Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

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PRONOUNS.

187

dat.

ffsfem,

fem.

9skr, -re;

ace.

masc.

ffone, ffene,

neut.

ffaet,

fern.

ffa;

instr.

ffy,

ffe,

ffon

;

plur.

nom.

ffa,

gen.

ff&ra,

dat.

ffgfem. In

LWS.

seo

used

for

;

still later

>e,

J>6o,

take the

place

se,

seo.

338.

The

compound

demonstrative

pronoun

fres,

fem.

ffeos,

neut.

31s,

this,

thus

declined in

the

oldest WS.

MASC.

NEUT.

FBM.

Sing.

N. ffes

ffis

ffeos

ffis(s)es, ffys(s)es

ffisse

(ffeosse,

ffisre)

ffiosum,

ffis(s)um, ffys(s)om

ffisse

(ffeosse, ffisre)

ffiosne, ffisne,

ffysne

ffis

Vas

ffys,

ffis

Plur.

G. ffissa

(ffeossa)

(Yinsmii,

<Vis(s)iiiu,

ffys(s)um

NOTE 1.

the older documents

confined

to the

cases

instanced

above

;

subsequently

it takes the

place

of i in

the other

cases,

accord-

ing

to 22.

NOTE

The declension

in the Ps. is :

sing.

nom.

ffes, ffis,

ffeos

;

gen.

ffisses, ffisse;

dat.

ffissum, fflsse;

ace.

ffeosne,

ffls, ffAs;

plur.

nom.

ffAs,

dat.

(Yissuin

(ffeossum).

North,

sing.

nom.

masc.

ffes,

ffls,

neut.

is,

fem.

'V i

us,

ff ios

;

gen.

ffisses,

fem.

ffisse

;

dat.

ffissum,

ffas-

siini,

fem.

ffisser, ffasser,

ffaesser

;

ace. masc.

ffiosne,

neut.

ffis,

fem.

ffAs;

instr.

ffis, ffisse, ffissa;

plur.

neut.

ffAs,

dat.

ffissum,

ffassum.

NOTE

3. In LWS. the

gen.

dat.

sing.

fem. and

gen. plur.

occur as

Jissere, J>issera.

NOTE

4. This

pronoun

was

originally

formed

the addition

particle,

-se,

-si

Goth,

sa!,

OHG.

se,

behold),

to the

case

forms

of the

simple

demonstrative.

In OE. this formation

only

recognized

in such

forms

ffe-s,

ffeo-s

(cf.

North,

ffe, ffiu,

337. note

2),

ffa-s,

since the

particle

first became

incorporated

with the

pronoun,

and then

partook

its

inflection

throughout.

NOTE 5. The

pronoun

jener,

Goth,

julns,

scarcely

survives

OE.

;

an isolated to

geonre

byrg

(Cura

Past.,

443.

25)

the

only

occurrence

known.

From

the same

root

are, however,

derived the adverbs

geond

(giend,

gind), through;

begeondan,

beyond,

etc.

339.

The

pronoun

identity

is se

ilca

(illca),

the

same,

which

is declined

like a weak

adjective.

The

equivalent

"ipse"

EWS. self

(seolf,

sielf,

sylf),

which

may

either declension.

188

INFLECTION.

NOTE, se seolfa

anciently

meant

only

"he

himself";

not till

late

did

acquire

the

signification

the

same."

LWS. ilca

is some-

times

strong.

Relatives.

340. OE.

has

no relative

pronoun.

Its

place

sup-

plied

either

the

simple

demonstrative

se,

se>>, eraet,

or the

particle

are,

alone or in

combination with

demonstrative.

NOTE,

se,

s6o, ffaet,

can of course

refer

only

to the third

person.

ffe

but seldom

stands alone

;

usually

refers to an

antecedent demon-

strative

se, seo,

ffaet.

This demonstrative

frequently

occupies

posi-

tion

immediately

before

the

ffe

(se

ffe,

seo

ffe,

neut.

anciently

ffaette,

subsequently

analyzed

into

ffaet

ffe),

though

belongs,

grammatically,

to the

preceding

sentence.

Less

frequent

is the combination with a

personal pro-

noun,

which is then

appended

to the

are : are

he,

who

;

afe

his,

whose

;

8Fe

him,

whom,

etc.

