Василевич Г.А. (ред.) Сборник нормативных правовых актов о труде. В 2 т. Том 1
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100
1.3.7. onknfemhe n onp“dje rqŠ`mnbkemh“
opedoph“Šh“l, r)pefdemh“l h npc`mhg`0h“l
mnpl`Šhb` apnmhpnb`mh“ p`an)hu leqŠ dk“
hmb`khdnb
r2"!›ä…% C%“2=…%"ë…,ì q%"2= l,…,“2!%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü
%2 16 =C!ë 1992 ã. 1 212, “ ,ƒì. , ä%C. %2 28 -"!=ë 2002 ã. 1 288
(Ñîáðàíèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü. 1992. ¹ 11. Ñò. 193;
Íàöèîíàëüíûé ðååñòð ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü. 2002. ¹ 32. 5/10103)
m=“2% ? o%ë%›…, %C!äë 2 C%! ä%* K!%…,!%"=…, !=K%÷,.
ì“2 äë ,…"=ë,ä%".
nayhe onknfemh“
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…%"ë…, C!äC!, 2, ì,, 3÷!›ä…, ì, , %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ì, *, …ƒ=",“,ì%
%2 -%!ì “%K“2"……%“2, , .%ƒ L“2"%"=…, , …%!ì=2,"= K!%…,!%"=…, äë
…,. !=K%÷,. ì“2.
2. l“2…/ q%"2/ …=!%ä…/. äC32=2%" 3“2=…="ë,"=þ2 " “%%2"2-
“2",, “ äL“2"3þ?,ì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì C!äC!, 2, ì “ ÷,“ë……%“2üþ
!=K%2=þ?,. “"/ø 20 ÷ë%"* …%!ì=2," K!%…,!%"=…, !=K%÷,. ì“2 äë
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o!, .2%ì " “÷2 .2%ã% …%!ì=2,"= ä%C3“*=2“ C!ä%“2="ë…, !=K%2/ …=
3“ë%", . …C%ë…%ã% !=K%÷ã% ä… (…äë,).
3. Š!3ä%3“2!%L“2"% ,…"=ë,ä%" %“3?“2"ë 2“ ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›-
K%L ƒ=… 2%“2, , %K?“2"=ì, ,…"=ë,ä%". o!,ì …= !=K%23 ,…"=ë,ä%" C%
…=C!="ë…,þ …= “Cö,=ëü…% “%ƒä=……% ,ë, K!%…,!3ì% äë .2,. öëL
!=K%÷ ì“2% %K ƒ=2ë… äë C!äC!, 2,L, …ƒ=",“,ì% %2 -%!ì “%K“2"…-
…%“2, , .%ƒ L“2"%"=…, .
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ë,ä%", %!ã=…=ì, “%ö,=ëü…%ã% %K“C÷…, , C!%-“%þƒ=ì, ›ã%ä…% !=ƒ!=-
K=2/"=2 C!%ã!=ìì/ 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= ,…"=ë,ä%".
onp“dnj apnmhpnb`mh“ p`an)hu leqŠ
5. j%ë,÷“2"% ,…"=ë,ä%", …3›ä=þ?,.“ " 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2", %C!ä-
ë 2 ã%“3ä=!“2"……= “ë3›K= ƒ=… 2%“2,, ,“C%ëüƒ3 " .2,. öë . ì=2!,-
=ë/ 3÷2= %K!=2,"ø,.“ ã!=›ä=…, ä=……/ %!ã=…%" “%ö,=ëü…%ã% %K“C÷-
…, , “2=2,“2,*,, %K?“2" ,…"=ë,ä%" , C!äC!, 2,L.
6. c%!%ä“*,, !=L%……/ ö…2!/ ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, “%"ì“2…% “ %K-
?“2"=ì, ,…"=ë,ä%" ã%2%" 2 C!÷…ü C!äC!, 2,L “ 3*=ƒ=…,ì C!äC%-
ë=ã=ì%ã% *%ë,÷“2"= K!%…,!3ì/. äë ,…"=ë,ä%" !=K%÷,. ì“2.
7. o!, !=ƒ!=K%2* …%!ì=2,"= K!%…,!%"=…, !=K%÷,. ì“2 äë ,…"=-
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* b ä=ëü…Løì ,ì…3þ2“ C!äC!, 2, ì,.
101
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…= C!äC!, 2,, ã!=›ä=… ä=……%L *=2ã%!,,, …=ë,÷, C!,ã%ä…/. äë .2,.
öëL "=*=…2…/. !=K%÷,. ì“2 (ä%ë›…%“2L), = 2=*› "%ƒì%›…%“2, äë
2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= ,…"=ë,ä%".
8. o!äë%›…, C% 3“2=…%"ë…,þ …%!ì=2,"%" K!%…,!%"=…, !=K%-
÷,. ì“2 äë ,…"=ë,ä%", !=ƒ!=K%2=……/ ö…2!=ì, ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, ,
C!ä“2="ë þ2“ …= 32"!›ä…, ì“2…/. q%"2%" …=!%ä…/. äC32=2%".
9. m%!ì=2," K!%…,!%"=…, !=K%÷,. ì“2 äë ,…"=ë,ä%" C!äC!, -
2, ì ä%ë›… K/2ü ä%"ä… ö…2!=ì, ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, … C%ƒä…
÷ì ƒ= 2!, ì“ ö= ä% …=÷=ë= %÷!ä…%ã% *=ë…ä=!…%ã% ã%ä=.
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!=K%÷,. ì“2 , …=C!="ë þ2 …= 2=*, !=K%÷, ì“2= ,…"=ë,ä%", …3›ä=þ-
?,.“ " 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2".
na“g`mmnqŠh opedoph“Šhi oph apnmhpnb`mhh p`an)hu leqŠ
dk“ hmb`khdnb
11. o!äC!, 2, , …ƒ=",“,ì% %2 -%!ì “%K“2"……%“2, , .%ƒ L“2"%"=-
…, , %K ƒ=…/ “%ƒä="=2ü " “÷2 3“2=…%"ë……%L ì“2…/ì, q%"2=ì, …=!%ä-
…/. äC32=2%" K!%…, !=K%÷, ì“2= äë 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= ,…"=ë,ä%", %K“-
C÷,"=2ü ,. “%ö,=ëü…3þ , C!="%"3þ ƒ=?,23.
