Назад
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
507
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Mogi, K., 1958, Relations between the eruptions of
various volcanoes and the deformation of the
ground surface around them. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst.
Univ. Tokyo 36: 99–134.
Molnar, P. and Atwater, T., 1973, Relative motion of
hotspots in the mantle. Nature 246: 288–291.
Montagner, J.-P., Griot-Pommera, D.-A. and Lave, J.,
2000, How to relate body wave and surface wave
anisotropy? J. Geophys. Res. 105: 19015–19027.
Montagner, J.-P. and Kennett, B. L. N., 1996, How to
reconcile body wave and normal mode reference
models. Geophys. J. Int. 125: 229–248.
Montagner, J.-P. and Tanimoto, T., 1991, Global upper
mantle tomography of seismic velocities and aniso-
tropies. J. Geophys. Res. 96: 20337–20351.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., Masters, G.,
Engdahl, E. R. and Hung, S.-H., 2004, Finite-
frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes
in the mantle. Science 30: 338–343.
Morgan, W. J., 1971, Convection plumes in the lower
mantle. Nature 230: 42–43.
Morozov, I. B. and Smithson, S. B., 2000, Coda of long-
range arrivals from nuclear explosions. Bull. Seism.
Soc. Am. 90: 929–939.
Morris, J. D., Leeman, W. P. and Tera, F., 1990, The sub-
ducted component in island arc lavas: constraint from
Be isotopes and B-Be systematics. Nature 344:3136.
Mukhopadhyay, S. and Nittler, L., 2004, Report in
Yearbook 02/03, p. 69. Washington: Carnegie
Institution.
Murakami, M., Hirose, K., Kawamura, K., Sata, N. and
Ohishi, Y., 2004, Post-perovskite phase transition in
MgSiO
3
. Science 304: 855–858.
Murthy, V. R., van Westrenen, W. and Fei, Y., 2003,
Experimental evidence that potassium is a substan-
tial radioactive heat source in planetary cores.
Nature 423: 163–165.
Nadeau, R. M. and Dolenc, D., 2005, Nonvolcanic trem-
ors deep beneath the San Andreas Fault. Science 307:
389–390.
Nagata, T., 1953, Rock Magnetism, first edn. Tokyo:
Maruzen.
Nagata, T., 1979, Meteorite magnetism and the early
solar system magnetic field. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.
20: 324–341.
Nakiboglu, S. M., 1982, Hydrostatic theory of the Earth
and its mechanical implications. Phys. Earth Planet.
Inter. 28: 302–311.
Narayan, C. and Goldstein, J. I., 1985, A major revision
of iron meteorite cooling rates an experimental
study of the growth of the Widmanst¨atten pattern.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49: 397–410.
Navon, O. and Wasserburg, G. J., 1985, Self-shielding
in O
2
a possible explanation of oxygen isotope
anomalies in meteorites. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 73: 1–16.
Nawa, K., Sudo, N., Fukao, Y., Sato., T., Aoyama, Y. and
Shibuya, K., 1998, Incessant excitation of the Earth’s
free oscillations. Earth Space Sci. 50: 3–8.
N
´
eel, L. 1955, Some theoretical aspects of rock magnet-
ism. Adv. Phys. 4: 191–243.
Ness, N. F., 1994, Intrinsic magnetic fields of the plan-
ets: Mercury to Neptune. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond.
A349: 249–260.
Newsom, H. E., 1995, Composition of the solar system,
planets, meteorites and major terrestrial reservoirs.
In Ahrens (1995a), pp. 159–189.
Nieto, M. M., 1972, The Titius–Bode Law of Interplanetary
Distances: its History and Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.
Nimmo, F., Price, G. D., Brodholt, J. and Gubbins, D.,
2004, The influence of potassium on core and geo-
dynamo evolution. Geophys. J. Int. 156: 363–376.
Nishimura, C. E. and Forsyth, D. W., 1989, The aniso-
tropic structure of the upper mantle in the Pacific.
Geophys. J. 96: 203–229.
Nittler, L., 2003, Presolar stardust in meteorites: recent
advances and scientific frontiers. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett.
209: 259–273.
Norton, I. O., 1995, Plate motions in the north Pacific:
the 43 Ma nonevent. Tectonics 14(5): 1080–1094.
Nyblade, A. A. and Robinson, S. W., 1994, The African
superswell. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 765–768.
Oganov, A. R., Brodholt, J. P. and Price, G. D., 2000,
Comparative study of quasiharmonic lattice dynam-
ics, molecular dynamics and Debye model applied to
MgSiO
3
perovskite. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 122:
277–288.