;

even

double forma-

tions,

ffe

his,

etc.,

occur. If

the

relative

refers

the

first or

second

person,

either

simple

are

(ic

. . .

are,

a>u

. . .

are,

aru

are,

etc.)

the

personal pronoun

fol-

lows

them,

described

above

are

ic,

/ who

;

fre

we,

we who

;

are

tisic,

whom,

etc.

Interrogatives.

341.

The

simple

interrogative

hwa,

hwaet

Goth.

hwas,

has

only

developed

masc.

and

neut.

sing.

The

neut.

hwaet

(North,

also

huaed,

huaetd),

with a

fol-

lowing

genitive,

e.g.

hwaet

niQima,

signifies

"what

sort

of a."

MASC.

NKCT.

Sing.

hwa

hwaet

hwaes

hwaem,

hwdm

hwone

hwaet

hwy,

hwi

PRONOUNS.

189

NOTE. Besides

hwone

(rarely

hwane),

hwaene is also

found,

cf.

65.

note

second

form

the

instr.,

hwon

(hwan),

met with

only

in adverbial

phrases

hwon,

for

hwon,

why,

etc.

;

third,

h6,

only

in the

character of

adverb,

how."

342.

Of the

strong

adjective

declension

are

hwaeSFer,

which

two

? and

the

compounds

hiilic,

what sort

and hwilc

(hwylc,

hwelc,

Ps.

hwelc,

North,

huoelc,

huaelc),

which

(from

hwi-lfc,

hwa-lfc)

The correla-

tive

the latter

swilc, swylc, swelc,

such

(North.

suoelc,

Goth,

swaleiks).

Indefinites.

343.

The

indefinite

pronoun

"some

one"

expressed

sum,

which is

declined

like a

strong adjective.

negative

and

interrogative

sentences,

the

interrogatives

hwa, hwaearer, hwelc,

may

used as

indefinites.

Most

the other indefinites

are

formed

by composition.

344.

The

indeclinable

-hwega

(-hwiga,

-hwuga;

-hwegu, -hwigu, -liwugu, -hugu,

North,

-hwoegu,

-hwogu)

used

to form

the

compounds

hwaethwega,

anything,

aethwega,

somewhat,

forhwaega,

forhwaga,

least, huhwega,

hi'ihugu,

somewhere

about,

and

the

substantive

and

adjective

hwilchwega,

anyone.

The

same

meaning

expressed

ndthwa, ndthwilc,

pro-

perly

know not who."

"Anything"

likewise

rendered

awiht,

dwiht

(dwuht,

duht,

dht

;

<5wuht,

6bt;

OHG.

eowiht).

345.

Indefinite relatives

are formed from the inter-

rogatives by

swa-swa: swa hwa

swa,

sw^a

hw^aeffer

swii,

swa

hwilc

swa, whoever,

etc.,

the latter

of which

contract

to swaecTer

(swaffer)

and

swylc.

190

INFLECTION.

346.

One

two

(Lat.

alteruter)

ahwaeQ'er

(dliwseffer,

awfter,

dwflfer;

duffer, after,

dffor),

which

mostly

confined

negative

sentences. Of similar

formation

are

aliwa,

anyone

;

aliwaet,

anything

;

ahwilc,

whatsoever.

347.

Each

denoted

selc

(elc,

Ps.

ylc(?),

North.

<felc)

;

besides

sethwa, gewha,

each

(only

as a substan-

tive,

but inflected

sometimes

fern.,

cf.

341),

gehwae<yer,

both;

gehwilc,

each

(also

aura

gehwilc), SQmhwylc,

some

one,

(ge)welhwylc,

each;

and

the

strengthened

forms

seghwa,

aeghwaeffer

(segflFer),

jfeghwilc,

6ghwa,

^ghwilc,

Ps. North,

ceghwa,

etc.

NOTE 1. This

prefixed

sfe, ce,

corresponds

to the Goth,

alw,

OHG.

eo,

(174.

3),

and is umlauted from

A, 6,

the

of the

which

originally

followed

(cf.

OHG.

eo-gi-hwelih,

etc.).

NOTE

From

the

strengthened

gfefre

sfelc,

is derived the

modern

Eng.

every;

g&lcuht

for

afelcwuht,

everything,

occurs Oros. 113. 26.

348.

"any"

corresponds

OE.

afenig;

North.

nilil

also

found,

probably arising

from

composition

of an

with

wiht,

wuht,

thing

(cf.