12. q2!%,2ëü“2"% “Cö,=ë,ƒ,!%"=……/. ö.%" , 3÷=“2*%" äë 2!3ä%-
3“2!%L“2"= ,…"=ë,ä%", C!ä3“ì%2!……/. C!%ã!=ìì=ì, ö…2!%" ƒ=… 2%“-
2, …=“ë…, , %K ƒ=2ëü…% äë C!äC!, 2,L.
13. o!äC!, 2, %K ƒ=…/ “%"!ì……% , " C%ë…%ì %KAì C!ä“2="-
ë 2ü ö…2!=ì ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, ä=……/ % …=ë,÷,, “"%K%ä…/. !=K%-
÷,. ì“2 ("=*=…“,L), %K 3“ë%", . 2!3ä= , ã% %Cë=2/, ä!3ã, 2!K3þ?,-
“ C!, 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" ,…"=ë,ä%" “"ä…, .
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"%ì …= ëüã%2…% …=ë%ã%%Kë%›…, " “%%2"2“2",, “ äL“2"3þ?,ì ƒ=*%-
…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì.
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C32=2%" C% “%ƒä=…,þ !=K%÷,. ì“2 äë ,…"=ë,ä%", = 2=*› C!, …"%ƒ-
ì%›…%“2, C% C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"……/ì ,ë, ,…/ì C!,÷,…=ì “%ƒä="=2ü 2=*,
!=K%÷, ì“2= ã%“3ä=!“2"……= “ë3›K= ƒ=… 2%“2, "ƒ/“*,"=2 “ C!äC!, -
2, ƒ= *=›ä% …“%ƒä=……% !=K%÷ ì“2% “3ìì3 " !=ƒì! “!ä…ã%ä%"%L
ƒ=!=K%2…%L Cë=2/ !=K%2…,*= ä=……%ã% C!äC!, 2, .
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C% “%ãë=“%"=…,þ “ ì“2…/ì, q%"2=ì, …=!%ä…/. äC32=2%".
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102
1.3.8. onknfemhe
n p`qopedekemhh b{orqjmhjnb r)pefdemhi
nap`gnb`mh“, onkr)hbxhu opnteqqhnm`k|mn-
Šeumh)eqjne, qpedmee qoe0h`k|mne hkh b{qxee
nap`gnb`mhe
r2"!›ä…% C%“2=…%"ë…,ì q%"2= l,…,“2!%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü
%2 10 ä*=K! 2007 ã. 1 1702
(Íàöèîíàëüíûé ðååñòð ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü. 2007. ¹ 303. 5/26372)
ck`b` 1
nayhe onknfemh“
1.>m=“2% ? o%ë%›…, !=ƒ!=K%2=…% " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…=ì,
p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 29 %*2 K! 1991 ã%ä= &nK %K!=ƒ%"=…,,[ (bä=-
ì=“öS b !.%/…=ã= q="2= p.“C3KëS*S aë=!3“ü, 1991>ã., 1>33, “2.>598;
m=ö,%…=ëü…/L !“2! C!="%"/. =*2%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, 2002>ã.,
1>37, 2/844), %2 29 ,þ… 2003 ã%ä= &n C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ì
%K!=ƒ%"=…,,[ (m=ö,%…=ëü…/L !“2! C!="%"/. =*2%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=-
!3“ü, 2003>ã., 1>76, 2/965), %2 11 ,þë 2007 ã%ä= &n "/“øì %K!=ƒ%"=-
…,,[ (m=ö,%…=ëü…/L !“2! C!="%"/. =*2%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, 2007>ã.,
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2.…,÷“*%ã%, “!ä…ã% “Cö,=ëü…%ã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , , ã%“3ä=!“2"……/.
"/“ø,. 3÷K…/. ƒ="ä…,L (ä=ë>$ 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ) …= ì“2=
,. !=K%2/.
2.>p=“C!äë…, "/C3“*…,*%" %“3?“2"ë 2“ 3÷!›ä…, ì, %K!=-
ƒ%"=…, " öë . 3ä%"ë2"%!…, C%2!K…%“2L %2!=“ëL .*%…%ì,*, ,
“%ö,=ëü…%L “-!/ " “Cö,=ë,“2=., !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.) , “%ö,=ëü…%L
ƒ=?,2/ .2,. “Cö,=ë,“2%", !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.).
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…,*%" 3÷!›ä…,L %K!=ƒ%"=…, , %“3?“2"ë þ?,. C%äã%2%"*3 *=ä!%" äë
b%%!3›……/. q,ë p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, ä!3ã,. "%L“* , "%,…“*,. -%!-
ì,!%"=…,L p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, %!ã=…%" "…32!……,. äë, %!ã=…%" ,
C%ä!=ƒäë…,L C% ÷!ƒ"/÷=L…/ì “,23=ö, ì.
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…%-2.…,÷“*%, “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% ,ë, "/“ø %K!=ƒ%"=…, C!"%L ë,K%
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ë= ,…%“2!=……/. ã!=›ä=… , ë,ö Kƒ ã!=›ä=…“2"=, ì“2%ì C%“2% ……%ã%
C!%›,"=…, *%2%!/. "ë þ2“ ,…%“2!=……/ ã%“3ä=!“2"=.