Ogata, Y., 1998, Space-time point process models for
earthquake occurrences. Annals Inst. Statistical
Mechanics 50: 379–402.
Ogino, K., Nishiwacki, A. and Hosotani, Y., 1984,
Density of molten Fe-C alloys. J. Japan Inst. Metals
48: 1004–1010.
Ohtani, E., Litasov, K., Suzuki, A. and Kondo, T., 2001,
Stability field of a new hydrous phase, d-AlOOH,
with implications for water transport in the deep
mantle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28: 3991–3993.
Okada, Y., 1985, Surface deformation due to shear and
tensile faults in a half space. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 75:
1135–1154.
Okal, E. A., 2001, ‘Detached’ deep earthquakes: are
they really? Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 127: 109–143.
Okuchi, T., 1997, Hydrogen partitioning into molten
iron at high pressure: implications for the Earth’s
core. Science 278: 1781–1784.
REFERENCES 507
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
508
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Okuchi, T., 1998, The melting temperature of iron
hydride at high pressures and its implication for the
temperature of the Earth’s core. J. Phys. Condensed
Matter 10: 11595–11598.
Oliver, J., 1962, A summary of observed seismic wave
dispersion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 52: 81–86.
Olsen, N., 2002, A model of the geomagnetic field and
its secular variation for the epoch 2000 estimated
from Ørsted data. Geophys. J. Int. 149: 454–462.
Olsen, P. E. et al. (10 authors), 2002, Ascent of dinosaurs
linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic–Jurassic
boundary. Science 296: 1305–1307.
Olson, P., 1983, Geomagnetic polarity reversals in
a turbulent core. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 33:
260–274.
Olson, P. and Aurnou, J. 1999, A polar vortex in the
Earth’s core. Nature 402: 170–173.
Omori, F. J., 1894, On after-shocks of earthquakes.
College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 7:111200.
Opdyke, N. D. and Channell, J. E. T., 1996, Magnetic
Stratigraphy. San Diego: Academic Press.
Opdyke, N. D., Kent, D. V. and Lowrie, W., 1973, Details
of magnetic polarity transitions recorded in a high
deposition rate deep sea core. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 20:
315–324.
Oversby, V. M. and Ringwood, A. E., 1971, Time of for-
mation of the Earth’s core. Nature 234: 463–465.
Ozima, M. and Podosek, F. A., 1999, Formation age of
Earth from
129
I/
127
I and
244
Pu/
238
U systematics and
the missing Xe. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 25493–25499.
Padhy, S, 2005, A scattering model for seismic attenu-
ation and its global applications. Phys. Earth Planet.
Int. 148: 1–12.
Pagiatakis, S. D., Yin, H. and El-Gelil, M. A., 2007, Least
squares self-coherency analysis of superconducting
gravimeter records in search for the Slichter triplet.
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 160: 108–123.
Panning, M. P. and Romanowicz, B. A., 2006, A three
dimensional radially anisotropic model of shear vel-
ocity in the whole mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 167: 361–379.
Parkinson, W. D., 1983, Introduction to Geomagnetism.
Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
Paterson, M. S. and Weiss, L. E., 1961, Symmetry con-
cepts in the structural analysis of deformed rocks.
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 72: 841–882.
Peale, S. J., Cassen, P. and Reynolds, R. P., 1979, Melting
of Io by tidal dissipation. Science 203: 892–894.
Pearce, S. J. and Russell, R. D., 1990, Inversion of
cosmogenic nuclide data from iron meteorites.
Canad. J. Earth Sci. 68: 1312–1321.
Peltier, W. R., 1982, Dynamics of the ice age Earth.
Adv. Geophys. 24: 1–146.
Peltier, W. R., 1998, Postglacial variations in the level
of the sea: implications for climate dynamics. Rev.
Geophys. 36: 603–689.
Peltier, W. R., 2004, Global glacial isostasy and the
surface of the ice age Earth: the Ice-5 g (Vm2)
model and Grace. Ann. Rev. Earth Plan. Sci. 32:
111–149.
Peltzer, G., Cramp
´
e, F. and King, G., 1999, Evidence of
nonlinear elasticity in the crust from the Mw7.6
Manyi (Tibet) earthquake. Science 286: 272–276.
Pesonen, L. J., Elming, S.-A., Mertanen, S., Pisarevsky,
S., D’Agrella-Filho, M. S., Meert, J. G., Schmidt, P. W.,
Abrahamsen, N. and Bylund, G., 2003, Palaeomag-
netic configuration of the continents during the
Proterozoic. Tectonophysics 375: 289–324.
Plafker, G., 1965, Tectonic deformation associated
with the 1964 Alaska earthquake. Science 148:
1675–1687.