2).

Neither

represented

ndhwgeffer,

n6hwae-

ffer

(nawffer, ndwiffer,

ndffer);

"none"

nan, naenig;

"nothing"

nawiht,

ndwiht

(ndwnht,

nauht, iiaht;

u6wuht, ndht,

nau^ing,

nanwiht, uanuht,

North, also

1 a"

-ni

lit.

Cf.

1).

349.

"Such"

usually

denoted

swelc

(swilc,

swylc),

cf.

342;

sometimes also

fryslic,

ffuslic

(likewise

assimilated to

ffyllic,

ffullic),

rarely

ffaeslic,

but

only

demonstrative

signification,

never as a

correlative.

CONJUGATION.

101

PART

II.

-CONJUGATION.

In General.

350. The

OE. verb

has the

following

forms

Only

one

independently

developed

voice

the active.

Of the

medial

passive

still extant

Gothic there

re-

mains

only

the

single

form

hdtte,

with the

plur.

hdtton

(367.

note)

. With

this

exception,

the

passive

is formed

means

of the

auxiliary

verbs

boii,

wesan

(427),

rarely

weor9"an.

Two tenses

: a

present,

and a

general

tense

past

time,

which

call

the

preterit.

The

place

the

future

(for

be"on see

427)

generally

supplied by

the

present,

rarely

formed

means

of the

auxiliary

verb

sculan.

Two

complete

modes

: an

indicative

and an

opta-

tive

(more

frequently

called

subjunctive),

besides an

imperative,

which is

only

used

the

present.

Two numbers

singular

and

plural.

Three verbal nouns: a

present

infinitive,

present

participle

with

active

meaning,

and a

past

participle

with

passive meaning,

to which

must be

added

iso-

lated

LWS.

gerundive,

like t6

d6nde,faciendus.

351.

Germanic

verbs

are

divided

into two

principal

classes,

according

the formation

the

preterit

Strong

Verbs. These form

their

preterit

either

the so-called

ablaut,

that

is,

variation

the

radical

192

INFLECTION.

vowel,

like Goth,

binda,

bind,

band,

I bound

(ablaut

verbs) ;

reduplication

the

radical

syllable,

which,

however,

does

not

exclude

ablaut,

Goth.

haita,

call, haihait,

called

;

16ta,

let, lailtit,

/ did

let

(reduplicating

verbs).

Weak Verbs. These form their

preterit by

the

addi-

tion of

the

syllable

-da, -ta,

the end

(dental

preterit):

e.g.,

Goth,

nasja,

save, kaba,

have, salbd,

anoint,

pret.

nasida, habaida,

salbtfda

; bugja,

buy, pret.

baiihta,

etc.

The

weak

verbs

again

fall into three

classes

(see

398).

Besides these two main

divisions

there

are

certain

smaller

groups,

concerning

which see

417

ff.

I. Personal

Endings

General.

352.

The

endings

the

strong

verbs

PRESENT.

Indicative.

Optative.

Imperative.

Sing.

-u,

-o

;

-e \

Sing.

-es,

-est >

-e

Plur.

-an

-eff

)

-a

Plur.

-aflf

-en,

-an,

-on.

Infinitive:

-an

Participle:

-cnde

PRETERIT.

Indicative.

Optative.

Sing.

-e

[

-e

)

Plur.

-un,

-on,

-an

-en

Participle:

-en

(-on).

NOTE.

For

passive

forms

see 367. 2.

CONJUGATION.

193

353.

The

endings

the

weak

verbs,

Class

and II.

(for

those

of III.

see

the

complete

paradigm,

415)

Indicative.

II.

Sg.

-u,

-o

;

-e

-lu, -lo,

-i(g)e

-es,

-est

-as,

-ast

-e -aff

Plur.

-aff

-i(ge)aff

PRESENT.

Optative.

Imperative.

I. II.

Sg.2.

-e,

-a

PI.

-an

-l(ge)an

-aF

-l(ge)aff

-en

-l(g)en

Infinitive:

-an;

II.

-l(ge)an

Participle:

-ende;

II.

-l(g)ende

PRETERIT.

Indicative.

Sing.

-de

-ties,

-dest

-de

Plur.

-dun, -don,

-dan

-den

Participle:

-ed

(-t)

;

II.

