Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

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DECLENSION

ADJECTIVES.

177

the

adverb

wel.

The

vowels ae and a

are

interchanged

without

apparent

cause

(h)rae3'e

and

(hjraffe,

quickly

;

smaele and

smale,

comparative

smaelor. In

LWS.

occurs

heage,

high,

instead

the

older

lu' ah

316.

Adverbs

another

class,

frequently

employed

instead

the

foregoing,

side

with

them,

are

formed

composition

of the

simple

adjective

stem

with

-lice: hearde and

heardlice,

s6tfe and

sd<51ice,

sweotule

and

sweotullice.

This mode of formation

subsequently

becomes

the

predominant

one.

317. Some

adverbs,

part

without

corresponding

adjectives,

have the termination

-a :

fela,

very,

ge"ara,

formerly,

gfena,

again,

geostra,

yesterday,

gfeta

(also

giet),

yet,

singala

(also

singale

and

singales),

alivays,

soua,

soon,

tela, teala,

properly,

and

the

numeral adverbs

tuwa,

acriwa

(331).

318.

Adverbs

are

formed

from

adjectives,

and

rarely

from other

words,

means

the terminations

-unga,

-enga,

-inga.

Examples

dearnunga,

secretly

;

eallunga,

entirely

;

awimga,

publicly

;

eorriiiga,

ierr-

inga,

angrily

;

lidlinga,

secretly

;

\v6niiiga,

perhaps.

NOTE.

The three

endings frequently

interchange

with

each

other

the

same

word,

without

causing

any

modification of the radical

syllable.

The

greater

number

exhibit u-umlaut of the stem

vowel

;

I-umlaut of

the

radical

syllable

rare,

unless the basic word

already

had the

umlaut:

e.g.,

jeninga

and

dnunga,

&ninga,

entirely;

s^mninga

and

sQmnunga,

suddenly.

319.

The

oblique

cases

adjectives

are

sometimes

employed

adverbs.

Accusatives

this sort are

l^t,

l^tel,

little,

geiidg,

enough,

yrn,

gef

yrn,

formerly,

full,

fully,

h^ah,

high,

ungemet,

immoderately

;

and those

178 INFLECTION.

-weard,

upweard,

stiafweard

;

genitives

ealles,

altogether,

nealles

(nalles,

nalas,

nalaes,

nals),

not at

all, lles, otherwise,

micles,

very,

simbles, singales,

always

;

SFweores,

perversely,

orc^apes,

gratis,

grapes,

wide, st^apes,

high,

unwares,

unawares,

^ndemes(t),

equally,

sQmt^nges,

together,

nihtl<jnges,

all

night long,

ungewisses,

unconsciously,

l^tes-, little,

hwsetlmgu-

ningas, somewhat,

ungem^tes,

immoderately

;

several

-weardes,

-wards,

upweardes,

stiffweardes

;

others

with a

prepositional prefix

ttfgegnes,

against,

t6-

middes,

in the

midst;

finally,

datives

miclum,

very,

l^tlum,

little.

320.

nouns,

it is

especially

the

gen.

and

instr.

sing,

and

the

dat. instr.

plur.

that are

employed

as adverbs

the

genitive,

for

example,

daeges,

by day,

nihtes,

night, (im^Qnces, (uri)willingly,

willes,

gewealdes,

willingly,

and

their

compounds

; ndades,

nfedes, needs,

healfes,

on the

side, instaepes,

immediately

;

the instru-

mental

fdcne,

very,

sa>e

(earlier

ssfere,

with

i-um-

laut,

cf.

237.

note

2),

sore

;

the

dat.

plur.,

especially

compounds

ending

-maelum,

dropmaelum,

drop

drop,

stundmselum,

time

after

time.

NOTE.

Adverbial

phrases,

consisting

preposition

followed

genitive,

now and then occur :

ffefenes,

till

evening

;

n6nes,

till

noon;

uhtcs,

toward

dawn;

geflites,

emulously.

Of a similar

character

are h6

gerddes,

how;

hfi

g6ares,

what

time

year;

ineta,

low;

hti

nyta,

wherefore.

Cf.

phrases

sfenige

ffinga,

somehow;

nafenige

91nga,

not at

all;

hfiru

ffinga,

especially.

321.

Adverbs of

place

denote

rest

in a

place,

motion

towards,

and

motion

from a

place.

The

most

important

are the

following:

DECLENSION OF

ADJECTIVES.

179

WHERE?

(LWS.

>Ar),

there

hwsfer

(LWS.

hwar),

where

h^r,

here

inne,

iniian,

within

ute,

utiiii,

without

uppe,

uppan,

above

iifan,

above

neoffan,

below

foran,

before

liiiuhui,

behind

east

west

north

south

feorra,n,far

nrali, noli,

near

WHITHEB

ffider

(EWS.

ffaeder,

ffaedres)

hwider

hider

(hid

res,

hide

re)

in(n)

up(p),

up(p)

niffor

'forff

hinder

last

west

norff

feor(r)

near

WHENCE

iVniian

heonan,

nine

ufan

hindan

eastan

westan

norffan

siV.Yan

feorran

in'-an

NOTE 1.