Poirier, J. -P., 1988, Transport properties of liquid met-
als and viscosity of the Earth’s core. Geophys. J. R.
Astron. Soc. 92: 99–105.
Poirier, J. -P., 1994, Light elements in the Earth’s core: a
critical review. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 85: 319–337.
Poirier, J.-P., 2000, Introduction to the Physics of the Earth’s
Interior, second edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Poirier, J.-P. and Tarantola, A., 1998, A logarithmic
equation of state. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 109: 1–8.
Pollack, H. N. and Huang, S., 2000, Climate reconstruc-
tion from subsurface temperatures. Ann. Rev. Earth
Plan. Sci. 28: 339–365.
Pollack, H. N., Hurter, S. J. and Johnson, J. R., 1993,
Heat flow from the Earth’s interior: analysis of the
global data set. Rev. Geophys.
31: 267–280.
Poupinet, G. R., Pillet, R. and Souriau, A., 1983, Possible
heterogeneity of the Earth’s core deduced from
PKIKP travel times. Nature 305: 204–206.
Prentice, A. J. R., 1986, Uranus: predicted origin and
composition of its atmosphere, moons and rings.
Phys. Lett. A114: 211–216.
Prentice, A. J. R., 1989, Neptune: predicted origin and
composition of a regular satellite system. Phys. Lett.
A140: 265–270.
Proudman, J., 1953, Dynamical Oceanography. London:
Methuen.
Rabinowicz, E., 1965, Friction and Wear of Materials. New
York: Wiley.
adler, K.-H. and C
¯
ebers, A. (Eds.), 2002, MHD dynamo
experiments. Magnetohydrodynamics 38: 3–217.
Raitt, R. W., Shor, G. G., Francis, T. G. J. and Morris G. B.,
1969, Anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle.
J. Geophys. Res. 74: 3095–3109.
508 REFERENCES
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
509
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Rapp, R. H. and Pavlis, N. K., 1990, The development and
analysis of geopotential coefficient models to spherical
harmonic degree 360. J. Geophys. Res. 95: 21885–21911.
Ray, R. D., Eanes, R. J. and LeMoine, F. G., 2001,
Constraints on energy dissipation in the Earth’s
body tide from satellite tracking and altimetry.
Geophys. J. Int. 144: 471–480.
Reasenberg, P. A., 1999, Foreshock occurrence
before large earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 104(B3):
4755–4768.
Reid, H. F., 1910, The California Earthquake of April 18,
1906. II. The Mechanics of the Earthquake. Washington:
Carnegie Institution.
Reinecker, J., Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Connolly, P.
and M ¨uller, B., 2004, The 2004 release of The World
Stress Map. (www.world-stress-map.org).
Rhie, J. and Romanowicz, B., 2004, Excitation of
the Earth’s free oscillations by atmosphere–ocean–
seafloor coupling. Nature 431: 552–556.
Richards, M. A. and Engebretson, D. C., 1992, Large
scale mantle convection and the history of subduc-
tion. Nature 355: 437–440.
Richardson, R. M., 1992, Ridge forces, absolute plate
motions and the intraplate stress field. J. Geophys. Res.
97(8): 11739–11748.
Richter, C. F., 1958, Elementary Seismology. San Francisco:
Freeman.
Rigden, S. M., Gwanmesia, G. D., Fitzgerald, J. D.,
Jackson, I. and Liebermann, R. C., 1991, Spinel elas-
ticity and seismic structure of the transition zone of
the mantle. Nature 34: 143–145.
Rikitake, T., 1966, Electromagnetism and the Earth’s Interior.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Ringwood, A. E., 1966, Chemical evolution of the ter-
restrial planets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 30: 41–104.
Ringwood, A. E., 1989, Flaws in the giant impact
hypothesis of lunar origin. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 95:
208–214.
Ritsema, J., van Heijst, H. J. and Woodhouse, J. H., 1999,
Complex shear velocity structure imaged beneath
Africa and Iceland. Science 286: 1925–1928.
Roberts, P., 1987, Origin of the main field: dynamics. In
Jacobs, J. A. (ed.), Geomagnetism Vol. 2. London:
Academic Press, pp. 251–306.
Roberts, P. H. and Gubbins, D., 1987, Origin of the main
field: dynamics. In Jacobs, J. A. (ed.), Geomagnetism
Vol. 2. London: Academic Press, pp. 185–249.
Robertson, G. S. and Woodhouse, J. H., 1996a, Ratio
of relative S to P heterogeneity in the lower mantle.
J. Geophys. Res. 101: 20041–20052.
Robertson, G. S. and Woodhouse, J. H., 1996b,
Constraints on lower mantle physical properties
from seismology and mineral physics. Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett. 143: 197–205.