-od

(-ad).

354.

The

endings

the

strong

verbs,

and of

the first

class of

weak

verbs,

are the same

throughout

the

pres-

ent,

with

the

exception

the

sing.

imp.

(cf.

362).

The second

class

weak verbs

has the

same

consonants,

but

different

vowels.

Moreover,

the

endings

the

plur.

ind.

are identical

in all

verbs;

and the

same

true of

the whole

pret.

opt.,

except

that,

both

cases,

allowance

must

be made

for the

preceding

d, t,

the

weak

verbs.

NOTE.

For the

preteritive presents,

which form their

present

like a

strong

preterit,

and from

this

present

form a

weak

preterit,

see

417

;

for

the anomalous

conjugation

of verbs

in -ml see

426

ff.

355.

The

1st

sing.

pres.

ind. ends

in the Ps.

in -u

(more

rarely

-o,

very

seldom

-e),

North,

-o

(Class

II.

weak verbs

-a,

-iga)

;

ancient

Kent,

charters

-u,

-o,

are found

along

with

-e,

the latter

finally

triumph-

194 INFLECTION.

ing;

WS.,

with but few

exceptions,

-e

the

pre-

vailing

termination

Ps.

bindu, nergu, seecu,

ftrdwiu

;

North,

bindo, n^rgo, soeco,

8rr<5w(ig)a

;

WS.

binde,

nerge, s6ce,

<0Fr<Swi(g)e.

NOTE

1. The older -u

retained

WS.

contract

forms

seo,

tfeo,

s!6a

(373 ft.),

from

*sehu, *tihu,

*slahu

(according

111

ff.).

NOTE 2.

Apocope

of the

final

vowel

sometimes takes

place

before

the

pronoun

Ic,

especially

in the

phrase

wnlc,

ween,

for

w6ne

;

North,

forgeldlg,

wlllic,

for

forgeldu

ic,

wlllo

ic,

etc.

(cf.

4O9.

note

2).

356.

The

oldest

form

of the

ending

of the

sing,

pres.

ind. is

-is,

usually

-es

(Goth,

-is, -eis),

e.g.

bindes,

hilpes;

the

II.

weak

conjugation

-as

(Goth. -<5s),

e.g.

sealfas

;

that of

the 2d

sing.

pret.

ind. of

weak

verbs

-des, -tes,

e.g.

neredes,

sdhtes.

These

forms

frequently

prevail

the oldest

texts,

almost to

the exclusion

others,

but are

afterwards

supplanted by

-est, -ast,

-dest.

NOTE.

Simple

-8 seems to

hold its

place

longest

Kent.;

for

example,

it is still

the normal

ending

the

Kent. Glosses.

The -st

establishes itself first in

the

monosyllabic

forms

of contract

verbs

(373 ff.),

and the

verbs in

-ml

(427

ff.).

For the

origin

this final

-t cf.

202. 6. In

EWS.

the

final

group

-sff is

very

common

bindesff,

n^resff, eardasff,

tseldesff,

etc.

(cf.

196).

357.

The

normal

ending

the 3d

sing.

pres.

ind.

strong

verbs,

and of

the first class of weak

verbs,

-ear,

from

former -it!

Goth,

-i]?,

-eip),

which

often

retained

-ith,

-it,

the oldest Mss. like

Ep.

On the

contrary,

the

ancient

texts

often

have

-id,

-ed

(perhaps

clerical

errors,

judged

the

light

199.

note),

and

likewise

-et,

which

sometimes retained

afterward

(e.g.,

frequently

Kent.

Gl.).

North,

-es

(-aes,

-as,

-ae?T,

-aff)

disputes

the

predominance

with

-eff;

WS.

Kent.

Ps.

bindeff

(for

bint,

see

359.

3),

North.

bindeS,

-es,

-aes,

-as,

-se?F,

-aff,

etc.

CONJUGATION.

195

358. In

the

2d and

sing.

ind.

of the verbs

just

mentioned,

the

of the termination

-es(t),

-ear is fre-

quently syncopated.

regards

this

syncopation,

there

are. marked

discrepancies

the various dialects

and

documents.

NOTE 1. In

the oldest

WS.

Mss.,

like Cura

Past.,

syncope

has

already

assumed

prominence.