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›ë=…,þ ì%ã32 …=C!="ë 2ü“ …= !=K%23 …= ì“2=, %“2="ø,“ C%“ë !=“-
C!äë…, "/C3“*…,*%", 3*=ƒ=……/. " ÷=“2, C!"%L …=“2% ?ã% C3…*2=.
l“2% !=K%2/ C32ì !=“C!äë…, … C!ä%“2="ë 2“ "/C3“*…,-
*=ì 3÷!›ä…,L %K!=ƒ%"=…, , "*ëþ÷……/ì l,…,“2!“2"%ì “C%!2= ,
23!,ƒì= " “C,“%÷…/ “%“2="/ …=ö,%…=ëü…/. , “K%!…/. *%ì=…ä p“C3K-
103
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3ã%ë%"…%-,“C!=",2ëü…%L “,“2ì/, !“C3Kë,*=…“*,. 3…,2=!…/. C!%,ƒ-
"%ä“2"……/. C!äC!, 2,L 3ã%ë%"…%-,“C%ë…,2ëü…%L “,“2ì/, ë÷K…%-
2!3ä%"/. C!%-,ë=*2%!,", !“C3Kë,*=…“*,. 3…,2=!…/. C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"…-
…/. C!äC!, 2,L ë÷K…%-2!3ä%"/. C!%-,ë=*2%!," l,…,“2!“2"= "…32-
!……,. äë, “Cö,=ëü…/. 3÷K…%-"%“C,2=2ëü…/. 3÷!›ä…,L , “Cö,-
=ëü…/. ë÷K…%-"%“C,2=2ëü…/. 3÷!›ä…,L.
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…%L -%!ì C%ë3÷…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% ,
(,ë,) ì“2…/. Kþä›2%", …=C!="ë……/ …= !=K%23 C% !=“C!äë…,þ,
"ë þ2“ ì%ë%ä/ì, !=K%÷,ì, (“ë3›=?,ì,) ,ë, ì%ë%ä/ì, “Cö,=ë,“-
2=ì, (ä=ë>$ ì%ë%ä/ “Cö,=ë,“2/) , %K ƒ=…/ %2!=K%2=2ü %ä,… ã%ä>$
C%“ë C%ë3÷…, C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , ä"= ã%ä=>$
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ƒ=……/L “!%* !=K%2/ C% !=“C!äë…,þ ,“÷,“ë 2“ “% ä… ƒ=*ëþ÷…,
2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= (*%…2!=*2=) ì›ä3 ì%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2%ì , …=…,-
ì=2ëì.
b/C3“*…,*, "/“ø,. ìä,ö,…“*,. 3÷K…/. ƒ="ä…,L, C%ë3÷,"ø,
"/“ø %K!=ƒ%"=…, C!"%L “23C…, " ä…"…%L -%!ì C%ë3÷…, %K!=ƒ%-
"=…, ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% Kþä›2=, …=C!="ë þ2“ …= !=K%-
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%K ƒ=…/ %2!=K%2=2ü ä"= ã%ä= C%“ë C!%.%›ä…, .
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ì%ë%ä/. “Cö,=ë,“2%", ,. 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"%ì %“3?“2"ë þ2 ã%“3ä=!“2"…-
…/ %!ã=…/, C%ä÷,………/ ,ë, C%ä%2÷2…/ o!ƒ,ä…23 p“C3Kë,*, a-
ë=!3“ü, !“C3Kë,*=…“*, %!ã=…/ ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% 3C!="ë…, , ,…/ ã%-
“3ä=!“2"……/ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, C%ä÷,………/ o!=",2ëü“2"3 p“C3Kë,*,
aë=!3“ü, ì“2…/ ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/ , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/ %!ã=…/, ,ìþ-
?, " “"%ì C%ä÷,……,, 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, .
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onp“dnj p`qopedekemh“ b{orqjmhjnb, oepep`qopedekemh“
lnknd{u qoe0h`khqŠnb
7.>p=“C!äë…, "/C3“*…,*%" %“3?“2"ë 2“ *%ì,““,L C% !=“-
C!äë…,þ "/C3“*…,*%" 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, (ä=ë>$ *%ì,““, )
… C%ƒä… ÷ì ƒ= ä"= ì“ ö= ä% %*%…÷=…, "/C3“*…,*=ì, 3÷!›ä…,
%K!=ƒ%"=…, .
q%“2=" *%ì,““,, 32"!›ä=2“ !3*%"%ä,2ëì 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%-
"=…, ›ã%ä…% … C%ƒä… 1 -"!=ë . j%ì,““, …=÷,…=2 “"%þ !=K%23 “
ä=2/ 32"!›ä…, “%“2="= , “%.!=… 2 “"%, C%ë…%ì%÷, ä% 32"!›ä-
…, …%"%ã% “%“2="= *%ì,““,,.
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C!"/ø=2 500 ÷ë%"*, ä%C3“*=2“ “%ƒä=…, …“*%ëü*,. *%ì,““,L.
b !=K%2 *%ì,““,L ì%ã32 C!,…,ì=2ü 3÷=“2, C!ä“2=",2ë, ã%“3ä=!-
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104
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ã%“3ä=!“2"……/. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L, C%ä÷,………/. o!=",2ëü“2"3 p“C3Kë,*,
aë=!3“ü, ì“2…/. ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/. , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/. %!ã=…%", ,ìþ-
?,. " “"%ì C%ä÷,……,, 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, , ƒ=,…2!“%"=……/.
%!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L, äë *%2%!/. %“3?“2"ë 2“ C%äã%2%"*= *=ä!%", %K?“2"…-
…/. %KAä,……,L, " 2%ì ÷,“ë C!%-““,%…=ëü…/. “%þƒ%". o%! ä%* !=K%-
2/ *%ì,““,,, %÷!ä…%“2ü !=“C!äë…, "/C3“*…,*%" %C!äë þ2“ 3÷-
!›ä…,ì %K!=ƒ%"=…, " “%%2"2“2",, “ 2!K%"=…, ì, …=“2% ?ã% o%-
ë%›…, .
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ƒ= ì“ ö ä% …=÷=ë= !=“C!äë…, %!ã=…,ƒ%"=2ü !=K%23 C% %ƒ…=*%ìë…,þ
"/C3“*…,*%" “ …=“2% ?,ì o%ë%›…,ì, C!äë=ã=ì/ì, ì“2=ì, !=K%-
2/ , Cë=…=ì, !=“C!äë…, , ä%ã%"%!=ì, % C%äã%2%"* !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=-
?,.), “Cö,=ë,“2%", ƒ= "*=ì, %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L …= 2!K3ì% *%ë,÷“2"% !=-
K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.), “Cö,=ë,“2%", C%! ä*%ì !=K%2/ *%ì,““,L.
