 2);

*…,ã= 3÷2= ä",›…, 2!3ä%"/. *…,›* , "*ë=ä/øL * …,ì (C!,-

ë%›…, 3).

b C!,.%ä…%-!=“.%ä…3þ *…,ã3 "…%“ 2“ "“ %C!=ö,,, “" ƒ=……/ “

C%ë3÷…,ì , !=“.%ä%"=…,ì Kë=…*%" 2!3ä%"/. *…,›* , "*ë=ä/øL *

…,ì “ 3*=ƒ=…,ì “!,, , …%ì!= *=›ä%ã% Kë=…*=. j…,ã= "ä2“ K3.ã=ë-

2!,L.

j…,ã= 3÷2= ä",›…, 2!3ä%"/. *…,›* , "*ë=ä/øL * …,ì "-

ä2“ *=ä!%"%L “ë3›K%L ,ë, ä!3ã,ì C%ä!=ƒäë…,ì, ë,ö%ì, %-%!ìë þ-

?,ì C!,ì , 3"%ëü……, !=K%2…,*%". b *…,ã !ã,“2!,!3þ2“ "“ 2!3-

ä%"/ *…,›*,, C!,… 2/ %2 !=K%2…,*%" C!, C%“23Cë…,, …= !=K%23 *

ä=……%ì3 …=…,ì=2ëþ, = 2=*› 2!3ä%"/ *…,›*, , "*ë=ä/ø, * …,ì “

ƒ=C,“üþ “!,, , …%ì!=, "/ä=……/ !=K%2…,*=ì, C%“23C=þ?,ì …= !=K%23

"C!"/. o!, C!,ì %2 !=K%2…,*= 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, ë,ö%ì, %-%!ìë þ-

?,ì C!,ì , 3"%ëü……, !=K%2…,*%", ì3 "/ä=2“ !=“C,“*= " C!%,ƒ-

"%ëü…%L -%!ì, “%ä!›=?= !*",ƒ,2/ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, " 2%ì ÷,“ë C÷=2ü

…=…,ì=2ë .