Robock, A., 2000, Volcanic eruptions and climate.
Rev.
Geophys. 38: 191–219.
Robock, A., 2003, Introduction: Mount Pinatubo as a
test of climate feedback mechanisms. In Robock, A.
and Oppenheimer, C. (eds.) Volcanism and the Earth’s
Atmosphere. Washington: American Geophysical
Union, pp. 1–8.
Rogers, G. and Dragert, H., 2003, Episodic tremor and
slip on the Cascadia subduction zone: the chatter of
silent slip. Science 300 : 1942–1943.
Roth, M., M ¨uller, G. and Snieder, R., 1993, Velocity
shifts in random media. Geophys. J. Int. 115:
552–563.
Runnegar, B., 1982, The Cambrian explosion: animals
or fossils? J. Geol. Soc. Australia 29: 395–411.
Rutherford, E. and Soddy, F., 1903, Radioactive change.
Phil. Mag. (Series 6 ) 5: 1576–1591.
Ryder, G., 1990, Lunar samples, lunar accretion and
the early bombardment of the Moon. EOS (Trans. AGU
Spring Meeting Supplement) 71: 313 and 322–323
(March 6, 1990).
Ryder, G. and Mojzsis, S. J., 1998, Accretion to the Earth
and Moon around 3.85 Ga: what is the evidence? EOS
(Trans. AGU Fall Meeting Supplement) 79(45): F48
(Abstract U22B-10).
Sanloup, C., Guyot, F., Gillet, P., Fiquet, G., Hemley,
R. J., Mezouar, M. and Martinez, I., 2000, Structural
changes in liquid Fe at high pressures and high
temperatures from synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
Europhys. Lett. 52: 151–157.
Sasatani, T., 1989, Deep earthquakes. In James (1989),
pp. 174–181.
Schneider, J. F. and Sacks, I. S., 1992, Subduction of
the Nazca plate beneath central Peru from local
earthquakes. Unpublished manuscript.
Scholz, C. H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and
Faulting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schubert, G., Masters, G., Olson P. and Tackley, P.,
2004, Superplumes or plume clusters? Phys. Earth
Planet. Int. 146: 147–162.
Secco, R. A., 1995, Viscosity of the outer core. In Ahrens
(1995b), pp. 218–226.
Sella, G. F., Stein, S., Dixon, T. H., Craymer, M., James,
T. S., Mazzotti, S. and Dokka, R. K., 2007, Observation
of glacial isostatic adjustment in ‘stable North
America with GPS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L02306.
doi:10.1029/2006GL027081.
Shaw, B. E., 1993, Generalized Omori law for after-
shocks and foreshocks from simple dynamics.
Geophys. Res. Letters 20: 907–910.
REFERENCES 509
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
510
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Shaw, J., 1974, A new method of determining the
magnitude of the palaeomagnetic field. Geophys.
J. R. Astron. Soc. 39: 133–141.
Shaw, J. and Sherwood, G., 1991, Palaeointensity and
reversal frequency are they related? Geophy.
Astrophy. Fluid Dyn. 60: 135–140.
Shearer, P. M., 1990, Seismic imaging of upper mantle
structure with new evidence for a 520 km disconti-
nuity. Nature 344: 121–126.
Sheriff, R. E., and Geldart, L. P., 1982, Exploration
Seismology, Vol. 1: History, Theory and Data Acquisition.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sibson, R. H. and Xie, G., 1998, Dip range for intraconti-
nental reverse fault ruptures: truth not stranger than
friction. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88: 1014–1022.
Silver, P. G., 1996, Seismic anisotropy beneath the con-
tinents: probing the depths of geology. Ann. Rev.
Earth Planet. Sci. 24: 385–432.
Singh, S. K. and Ordaz, M., 1994, Seismic energy
release in Mexican subduction zone earthquakes.
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 84: 1533–1550.
Slater, J. C., 1939, Introduction to Chemical Physics. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Sleep, H. N., 1990, Hot spots and mantle plumes: some
phenomenology. J. Geophys. Res. 95: 6715–6736.
Slichter, L. B., 1967, Spherical oscillations of the earth,
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 14: 171–177.
Smith, S. W., 1967, Free vibrations of the Earth. In
Runcorn, S. K. (ed.) International Dictionary of
Geophysics (2 vols.) Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 344–346.
Smyth, J. R., and McCormick, T. C., 1995, Crystallographic
data for minerals. In Ahrens, T. J. (1995b), pp. 1–17.
Sneddon, I. N., 1980, Special Functions of Mathematical
Physics and Chemistry, third edn. Edinburgh: Oliver
and Boyd.