9.>b/C3“*…,*,, C%ë3÷,"ø, “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% ,ë, "/“ø %K!=-
ƒ%"=…,, !=“C!äë þ2“ …= !=K%23 " “%%2"2“2",, “ C%ë3÷……%L “Cö,-
=ëü…%“2üþ , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,L " C!"3þ %÷!äü " ã%“3ä=!-
“2"……/ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, , %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, “ ä%ëL “%K“2"……%“2, ã%“3ä=!“2"=
" ,. 3“2="…/. -%…ä=. “%ãë=“…% ä%ã%"%!=ì % C%äã%2%"* “Cö,=ë,“2%",
ƒ= "*=ì …= “Cö,=ë,“2%" .2,. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L.
o% ì! 3ä%"ë2"%!…, C%2!K…%“2L " “Cö,=ë,“2=. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L,
3*=ƒ=……/. " ÷=“2, C!"%L …=“2% ?ã% C3…*2=, "%ƒì%›…% !=“C!äë…,
"/C3“*…,*%" " ,…/ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, = 2=*› !=““ì%2!…, ƒ= "%* %!ã=…,-
ƒ=ö,L % !=“C!äë…,, …= !=K%23 * …,ì *%…*!2…/. "/C3“*…,*%".
b/C3“*…,*,, C%ë3÷,"ø, C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*% %K!=ƒ%"=…,,
!=“C!äë þ2“ …= !=K%23 " “%%2"2“2",, “ C%ë3÷……%L “Cö,=ëü…%“2üþ
(C!%-““,L) , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,L “%ãë=“…% ä%ã%"%!=ì % C%ä-
ã%2%"* !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.), ƒ=*ëþ÷……/ì “ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ì, $ ƒ=*=ƒ÷,-
*=ì, *=ä!%", = 2=*› ƒ= "*=ì …= !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.).
n!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, *%2%!/ %“3?“2"ë þ2 ,ë, %K“C÷,"=þ2 C!%,ƒ"%ä-
“2"……% %K3÷…, 3÷=?,.“ 3÷!›ä…,L, %K“C÷,"=þ?,. C%ë3÷…,
C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , ,ìþ2 C!,ì3?“2"……%
C!="% …= %K“C÷…, ,. C%2!K…%“2L " !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.). pø…, %
C!"%%÷!ä…%ì %K“C÷…,, C%2!K…%“2, " !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.) …=ƒ"=…-
…/. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L C!,…,ì=2“ %!ã=…=ì, “=ì%3C!="ë…, (“%"2%ì, C%C-
÷,2ëü“*,ì “%"2%ì) 3÷!›ä…, , %K“C÷,"=þ?ã% C%ë3÷…, C!%-““,-
%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , “ 3÷2%ì ƒ=*ëþ÷……/. ä%ã%"%!%" %
C%äã%2%"* !=K%÷,. (“ë3›=?,.).
b/C3“*…,*,, C%ë3÷,"ø, “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% %K!=ƒ%"=…,, C% ,.
›ë=…,þ ì%ã32 …=C!="ë 2ü“ …= !=K%23 " *=÷“2" !=K%÷,. " “%%2"2-
“2",, “ !=ƒ! ä%ì , *"=ë,-,*=ö,L, C%ë3÷……/ì, " C!,%ä %K3÷…, .
10.>n!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, *%2%!/ … ,ìþ2 "%ƒì%›…%“2, 2!3ä%3“2!%,2ü C%
!=“C!äë…,þ ƒ= "ë……/. !=… "/C3“*…,*%", ä%ë›…/ “%%K?,2ü %K .2%ì
" 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, … C%ƒä… ÷ì ƒ= ä"= ì“ ö= ä% …=÷=ë= !=“-
C!äë…, .
105
11.>j%ì,““, C!,…,ì=2 !ø…, % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 "/C3“*-
…,*= “ 3÷2%ì ã% !ƒ3ëü2=2%" 3“C"=ì%“2,, 3÷=“2, " …=3÷…%-,““ëä%"=-
2ëü“*%L, %K?“2"……%L !=K%2, “%“2% …, ƒä%!%"ü , “ìL…%ã% C%ë%›-
…, , = 2=*› !*%ì…ä=ö,, 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, % …=,K%ë öë“%-
%K!=ƒ…%ì …=C!="ë…,, .2%ã% "/C3“*…,*= …= !=K%23 , ã% ë,÷…/. C%›-
ë=…,L.
p=K%23 "/C3“*…,*3 %2 ,ì…, *%ì,““,, C!äë=ã=2 C!ä“ä=2ëü.
o!="%ì C!"%%÷!ä…%ã% !=“C!äë…, C%ëüƒ3þ2“ "/C3“*…,*,,
*%2%!/ ,ìþ2 …=ã!3ä…/ ƒ…=*, &k=/!.=2 “Cö/ ëü…=ã= -%…ä3 o!.ƒiä.…2=
p.“C3Këi*i aë=!3“ü C= “=ö/ ëü…=L C=ä2!/ìö/ ƒä%ëü…/. …="3÷.…ö=/ i
“23ä.…2=/[ , &k=3!=2 “Cö,=ëü…%ã% -%…ä= o!ƒ,ä…2= p“C3Kë,*, aë=-
!3“ü C% C%ää!›* 2=ë=…2ë,"%L ì%ë%ä›,[.
12.>j%ì,““, C!,…,ì=2 !ø…, %2*!/2/ì ã%ë%“%"=…,ì K%ëü-
ø,…“2"%ì ã%ë%“%". o!, %ä,…=*%"%ì *%ë,÷“2" ã%ë%“%" C!,…,ì=2“
!ø…,, ƒ= *%2%!% C!%ã%ë%“%"=ë C!ä“ä=2ëü *%ì,““,,.
pø…, % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 C!,…,ì=2“ , *=* C!=",ë%, " C!,-
“32“2",, "/C3“*…,*=.
pø…, % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 "/C3“*…,*=, *%2%!/L … ",ë“
…= ƒ=“ä=…, *%ì,““,,, C!,…,ì=2“ " ã% %2“32“2",. o!, !=“C!äë…,,
ì%ã32 3÷,2/"=2ü“ !=… "/“*=ƒ=……/ C%›ë=…, "/C3“*…,*=.
j%ì,““, "ä2 C!%2%*%ë ƒ=“ä=…, , %-%!ìë 2 "ä%ì%“2ü !=“C!-
äë…, "/C3“*…,*%" C% -%!ì “%ãë=“…% C!,ë%›…,þ 1.