At a

later

period

the fuller

etymological

forms

frequently

occur

;

such

are

st^ndeS

, fealleff, bl6weff,

for

older

ste^nt,

flelff, blwff,

etc.

(see

also

371.

note).

likewise common

Kent.,

being

the

rule in the

Kent. Gl.

the other

hand,

is as

good

unknown in the Ps. and

North.,

and

its absence

a valuable

character-

istic of these dialects.

359. The

following

rules

apply

when,

consequence

syncope,

radical

final

consonants are

brought

into

contact with

the

-s(t),

-ar,

the

ending.

Gemination

simplified

wiiman,

winst,

winS

;

feallaii, flelst,

fieiar

;

liliehhaii, hliehst,

hliehSf

; yppan,

ypst,

ypar

(ypt).

before

-s(t)

usually

converted

to t:

findaii,

fiiitst

(findst)

;

stQndan,

st^ntst

(st^ndst)

;

ondr&dan,

ondntst

;

dropped

fiiist,

st^nst.

before

-s(t)

and

-ar

frequently

becomes

(but

c after

n),

especially

later

Mss. :

stigan, stigst

and

stfhst,

stigar

and

stihar

(214.

l).

Before

these

endings

occasionally

con-

verted

the later texts.

and t

are

fused with the Or of

the

termination

which often

becomes

after

vowels:

fiiidan,

flnt;

berstan, birst; bidan,

bit, bftt;

etan, it, itt;

weak

x/iidan.

s^iit;

fsestan,

fsest

(EWS.

likewise

faesff,

according

196)

;

gre"taii,

g;rt

;

bw^ttan,

hw^tt,

etc.

passes

into

before

st and

LWS.

se'can,

tsfecan,

SFryccan,

sing,

selist,

ttthst,

ffryhst,

sing.

seliflF,

tttbac,

STryhS

;

though

the

etymological

spelling

cst,

car

frequently

retained.

196 INFLECTION.

NOTE 1. That

cst,

cff

was

pronounced

hst,

hff

LWS. is shown

the

occasional

substitution of

cff

for

older

hff

and

gff,

as in

gefficff,

afecff

;

flicff, forswylcff.

ff is

always

simplified

after

consonants,

and

usually

after

vowels

weoraran,

wierfr

;

cweffan,

cwifF

;

cy^an,

cfff(ff}.

Before

-s(t),

either

becomes

siiitVan, snftst,

dropped

when

preceded

a con-

sonant

weorflfan,

wierst.

often

becomes

ce'osan,

cfest

;

weaxan,

wiext

(EWS.

also

wiexOF,

according

196).

In like

manner

yppan

yields

ypt,

and

flon,

flfht;

but

the

uniformly

remains after

c : wiercS

ffyucff, lycfr,

etc.

NOTE 2. In

consequence

of the contraction

of s

st,

the

2d and

pres.

sing,

often become identical.

360.

All

three

persons

of the

plur. pres.

ind.,

to-

gether

with

the 2d

plur. imp.,

end

-aft

(for

*-an9"

;

cf.

Goth.

-and).

The older

Mss. have

now and then

-at,

-ad

(cf.

357)

;

in North,

the

-aff

interchanges

with

-as

(-aes, -es,

-seKJ

-eft)

bindaff,

North,

bindas,

etc.

But should

one

of the

pronouns

stand

immediately

after the

verb,

a shorter

ending

-e

fre-

quently

takes

the

place

of -a8f:

binde

we,

binde

ge,

along

with

we,

bindaff

(and

bindaar

we, ge).

manner,

there occur abbreviated

forms

the

1st and 2d

plur.

pret.

ind.,

especially

of the

preteritive

presents,

e.g.,

mdte

we,

cfurfe

we,

c6me

ge,

sdhte

ge,

with -e

instead of

-o,

-u.

NOTE.

The latter forms

are still

preserved

in North.

e.g.,

walla

we,

will;

nutu

-we,

Icnow

not;

emblgto

we,

ice have

served;

maga

ge,

you

can;

nuutu

gle,

you

know

not;

sal do

;

along

with

-1,

-e,

frequent

the

plur.

plaegde ge,

haefdi

ge,

nuti

ge,

oncneugi ge,

etc. This

apocope

was

originally

confined

final

-n,

that

is,

affected

only

the

preterit

and the

adhortative

forms

the

present

(-an

and

optatival -en,

the latter

specially

employed

in the