Solheim, L. P. and Peltier, W. R., 1994, Phase boundary
deflections at 660 km depth and episodically layered
isochemical convection in the mantle. J. Geophys. Res.
99: 15861–15875.
Solomatov, V. S. and Stevenson, D. J., 1994, Can sharp
seismic discontinuities be caused by non-equilibrium
phase transitions? Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 125: 267–279.
Song, X. and Richards, P. G., 1996, Seismological evi-
dence for differential rotation of the Earth’s inner
core. Nature 382: 221–224.
Souriau, A., Roudil, P. and Moynot, B. 1997, Inner core
differential rotation: facts and artifacts. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 24: 2103–2106.
Spetzler, J. and Snieder, R., 2004, Tutorial, the Fresnel
volume and transmitted waves. Geophysics 69: 653–663.
Stacey, F. D., 1973, The coupling of the core to the pre-
cession of the Earth. Geophys. J. R. Astron Soc. 33:4755.
Stacey, F. D., 2000, Kelvin’s age of the Earth paradox
revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 105: 13155–13158.
Stacey, F. D., 2005, High pressure equations of state
and planetary interiors.
Reps. Prog. Phys. 68: 341–383.
Stacey, F. D. and Anderson, O. L., 2001, Electrical and
thermal conductivities of Fe–Ni–Si alloy under core
conditions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 124: 153–162.
Stacey, F. D. and Davis, P. M., 2004, High pressure equa-
tions of state with applications to the lower mantle
and core. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 142: 137–184.
Stacey, F. D. and Irvine, R. D., 1977, A simple dislocation
theory of melting. Australian J. Phys. 30: 641–646.
Stacey, F. D. and Isaak, D. G., 2003, Anharmonicity in
mineral physics: a physical interpretation. J. Geophys.
Res. 108(B9): 2440. doi:10.1029/2002JB002316,2003.
Stacey, F. D. and Loper, D. E., 1983, The thermal boun-
dary layer interpretation of D
00
and its role as a
plume source. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 33: 45–55.
Stacey, F. D. and Loper, D. E., 1984, Thermal histories of
thecoreandmantle.Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 36: 99–115.
Stacey, F. D. and Loper, D. E., 2007, A revised estimate
of the conductivity of iron alloy at high pressure and
implications for the core energy balance. Phys. Earth
Planet. Inter. 161: 13–18.
Stacey, F. D., Spiliopoulos, S. S. and Barton, M. A., 1989,
a critical re-examination of the thermodynamic
basis of Lindemann’s melting law. Phys. Earth Planet.
Inter. 55: 201–207.
Stacey, F. D. and Stacey, C. H. B., 1999, Gravitational
energy of core evolution: implications for thermal
history and geodynamo power. Phys. Earth Planet.
Inter. 110: 83–93.
Stanley, S., Bloxham. J., Hutchison, W. E. and Zuber,
M. T., 2005, Thin shell dynamo models consistent
with Mercury’s weak observed magnetic field.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234: 27–38.
Stein, C. A., 1995, Heat flow from the Earth. In Ahrens
(1995a), pp. 144–158.
Stein, C. A. and Stein, S., 1992, A model for the global
variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with litho-
spheric age. Nature 359: 123–129.
Stein, C. A. and Stein, S., 1994, Constraints on hydro-
thermal heat flux through oceanic lithosphere from
global heat flux. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 3081–3095.
Stein, R. S., 1999, The role of stress transfer in earth-
quake occurrence. Nature 402: 605–609.
Stein, S. and Wysession, M., 2003, An Introduction to
Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structure. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Stephenson, F. R. and Morrison, L. V., 1995, Long-term
fluctuations in the Earth’s rotation. Phil. Trans. Roy.
Soc. Lond. A351: 165–202.
510 REFERENCES
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
511
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Stevenson, D. J., 2003, Planetary magnetic fields. Earth
Plan. Sci. Lett. 208: 1–11.
Stevenson, D., 2005, Earthquakes and tsunamis: what
physics is interesting? Physics Today June 2005:
10–11.
Stoneley, R., 1924, Elastic waves at the surface of
separation of two solids. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A106:
416–420.
Strutt, R. J., 1906, On the distribution of radium in the
Earth’s crust and on the Earth’s internal heat. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Lond. A77: 472–485.
Sturhahn, W., Jackson, J. M. and Lin, J.-F., 2005, The
spin state of iron in minerals of the Earth’s lower
mantle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L12307, doi:10.1029/
2005GL022802,2005.
Su, W. J. and Dziewonski, A. M., 1997, Simultaneous
inversion for 3D variations in shear and bulk velocity
in the mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 100: 135–156.