13.>m=C!="ë…, "/C3“*…,*%" …= !=K%23 %“3?“2"ë 2“ 3÷!›ä-
…,ì %K!=ƒ%"=…, C32ì "/ä=÷, ,ì “",ä2ëü“2"= % …=C!="ë…,, …=
!=K%23 C% -%!ì “%ãë=“…% C!,ë%›…,þ 2.
14.>b/C3“*…,*=ì>$ ,…"=ë,ä=ì I ,ë, II ã!3CC/, ä2 ì-,…"=ë,ä=ì
" "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 18 ë2 ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ “ 3÷2%ì “%“2% …, ,.
ƒä%!%"ü C% ì“23 ›,2ëü“2"= !%ä,2ëL, ì3›= (›…/) ,ë, “ “%ãë=“,
"/C3“*…,*= ,…% ,ìþ?“ " …=ë,÷,, ì“2% !=K%2/.
b/C3“*…,*=ì, *%2%!/ ,ìþ2 %ä…%ã% ,ƒ !%ä,2ëL ,ë, ì3›= (›…3)
,…"=ë,ä= I ,ë, II ã!3CC/, ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ C% ›ë=…,þ
"/C3“*…,*= , C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2, C% ì“23 ›,2ëü“2"= ä=……%ã%
!%ä,2ë , ì3›= (›…/).
b/C3“*…,*=ì, ,ìþ?,ì ìä,ö,…“*, C!%2,"%C%*=ƒ=…, * !=K%2
C% C%ë3÷……%L C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,), ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2-
“ “ 3÷2%ì “%“2% …, ƒä%!%"ü .
15.>b/C3“*…,*3>$ ›… (ì3›3) ë,ö=, ,ƒK!=……%ã% …= "/K%!…3þ ä%ë-
›…%“2ü " ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ %!ã=…/, !=K%2…,*= l,…,“2!“2"= ,…%“2!=……/.
äë, …=C!="ë……%ã% " “ë3›K…3þ *%ì=…ä,!%"*3, = 2=*› ë,ö= ,ƒ ÷,“ë=
"%……%“ë3›=?,. b%%!3›……/. q,ë p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, ä!3ã,. "%L“*
, "%,…“*,. -%!ì,!%"=…,L p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü (ƒ= ,“*ëþ÷…,ì "%…-
…%“ë3›=?,., C!%.%ä ?,. “!%÷…3þ "%……3þ “ë3›K3, *3!“=…2%"), “%2!3ä-
…,*%" që3›K/ Kƒ%C=“…%“2, o!ƒ,ä…2= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, %!ã=…%"
"…32!……,. äë, ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L Kƒ%C=“…%“2,, -,…=…“%"/. !=““ëä%"=-
…,L j%ì,22= ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% *%…2!%ë , 2=ì%›……/. %!ã=…%", %!ã=…%"
106
, C%ä!=ƒäë…,L C% ÷!ƒ"/÷=L…/ì “,23=ö, ì, C!%*3!%!“*,. !=K%2…,-
*%" ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2, C% ì“23
C!%.%›ä…, “ë3›K/ ì3›= (›…/).
16.>b/C3“*…,*=ì (ì3›3 , ›…), *%2%!/ ä%ë›…/ K/2ü …=C!="ë-
…/ …= !=K%23 C% !=“C!äë…,þ %ä…%"!ì……%, ì“2% !=K%2/ C!, …=ë,÷,,
"%ƒì%›…%“2, C!ä%“2="ë 2“ " %ä…%ì …=“ë……%ì C3…*2.
b/C3“*…,*3>$ ì3›3 (›…), ›…= (ì3›) *%2%!%ã% …=C!="ë…= …=
!=K%23 C% !=“C!äë…,þ !=…, ì“2% !=K%2/ C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2,
C!ä%“2="ë 2“ " 2%ì › …=“ë……%ì C3…*2.
b/C3“*…,*3>$ ì3›3 (›…), ›…= (ì3›) *%2%!%ã% … "ë 2“ ì%-
ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2%ì, ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ C% ã% ›ë=…,þ ,
C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2, C% ì“23 !=K%2/ ,ë, ›,2ëü“2"= ›…/ (ì3›=),
ƒ= ,“*ëþ÷…,ì “ë3÷=", *%ãä= K!=* ƒ=*ëþ÷=2“ “ ,…%“2!=……/ì ã!=›-
ä=…,…%ì, C%“2% ……% C!%›,"=þ?,ì ƒ= C!äë=ì, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü.
17.>b/C3“*…,*=ì>$ K!ì……/ì ›…?,…=ì, ì=2! ì ,ë, %2ö=ì,
*%2%!/ ,ìþ2 !K…*= " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 2!. ë2 …= ä=23 C!,… 2, !ø…,
% …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23, ì“2% !=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ C% ,. ›ë=…,þ
, C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2, C% ì“23 ›,2ëü“2"= “ìü,.
18.>b/C3“*…,*=ì, ã!=›ä=…=ì p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, C%“2% ……% C!%-
›,"=þ?,ì ƒ= C!äë=ì,, C!, …=ë,÷,, "%ƒì%›…%“2, ì%›2 K/2ü C!-
ä%“2="ë…% ì“2% !=K%2/ C% ì“23 ›,2ëü“2"= C% ƒ=C!%“3 …=.%ä ?L“
2=ì %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü.
