Tiemersma J.J., Heeren N.A. Small Scale Hydropower Technologies
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A project of Volunteers in Asia
Small
Scale Hydropower
Technologies
-
--.-
by
J,J,
Tiemersma and N.A. Heeren
Pub3
ished
by:
Stichting TOOL
Entrepotdok 68A/69A
1016 AD Amsterdam
THE NETHERLANDS
Available from:
same as above
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is
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to
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original document.
CFNTER FOR A"PRLPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
.------___
--
-.-
. .
TEChNlC.'ii
DEVLcOPMEElT WI-K-I DEVEiOPiNG COUNTRIES
Published and compi
led by
TOOL Foundation
Technical Development with Developing Countri
es
Entrepotdck hSA/69A
1018 .\D Amsterdam
The Netherlands
C A T
Center fdr Appropriate Technology
Stevinweg 1
'028 CN
Delft
The Netherlands
Typists: Petra Dorsman and Martin Rijn.
Lay-out: Martin Rijn and Niq. Heeren.
‘I;e 2.72
2:’ data,
methods and/or restllts,
given in this publicatio,,,
?, s
7t your own rise.
The
,? e ! Ji- t
Yxiverslty of Technology declares
herself
(through CAT)
rZOZ
responsible
for
any damage arising
from
the use QJ these.
Frontcover shows a cross-flow turbine.
AN OVEXALL VIEW OF HYDROPOWER
TECHNOLOGIES FOR S
SCALE APPLIANCES
J.J.Tiemersma
N ..LZ.Heeren
Commissioned by:
the Directory General for
environmental Hygienics of
the Dutch Ministry of Housing,
Physical Planning and
Environment
Cease your work, ye maidens,
yd who laboured at the mill,
sleep now:and let the birds sing to the ruddy morning;
for Ceres has commended thg
waternymphs to perform your task;
and these,
obedient tc her call,
throw themselves upon the
whee 1,
force
round the axle
tree and so the heavy mill.
This is,
in a lyrical way,
the first known reference to
3 watermill,
in the form of an epigram by Antipater of
Thessalonica,
written about 85 BC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONAL SECTION
c
1 .
PREF.ACE
page 5
?
ti.
SCOPE OF THIS PUBLICXTION
GENERAL SECTION
page 5
3. blE.I\NIyGS OF SJU1.L SCALE HYDROPOWER
page
8
1. BASICS OF HYDROPOWER
page 12
5 .
CON1'ENTIOS:1L HYDROPOliER TECHNOLOGIES
page 17
b .
SjLJ.LL SC:JLE HYDROPOliER TECHNOLOGIES
page 22
- TURBi\ii TYPES
.
PRACTICABILITY SECTION
page 30
Y. h..1TERWLEi DE\'l;I~Ol~~lEST AND USE
page 12
9.
PRACTICE
E.!d>lPLES
page 63
I. GESEMTISG ELECTRICITY
page 63
II.
MOTiVE POKER
page 70
11;.
KATEi? FUMPING
page 73
IO. APPLICABILITY LIST
page 83
11.
CC)STS OF SMALL SCALE HYDROPOWER
APPENDIX
12. DESIRED FURTHER STUDIES
1
T LITERATURE AND MASUFACTURERS
d.
page 84
page 88
page 91
1’1~~ use oi \iaterpower for indu.5tl.i 11 and domestic purposts
has generatecl interest since Grecian culture. In the last
decades,
interest has even increased, as this power source
has the appraisable qualities of being renewahle and non-
polluting and giving more oil- and import independence.
Especially these qualities make water-power an excellent
option both in developing countries as in economies like
Europe and Northern America.
Import independence is most attractive for developing countries.
In the Western World the non-polluting aspects suits to
attemptions made to reduce distulbance of the environment
caused by exhausts from thermal electricity generation.
In the past most of the most suitable sites for hydropower
statlor:s are being used on a large scale. Technologies on this
scale !1ax-e
proven well and are being employed and published
war 1 ,jwide.
Now that energy has become a topical issue, also locations
with a smaller waterpower source become interesting in the
lies tern Kcrld. ‘ihese locations and the respective lower outputs
need their own techniques.
This is why the numbers of producers
of smaller waterpower installations as well as the number of
field tests and publications hereabout increase.
Aiike in the &ester-n World in medieval times and thereafter,
power needs in countries with a developing economy are of a
smaller amount. Also these needs are to be fulfilled locally,
caused by greater distances and lack of good
(POWerJinfra-
structure. This is why,
apart from national supply schemes,
the small scale schemes are of imnortance also.
liowtsver,
in both areas,
waterpower has the constraint of needing
relative high capital investments. This counts also for small
especially when techniques are copied from those
for big scale applications.
3
Fortunately researchers and even product maKers have started to ‘1
‘,
develop an own appro; ch to small scale waterpower technology. ,
Aspects herewith are ;o
try to lower the capital costs hy minimi.z\ng
:i
civil constructions and by designs or mechanical installations whlxh
$
can be mzde easy and locally with local materials.
i
;,
,
Close attpntion should he p:xiJ to these rich’ dc1.clorJmcnts ;IS
\
:
The authors of this publication are !Giq. Heeren: working at
TOOL Foundation, Amsterdam and Jan Jaap Tiemersma, scientific
officer at Delft University of Technology, Department of civil
engineering,
group of hydraulic engineering, and contributor
to feasibility studies of hydropower projects in the Netherlands
and in developing countries.
This study has been commissioned by the Directory General for
environmental tlygicniss of the Dutch Ministry of Housing,
of this
and information
Physical Planning and Environment. On assignment
?linistrs the follo\iing gives 3n overall view of,
on sma
spread
about the possible techniques and devices
hydropower ,
and is meant to stimulate the
know ledge.
11 scale
.ing of the
Xt is hoped that anyone thinking of small
polluting power generation can extend ins i
hydropower techniques.
scale and noI;-
ght in available
4
23COPE OF THIS PUBLICATION
‘The pllr!?osc 0
f this study i-s to give a survey- of n,~e~z.‘T:r
tccilnologics to use hydropower on a swell scale~:-;~~.
limition a net output of 300 to 50n kilowatts _C.,,i;: be
adopted,
which range can Se divided into mic’.h
iydro
(up to 100 kilowatts) and mini hydro
(100 a~ it10
kW).
i;;e~izP remark is given to those configurations Lhat
neeJ litt,e
civil constructions and invcstler’nts, and
3re es,
:c bsild.
r h t‘
rqh,abiliej
and. Feasibiii:)
cf these techniques
are ~, ;‘-cussed 2nd irj(’ Li:ations are gj ve--\ on some aspects
k;!-? ,. ‘c
need further Ii:vestig:+tions. Most s;!bjects appear
35
exd:,;mies of pras t, cc ( manufactured items :,-?d
labora tory
s tudi &s .
While reading, one shouid keep in mind to compare small
scale hydropower with other alternatives like biogas,
solar energy an3 windpower. Always diesel generation
and electricity grid connection should be compared in
economical, environmental and social studies.
In the following the present technologies on smaii
scale hydropower will be discussed in a general section
and illustrated in a practicability section.
In the general section first some definitions are given
together with some remarks on small scale hydropower
(Chapter 3).
For a good understanding Chapter 4
describes the theoretical basics of hydropower. In
Chapter 5 implementation technologies are dealt with,
as is done in Chapter 6 on small scale implementation
in special.
To give an overall view of the types of the
most important component of a hydropower unit, the
turbine, Chapter 7 will give some details.
5