Su, W. J., Dziewonski, A. M and Jeanloz, R., 1996,
Planet within a planet: rotation of the inner core of
the Earth. Science 274: 1883–1887.
Sumita, I. and Yoshida, S., 2003, Thermal interactions
between the mantle, outer and inner cores, and the
resulting structural evolution of the core. In Dehant
et al. (2003), pp. 213–231.
Tackley, P. J., Stevenson, D. J., Glatzmaier, G. A. and
Schubert, G., 1994, Effects of multiple phase transi-
tions in a three-dimensional spherical model of con-
vection in the Earth’s mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 99:
15877–15901.
Takahashi, F., Matsushima, M. and Honkura, Y., 2005,
Simulations of a quasi-Taylor state geomagnetic
field including polarity reversals on the Earth simu-
lator. Science 309: 459–461.
Tarling, D., 1971, Principles and Applications of Palaeomag-
netism. London: Chapman and Hall.
Tarling, D. H., 1989, Archaeomagnetism. In James
(1989), pp. 33–37.
Tatsumoto, M., 1966, Genetic relationships of ocean
basalts as indicated by lead isotopes. Science 153:
1094–1101.
Tatsumoto, M., Knight, R. J. and All
`
egre, C. J., 1973,
Time differences in the formation of meteorites as
determined by the ratio of lead-207 to lead-206.
Science 180: 1279–1283.
Tauxe, L., 2006, Long-term trends in paleointensity: the
contribution of DSDP/ODP submarine basalt glass
collections. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 156: 223–241.
Tera, F., 2003, A lead isotope method for the accurate
dating of disturbed geological systems: numerical
demonstrations, some applications and implica-
tions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67: 3687–3715.
Tera, F., Papanastassiou, D. A. and Wasserburg, G. J.,
1974, Isotopic evidence for a terminal lunar cata-
clysm. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 22: 1–21.
Thatcher, W., 1983, Nonlinear strain buildup and the
earthquake cycle on the San Andreas fault. J. Geophys.
Res. 88: 5893–5902.
Thellier, E. and Thellier, O., 1959, Sur l
0
intensit
´
edu
champ magn
´
etique terrestre dans le pass
´
e histori-
que et g
´
eologique. Ann. Geophys. 15: 285–376.
Tilton, G. R. and Steiger, R. H., 1965, Lead isotopes and
the age of the Earth. Science 150: 1805–1808.
Toon, O. B., Zahnle, K., Morrison, D., Turco, R. P. and
Covey, C., 1997, Environmental perturbations caused
by the impacts of asteroids and comets. Rev. Geophys.
35(1): 41–78.
Tozer, D. C., 1972, The present thermal state of
the terrestrial planets. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 6:
182–197.
Tromp, J., 1993, Support for anisotropy of the Earth’s
inner core from splitting in free oscillation data.
Nature 366: 678–681.
Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G., 2002, Geodynamics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turner, G. M. and Thompson, R., 1981, Lake sediment
record of the geomagnetic secular variation in
Britain during Holocene times. Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc. 65: 703–725.
Utsu, T., 1961, A statistical study of the occurrence of
aftershocks. Geophys. Magazine 30: 521–605.
Utsu, T., 2002, Statistical features of seismicity. In
International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering and
Seismology, ed. W. H. K. Lee. San Diego: Academic
Press. Part A, pp. 719–732.
Van der Voo, R, 1990, Phanerozoic poles from Europe
and North America and comparisons with continen-
tal reconstruction. Rev. Geophys. 28: 167–206.
Van der Voo, R., 1992, Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic,
Tethys and Iapetus Oceans. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Vanyo, J. D., 1991, A geodynamo powered by lunisolar
precession. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 59: 209–234.
Vashchenko, V. Ya., and Zubarev, V. N., 1963, Concern-
ing the Gr ¨uneisen constant. Sov. Phys. Solid State 5:
653–655.
Veizer, J. and Jansen, S. L., 1979, Basement and sedi-
mentary recycling and continental evolution. J. Geol.
87: 341–370.
Veizer, J. and Jansen, S. L., 1985, Basement and sedi-
mentary recycling 2: Time dimension to global
tectonics. J. Geol. 93: 625–643.
Venkataraman, A. and Kanamori, H., 2004, Obser-
vational constraints on the fracture energy of
REFERENCES 511
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
512
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
subduction zone earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res.
109B:5302. doi:10.1029/2003JB002549.
Vidale, J. E., 2001, Peeling back the layers in Earth’s
mantle. Science 294: 313.
Vidale, J. E., Dodge, D. A. and Earle, P. S., 2000, Slow
differential rotation of the Earth’s inner core indi-
cated by temporal changes in scattering, Nature 405:
445–448.