19.>b%C!%“ % !=“C!äë…,, "/C3“*…,*= " “ë3÷= ., C!ä3“ì%2!…-
…/. " C3…*2=. 14$17 …=“2% ?ã% o%ë%›…, , !=““ì=2!,"=2“ C!, C!ä-
“2="ë…,, "/C3“*…,*%ì " *%ì,““,þ, …=C!="ë þ?3þ ã% …= !=K%23, “ë-
ä3þ?,. ä%*3ì…2%":
*%C,, 3ä%“2%"!…, ,…"=ë,ä=>$ äë "/C3“*…,*%" $ ,…"=ë,ä%" I
,ë, II ã!3CC/ ,ë, ä2L-,…"=ë,ä%" " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 18 ë2, = 2=*› äë
"/C3“*…,*%", *%2%!/ ,ìþ2 %ä…%ã% ,ƒ !%ä,2ëL ,ë, ì3›= (›…3) ,…-
"=ë,ä= I ,ë, II ã!3CC/;
“C!="*, % ã%ä…%“2, * !=K%2 C% ä=……%L C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,)>$
äë ë,ö, ,ìþ?,. ìä,ö,…“*, C!%2,"%C%*=ƒ=…, * !=K%2 C% C%ë3÷…-
…%L C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,);
*%C,, “",ä2ëü“2"= % K!=* , “C!="*, “ ì“2= !=K%2/ % ƒ=…,ì=ì%L
ä%ë›…%“2, ì3›= (›…/)>$ äë "/C3“*…,*=, *%2%!/L ,ì2 ì3›= (›…3),
,ƒK!=……%ã% …= "/K%!…3þ ä%ë›…%“2ü " ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ %!ã=…/, !=K%2…,-
*= l,…,“2!“2"= ,…%“2!=……/. äë, …=C!="ë……%ã% " “ë3›K…3þ *%ì=…-
ä,!%"*3, = 2=*› äë ë,ö= ,ƒ ÷,“ë= "%……%“ë3›=?,. b%%!3›……/. q,ë
p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, ä!3ã,. "%L“* , "%,…“*,. -%!ì,!%"=…,L p“C3K-
ë,*, aë=!3“ü, “%2!3ä…,*%" që3›K/ Kƒ%C=“…%“2, o!ƒ,ä…2= p“C3Kë,-
*, aë=!3“ü, %!ã=…%" "…32!……,. äë, ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L Kƒ%C=“…%“2,, -,-
…=…“%"/. !=““ëä%"=…,L j%ì,22= ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% *%…2!%ë , 2=ì%›…-
…/. %!ã=…%", %!ã=…%" , C%ä!=ƒäë…,L C% ÷!ƒ"/÷=L…/ì “,23=ö, ì,
C!%*3!%!“*,. !=K%2…,*%";
"/C,“*, ,ƒ ìä,ö,…“*,. ä%*3ì…2%">$ äë K!ì……/. ›…?,…;
107
*%C,, “",ä2ëü“2"= % !%›ä…,, !K…*=>$ äë "/C3“*…,*%", *%2%-
!/ ,ìþ2 !K…*= " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 2!. ë2;
*%C,, “",ä2ëü“2"= % K!=* , “",ä2ëü“2"= % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%-
23 ›…/ (ì3›=), = 2=*› "/C,“*, ,ƒ 2!3ä%"%L *…,›*, (*%C,, 2!3ä%"%L
*…,›*,) ›…/ (ì3›=)>$ äë "/C3“*…,*%", *%2%!/ ,ìþ2 ›…3 (ì3›=),
…=C!="ë……3þ …= !=K%23 C% !=“C!äë…,þ !=…;
*%C,, “",ä2ëü“2"= % K!=* , “",ä2ëü“2"= % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%-
23>$ äë “3C!3ã%", *%2%!/ …=C!="ë þ2“ …= !=K%23 C% !=“C!äë…,þ
%ä…%"!ì……%;
*%C,, “",ä2ëü“2"= % K!=*, “C!="*, “ ì“2= !=K%2/ ,ë, ›,2ëü-
“2"= ì3›= (›…/)>$ äë "/C3“*…,*%", ›ë=þ?,. C%ë3÷,2ü !=“C!äë-
…, C% ì“23 !=K%2/ ,ë, C%“2% ……%ã% ›,2ëü“2"= ›…/ (ì3›=).
20.>b/C3“*…,*=ì ã%“3ä=!“2"……/. 3÷!›ä…,L %K!=ƒ%"=…, ì%›2
K/2ü C!ä%“2="ë…% C!="% “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ã% 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= " “ë3÷= .:
C!ä3“ì%2!……/. " C3…*2=. 14$17 …=“2% ?ã% o%ë%›…, C!, …-
"%ƒì%›…%“2, C!ä%“2="ë…, “%%2"2“2"3þ?ã% ì“2= !=K%2/;
“ë, *%ì,““, … ì%›2 C!ä%“2=",2ü ì“2% !=K%2/ C% C%ë3÷……%L
“Cö,=ëü…%“2, (C!%-““,,) , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,,.
o!, C!,… 2,, !ø…, *%ì,““,L % “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L-
“2" "/C3“*…,*=, = 2=*› " “ë3÷= C%ë3÷…, "/C3“*…,*%ì “!ä…ã%
“Cö,=ëü…%ã% ,ë, "/“øã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, …= 3“ë%", . %Cë=2/ ì3 "/ä=2-
“ “C!="*= % “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" C% -%!ì “%ãë=“…% C!,ë%-
›…,þ 3.
21.>b/ä=÷= “",ä2ëü“2"= % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 ,ë, “C!="*, %
“=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" %“3?“2"ë 2“ 3÷!›ä…,ì %K!=ƒ%-
"=…, … C%ƒä… %ä…%ã% ì“ ö= C%“ë %*%…÷=…, "/C3“*…,*%ì 3÷!›ä-
…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, C!, C!ä“2="ë…,, ,ì C=“C%!2= ,ë, ä!3ã%ã% ä%*3ì…2=,
3ä%“2%"! þ?ã% ë,÷…%“2ü.
22.>r÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ,ìþ2 C!="% !ø=2ü "%C!%“/ C!!=“-
C!äë…, ì%ë%ä/. “Cö,=ë,“2%" …= C!%2 ›…,, %ä…%ã% ã%ä= C%“ë C%-
ë3÷…, C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , ä"3. ë2>$ C%“ë
C%ë3÷…, “!ä…ã% “Cö,=ëü…%ã% ,ë, "/“øã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, , ä"3. ë2>$
C%“ë C!%.%›ä…, “2=›,!%"*, (,…2!…=23!/) "/C3“*…,*=ì, "/“ø,.
ìä,ö,…“*,. 3÷!›ä…,L %K!=ƒ%"=…, " “ë3÷= .:
"%ƒ…,*…%"…, %K“2% 2ëü“2", 3*=ƒ=……/. " C3…*2=. 14 , 15, ÷=“2 .
"2%!%L , 2!2üL C3…*2= 16 …=“2% ?ã% o%ë%›…, ;
K!ì……%“2,, …=ë,÷, !K…*= " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 2!. ë2;
%2*=ƒ= …=…,ì=2ë " C!,ì …= !=K%23 ì%ë%ä%ì3 “Cö,=ë,“23, …=-
C!="ë……%ì3 " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ= "*%L .2%ã% …=…,ì=2ë (ä%ã%"%!%ì %
C%äã%2%"* “Cö,=ë,“2=, !=K%÷ã% (“ë3›=?ã%);
!=“2%!›…, “!%÷…%ã% 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= C% 2!K%"=…,þ !=K%2…,*=
" “ë3÷= …=!3ø…, …=…,ì=2ëì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"= % 2!3ä, *%ëë*2,"-
…%ã% ,ë, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= (“2=2ü 41 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“= p“C3Kë,*,
aë=!3“ü);
C!*!=?…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= “ ì%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2%ì "“ëä-
“2", "%““2=…%"ë…, …= !=K%2 !=K%2…,*=, !=… "/C%ë… "øã% .23 !=-
108
K%23, …=!3ø…, 3“2=…%"ë……/. C!=",ë C!,ì= …= !=K%23 (C3…*2/ 2 , 3
“2=2ü, 44 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü);
!=“2%!›…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= C% ,…,ö,=2," …=…,ì=2ë " “ë3-
÷= ., C!ä3“ì%2!……/. " C3…*2=. 1, 2 , 6 “2=2ü, 42 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“=
p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü;
…"%ƒì%›…%“2, C!ä%“2="ë…, ì“2= !=K%2/ " “%%2"2“2",, “ C%ë3-
÷……%L “Cö,=ëü…%“2üþ (C!%-““,L) , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,L C%
%*%…÷=…,, “ë3›K/ " b%%!3›……/. q,ë=. p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, ä!3ã,.
"%L“*=. , "%,…“*,. -%!ì,!%"=…, . p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü C!, ›ë=…,,
ì%ë%ä%ã% “Cö,=ë,“2= C!%ä%ë›,2ü !=K%23 C% …=C!="ë…,þ;
C!"%ä= ì%ë%ä%ã% “Cö,=ë,“2= “ ã% “%ãë=“, %2 %ä…%ã% …=…,ì=2ë
* ä!3ã%ì3 (C3…*2 4 “2=2ü, 35 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü) C%
“%ãë=“%"=…,þ ì›ä3 …,ì, " “%%2"2“2",, “ C%ë3÷……%L “Cö,=ëü…%“2üþ
(C!%-““,L) , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,L;
%2÷,“ë…, ,ƒ 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, , %K“C÷,"=þ?ã% C%ë3÷-
…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, K%ë "/“%*%ã% 3!%"… (“23C…,) " ä…"…%L -%!ì.
o!, !ø…,, "%C!%“= % C!!=“C!äë…,, " “ë3÷= ., C!ä3“ì%2!…-
…/. " =Kƒ=ö=. "2%!%ì , 2!2üì ÷=“2, C!"%L …=“2% ?ã% C3…*2=, ì“2%
!=K%2/ C!ä%“2="ë 2“ " C%! ä*, C!ä3“ì%2!……%ì “%%2"2“2"……% "
C3…*2=. 14, 15, ÷=“2 . "2%!%L , 2!2üL C3…*2= 16, C3…*2 17 …=“2% ?-
ã% o%ë%›…, .
r÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, , C%ä÷,………/ l,…,“2!“2"3 ƒä!="%%.!=…-
…, , C!,…,ì=þ2 !ø…, % C!!=“C!äë…,, ì%ë%ä/. “Cö,=ë,“2%" C%
“%ãë=“%"=…,þ “ 3*=ƒ=……/ì l,…,“2!“2"%ì.
dë !=““ì%2!…, "%C!%“= % C!!=“C!äë…,, ì%ë%ä%L “Cö,=ë,“2
%K!=?=2“ " 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, , …=C!=","ø ã% …= !=K%23, “ ƒ=-
"ë…,ì, C!,ë=ã= ä%*3ì…2/, C%ä2"!›ä=þ?, ã% C!="% …= C!!=“C-
!äë…, " “%%2"2“2",, “ C3…*2%ì 393 C!÷… =äì,…,“2!=2,"…/. C!%-
öä3!, %“3?“2"ë ì/. ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ì, %!ã=…=ì, , ,…/ì, ã%“3ä=!“2"…-
…/ì, %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ì, C% ƒ= "ë…, ì ã!=›ä=…, 32"!›ä……%ã% r*=ƒ%ì
o!ƒ,ä…2= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 16 ì=!2= 2006>ã. 1>152 (m=ö,%-
…=ëü…/L !“2! C!="%"/. =*2%" p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, 2006>ã., 1>44,
1/7344; 2007>ã., 1>222, 1/8854) (ä=ë>$ o!÷…ü).
o!!=“C!äë…, %“3?“2"ë 2“ *%ì,““,L " C%! ä*, 3“2=…%"-
ë……%ì " C3…*2 9, ÷=“2 . C!"%L , "2%!%L C3…*2= 11, C3…*2=. 12 , 13
…=“2% ?ã% o%ë%›…, .
o%“ë C!,… 2, !ø…, % C!!=“C!äë…,, "/C3“*…,*3 "/ä=2-
“ …%"% “",ä2ëü“2"% % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23.