Vidale, J. E. and Earle, P. S., 2000, Fine-scale hetero-
geneity in the Earth’ s inner core, Nature 405:
273–275.
Vidale, J. E., and Hedlin, M. A. H., 2000, Evidence for
partial melt at the core–mantle boundary north of
Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves,
Nature 391: 682–685.
Vine, F. J. and Matthews, D. H., 1963, Magnetic anoma-
lies over ocean ridges. Nature 199: 947–949.
Vinet, P., Ferrante, J., Rose, J. H. and Smith, J. R., 1987,
Compressibility of solids. J. Geophys. Res. 92:
9319–9325.
Vondr
´
ak, J., 1999, Earth rotation parameters, 1899.7–
1992.0, after reanalysis within the Hipparcos frame.
Surveys in Geophys. 20: 169–195.
Wasson, J. T., 1985, Meteorites: Their Record of Early Solar
System History. New York: Freeman.
Watson, E. B. and Harrison, T. M., 2005, Zircon ther-
mometer reveals minimum melting conditions on
earliest Earth. Science 308: 841–844.
Watt, P. J., Davies, G. F. and O’Connell, R. J., 1976,
The elastic properties of composite materials. Rev.
Geophys. Space Phys. 14: 541–563.
Watts, A. B., 2001, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weaver, H. A., Stern, S. A., Mutchler, M. J., Steffl, A. J.,
Buie, M. W., Merline, W. J., Spencer, J. R., Young, E. F.
and Young, L. A., 2006, Discovery of two new satel-
lites of Pluto. Nature 439: 943–945.
Webb, D. J., 1982, Tides and the evolution of the Earth-
Moon system. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 70: 261–271.
Weertman, J. and Weertman, J. R., 1992, Elementary
Dislocation Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wetherill, G. W., 1968, Stone meteorites: time of fall
and origin. Science 159: 79–82.
Wetherill, G. W., 1981, Nature and origin of basin-
forming projectiles. Proc. Lunar Plan. Sci. 12A: 1–18.
Wetherill, G. W., 1985, Asteroidal source of ordinary
chondrites. Meteoritics 20: 1–22.
Whaler, K. A., 1980, Does the whole of the Earth’s core
convect? Nature 287: 528–530.
Wheeler, K. T., Walker, D., Fei, Y., Minarik, W. G., and
McDonough, W. F., 2006, Experimental partitioning
of uranium between liquid iron sulfide and liquid
silicate: implications for radioactivity in the Earth’s
core. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70: 1537–1547.
White, M. L., 1972, Jet streams and the development of
the solar system. Nature Phys. Sci. 238: 104–105.
Wielandt, E., 1987, On the validity of the ray approx-
imation for interpreting delay times. In Nolet, G. (ed.),
Seismic Tomography.Dordrecht:Reidel,pp.8598.
Wiens, D. A. and Stein, S., 1985, Implications of oce-
anic intraplate seismicity for plate stresses, driving
forces and rheology. Tectonophysics 116: 143–162.
Wignall, P. B., 2001, Large igneous provinces and mass
extinctions. Earth Sci. Rev. 53: 1–33.
Williams, G. E., 1990, Tidal rhythmites: key to the his-
tory of the Earth’s rotation and the lunar orbit.
J. Phys. Earth 38: 475–491.
Williams, G. E., 1991, Milankovitch-band cyclicity in
bedded halite deposits contemporaneous with Late
Ordovician–Early Silurian glaciation, Canning Basin,
Western Australia. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 103: 143–155.
Williams, G. E., 2000, Geological constraints on the
preCambrian history of the Earth’s rotation and
the Moon’s orbit. Rev. Geophys. 38: 37–59.
Williams, J. G., Ratcliffe, J. T. and Boggs, D. H., 2004,
Lunar rotation orientation and science. EOS (Trans.
AGU Fall Meeting Supplement) 85(47) F603 (Abstract
G33A-08).
Williams, Q., Revenaugh, J. and Garnero, E., 1998, A
correlation between ultra-low basal velocities in the
mantle and hot spots. Science 281: 546–549.
Willson,R.C.andHudson,H.S.,1991,Thesunslumi-
nosity over a complete solar cycle. Nature 351: 42–44.
Wilson, R. L., 1962, The palaeomagnetism of baked
contact rocks and reversals of the Earth’s magnetic
field. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 7: 194–202.
Wilson, R. L., 1970, Permanent aspects of the Earth’s
non-dipole magnetic field over Upper Tertiary time.
Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 19: 417–437.
Wisdom, J., 1983, Chaotic behaviour and the origin of
the 3/1 Kirkwood gap. Icarus 56: 51–74.