b “ë3÷= …"%ƒì%›…%“2, C!ä%“2="ë…, *%ì,““,L C!, C!!=“C!-
äë…,, ì“2= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= " “%%2"2“2",, “ C%ë3÷……%L “Cö,=ëü…%-
“2üþ (C!%-““,L) , C!,“"%……%L *"=ë,-,*=ö,L ì%ë%ä%L “Cö,=ë,“2
C!, …=ë,÷,, %“…%"=…,L äë %“"%K%›ä…, %2 "%ƒì?…, “!ä“2" " !“-
C3Kë,*=…“*,L , (,ë,) ì“2…/ Kþä›2/, ƒ=2!=÷……/. ã%“3ä=!“2"%ì …=
ã% C%äã%2%"*3, "C!=" %K!=2,2ü“ " 3÷!›ä…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ƒ= C%ë3÷-
…,ì “C!="*, % “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" " “%%2"2“2",, “ C3…-
*2%ì 395 o!÷… .
109
l%ë%ä%L “Cö,=ë,“2, C%ë3÷,"ø,L “C!="*3 % “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3-
ä%3“2!%L“2", 2! 2 “2=23“ ì%ë%ä%ã% “Cö,=ë,“2=.
23.>q",ä2ëü“2"% % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 , “C!="*= % “=ì%“2% -
2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" "ë þ2“ Kë=…*=ì, “2!%ã%L %2÷2…%“2,, *%2%-
!/ ,ƒã%2="ë,"=þ2“ , ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì.
24.>b/ä=÷= ä3Kë,*=2%" “",ä2ëü“2" % …=C!="ë…,, …= !=K%23 , “C!=-
"%* % “=ì%“2% 2ëü…%ì 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" %“3?“2"ë 2“ C!, C!ä“2="ë-
…,, ä%*3ì…2%" " “%%2"2“2",, “ C3…*2=ì, 394 , 396 o!÷… .
ck`b` 3
c`p`mŠhh h onp“dnj ŠprdnrqŠpniqŠb` lnknd{u
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25.>o% %*%…÷=…,, %K3÷…, " 3÷!›ä…,, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ì%ë%ä/ì
“Cö,=ë,“2=ì C!ä%“2="ë 2“ %2ä/. C!%ä%ë›,2ëü…%“2üþ %ä,… *=ë…-
ä=!…/L ì“ ö, = C%ë3÷,"ø,ì “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% ,ë, "/“ø %K!=ƒ%"=-
…, C% Cä=ã%ã,÷“*,ì “Cö,=ëü…%“2 ì>$ 45 *=ë…ä=!…/. ä…L, …ƒ=",-
“,ì% %2 2%ã%, *%ãä= 3 …,. K/ë, C%“ëä…, *=…,*3ë/.
26.>l%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2=ì, C%ë3÷,"ø,ì “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% ,ë,
"/“ø %K!=ƒ%"=…,, "/Cë=÷,"=2“ ä…›…= C%ì%?ü " !=ƒì! ì“ ÷-
…%L “2,C…ä,,, …=ƒ…=÷……%L ,ì " C%“ëä…ì “ì“2!, C%ë3÷,"ø,ì
C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*% %K!=ƒ%"=…,>$ ,ƒ !=“÷2= 2=!,-…%L “2="-
*, C% C!,“"%……%L ,ì *"=ë,-,*=ö,, (!=ƒ! ä3, *ë=““3, *=2ã%!,,) ,ë,
“%%2"2“2"3þ?ã% %*ë=ä=.
b/Cë=2= ä…›…%L C%ì%?, %“3?“2"ë 2“ …=…,ì=2ëì " ì“ ÷-
…/L “!%* C%“ë ƒ=*ëþ÷…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!= (*%…2!=*2=) “ ì%ë%ä/ì
“Cö,=ë,“2%ì " C%ë…%ì !=ƒì! …ƒ=",“,ì% %2 *%ë,÷“2"= ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…-
…/. ,ì ä…L %2ä/.=.
l%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2=ì, C%ë3÷,"ø,ì “!ä… “Cö,=ëü…% ,ë, "/“-
ø %K!=ƒ%"=…, C% Cä=ã%ã,÷“*,ì “Cö,=ëü…%“2 ì, "/Cë=÷,"=2“ ä-
…›…= C%ì%?ü ƒ= 45 *=ë…ä=!…/. ä…L ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%-
ã% ,ë, ì“2…/. Kþä›2%" 3÷!›ä…,ì %K!=ƒ%"=…, , *%2%!% %…, %*%…-
÷,ë,, ,ƒ !=“÷2= ì“ ÷…%L “2,C…ä,,, …=ƒ…=÷……%L ,ì " C%“ëä…ì “-
ì“2!.
b “ë3÷=, “ë, ì%ë%ä/ “Cö,=ë,“2/ … C%ë3÷=ë, “2,C…ä,, " C%“-
ëä…ì C!ä "/C3“*%ì “ì“2!, ,ì "/Cë=÷,"=2“ “%%2"2“2"3þ?=
ä…›…= C%ì%?ü ,ƒ !=“÷2= “%ö,=ëü…%L “2,C…ä,,, 3“2=…%"ë……%L …=
ä=23 "/C3“*=.
27.>l%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2=ì ã=!=…2,!3þ2“ "/Cë=2/ " “" ƒ, “ C-
!ƒä%ì, C!ä3“ì%2!……/ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì.
28.>l%ë%ä/ì “Cö,=ë,“2=ì, C!,K/"ø,ì …= !=K%23 C% !=“C!äë-
…,þ, ì“2…/ ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/ , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/ %!ã=…/, = 2=*› %!ã=-
…,ƒ=ö,, C!, …ä%“2=2%÷…%“2, “%K“2"……%ã% ›,ë%ã% -%…ä= ì%ã32 "/ä-
ë 2ü “!ä“2"= “ öëüþ *%ìC…“=ö,, ƒ=2!=2 …= …=Lì ›,ë/. C%ì?…,L 3
ã!=›ä=….