Wolbach, W. S., Lewis, R. S. and Anders, E., 1985,
Cretaceous extinctions: evidence for wildfire and
search for meteoritic material. Science 230: 167–170.
Wood, B. J., 1993, Carbon in the core. Earth Plan. Sci.
Lett. 117: 593–607.
Wood, J. A., 1964, The cooling rates and parent planets
of several iron meteorites. Icarus 3: 429–459.
Woodhouse, J. H., 1983, The joint inversion of seismic
waveforms for lateral variations in Earth structure
and earthquake source parameters. In Kanamori, H.
and Boschi, E. eds. Proceedings of the Enrico Fermi
International School of Physics, 85. Amsterdam: North
Holland, pp. 366–397.
512 REFERENCES
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SDE/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521873628RFA.3D
513
[496–513] 13.3.2008 10:49AM
Woodhouse, J. H, 1988, The calculation of eigenfre-
quencies and eigenfunctions of the free oscillations
of the earth and the sun. In Doornbos, D. J. (ed.),
Physics of the Earth’s Interior. Seismological Algorithms,
London: Academic Press.
Woodhouse, J. H. and Dziewonski, A. M., 1984, Mapping
the upper mantle: three dimensional modelling of
Earth structure by inversion of seismic waveforms.
J. Geophys. Res. 89: 5953–5986.
Woodhouse, J. H., Giardini, D. and Li, X.-D., 1986,
Evidence for inner-core anisotropy from splitting in
free oscillation data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13: 1549–1552.
Xie, S. and Tackley, P. J., 2004, Evolution of helium and
argon isotopes in a convecting mantle. Phys. Earth
Planet. Inter. 146: 417–439.
Xu, F., Vidale, J. E. and Earle, P. S., 2003, Survey of
precursors to P
0
P
0
: fine structure of mantle disconti-
nuities. J. Geophys. Res. 108(B1): 2024. doi:10.1029/
2001JB000817,2003.
Yeganeh-Haeri, A., 1994, Synthesis and reinvestigation
of the elastic properties of magnesium silicate per-
ovskite. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 87: 111–121.
Yin, A., 2000, Mode of east-west extension in Tibet
suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during
the Indo-Asian collision. J. Geophys. Res. 105(B9):
21745–21759.
Yoder, C. F., Konopliv, A. S., Yuan, D. N., Standish, E M.
and Folkner, W. M., 2003, Fluid core size of Mars from
detection of the solar tide. Science 300: 299–303.
Yoshida, M., 2004, Possible effects of lateral viscosity
variations induced by plate tectonic mechanism on
geoid inferred from numerical models of mantle
convection. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 147: 67–85.
Yoshida, S., Sumita, I. and Kumazawa, M., 1996, Growth
model of the inner core coupled with outer core
dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy.
J. Geophys. Res. 101: 28085–28103.
Young, C. J., and Lay, T., 1990, Multiple phase analysis
of the shear velocity structure in the D
00
region
beneath Alaska. J. Geophys., Res. 95: 17385–17402.
Yuan, X. et al. (22 authors), 2000, Subduction and colli-
sion processes in the central Andes constrained by
converted seismic phases. Nature 408: 958–961.
Yukutake, T., 1989, Geomagnetic secular variation:
theory. In James (1989), pp. 578–584.
Yukutake, T. and Tachinaka, T., 1969, Separation of
the Earth’s magnetic field into the drifting and the
standing parts. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo
47: 65–97.
Zeng, Y., 1993, Theory of scattered P- and S-wave
energy in a random isotropic scattering medium.
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 83(4): 1264–1276.
Zhang, J., Song, X., Li, Y., Richards, P. G., Sun, X. and
Waldhauser, F., 2005, Inner core differential motion
confirmed by earthquake waveform doublets. Science
309: 1357–1360.
Zhang, Q., Soon, W. H., Baliunas, S. L., Lockwood,
G. W., Skiff, B. A. and Radick, R. R., 1994, A method
of determining possible brightness variations of
the Sun in past centuries from observations of
solar-type stars. Astrophys. J. 427: L111–L114.
Zhang, Y. S. and Lay, T., 1999, Evolution of oceanic
upper mantle structure. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.
114: 71–80.
Zhang, Y. S. and Tanimoto, T., 1991, Global Love wave
phase velocity variation and it significance to plate
tectonics. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 66: 160–202.
Zhang, Y. S. and Tanimoto, T., 1992, Ridges, hotspots
and their interaction as observed in seismic velocity
maps. Nature 335: 4–49.
Zho, W. et al. (15 authors), 2001, Crustal structure of
central Tibet as derived from Project INDEPTH
wide-angle seismic data. Geophys. J. Int. 145:
486–498.
REFERENCES 513