In North,

the adverbs in -an lose

their

final

-n:

<V(iim,

hwQna,

ufa,

etc.

On the other

hand,

these adverbs

sometimes take a

fuller form in -ane

(Qne)

in WS.

NOTE 2. From hwsfer are

also formed

gehwsfer

;

sfeghwsfer, dgeh-

\vsfer;

( ge)

welhwafer,

\velgeh\v8fer,

everywhere;

ah\vsfer,

dwer,

6\ver,

anywhere

; naliwser,

nowhere.

Emphatic

forms of

ffsfer

and Inva'-r

are

Va i-a and

Invura.

Peculiar

form

are the adverbs

hidenofer, hither,

and

geonofer,

thither.

Comparison

Adverbs.

322.

rule,

adverbs

admit of

comparison except

those derived

from

adjectives,

their

comparative

and

superlative being

identical

with

those

the corre-

sponding

adjectives

-or,

-ost

e.g.,

heardor,

heardost,

strQngor,

strongest,

l^oflicor,

l^oflicost.

From seldan

is formed

comparative

seldnor

(seldor)

and

superla-

tive

seldost,

and from hider

the

comparative

hideror,

nearer.

323. A

few adverbs

have,

as a

comparative,

peculiar

monosyllabic

form

without the termination

of the

com-

180 INFLECTION.

parative,

but

generally

distinguished

from

the

positive

i-umlaut.

These are

bt,

better,

wiers,

wyrs,

worse,

md, mse, more, lss, less,

ser,

earlier,

sitf,

later, fierr,

farther,

l$ng,

longer,

ne"ar, nyr, nearer,

sel

(Early

Kent.

North,

ssel),

better,

$nd

(Goth,

andis),

before,

formerly,

tylgr,

willingly,

s6ft,

softer,

lets,

easier. To

some

these no

corresponding

positives

are found.

NOTE

L These

adverbs

correspond

the Goth,

adverbs

-Is,

-s,

batls,

-sei>s

;

the

ending

-is, -s,

is lost

according

to 144

;

182.

NOTE

From

le,ng

formed the

compound l^nglffra

(from iQiig-

life),

which

accordingly

has double

comparison.

A similar

example

mdfealdra, comparative

mQiilgfeald.

The

superlative

forest,

first,

very rarely

contracted to gfest.

Numerals.

Cardinals.

324.

The first

three

numerals are declinable

all

cases

and

genders

sin is declined like a

strong adjective,

according

the

paradigm

gdd

(293.

2),

the ace.

sing.

masc.

usually

taking

the short-stemmed

form

senne,

later

dime,

and

the

instr. sene as

well

ne.

Plural forms

are found

with

the

meaning "only,"

and

the

phrases

6na

gehwylc,

each

one,

fine

fe"awa

worda,

few

words,

due

you

Hainan to

jinuiu

amlh&ifdiiiu

(Cod.

Dipl.

V.,

153).

The weak

declension

employed

when

the

word

signifies

"alone."

MASC. NEUT.

FEM.

N.A.

twegen tfi,

twa twa

t\eeg(e)a,

twfcgra

D. t

\v;i-in.

NOTE 1.

So is

declined

begen, beggen,

both:

fern,

ba,

neut.

bfi,

gen.

beg(r)a,

dat.

btem,

bam. The

monosyllabic

forms of

these

two

NUMERALS.

181

words

are often used

conjointly:

masc. fern.

twa,

neut.

bfi t6

(btitwu,

also

b6ta),

dat. bam

twain.

For

twegen,

Kent,

and

Rush,

also

have

twaegen;

the North,

irregular, begen

has

03 in

Early

Kent.

North.

gen. b&ga,

dat. bdem

(along

with

ba'in),

perhaps

relics of

original

duals

(cf.

Kent,

twcfentlg,

twenty,

OE.

twgntig

twentig,

contracted from

*twJem

tigum).

The

original quantity

the

twegen, begen,

long

;

ME. it

decidedly

short

(Orrm

has

tweggen),

and

perhaps

LWS.

MASC.

NEUT.

FEM.

N.A.

ffri,

ffrfe,

(ffry)

ffreo

iVivorn

ffrim

(ffreom)

NOTE 2.

The

length

of the

in (Trim

rendered

certain,

at least as

regards

the

North.,

the

fact

gemination.

North, the nom. of

all

genders

ffrio,

ffrfa, Urea,

the

gen.

ffreana.

325.

The

numbers

from

19,

when

attributively

used,

are

not

generally

inflected

(numerous

exceptions

North.).

They

are:

flower;

fff;

siex, six;

seofon;

eahta;

nigon;

10.

tfen, ty"n;

11.

$ndleofan,

ellefan

;

12.

tw^lf

;

13.

ffrftene,

ffrittene

;

14-19.

flower-, fff-,

siex-,

seofon-, eahta-,

nigontfene

(-t^ne,

-t^ne).

these

numbers stand

themselves,

they

are

in-

flected

according

to the

i-declension

;

e.g.,

nom.

ace.

fife,

gen.

fifa,

dat. fffum.

NOTE. Other WS.

and dialectic forms are:

North,

feuer,

for;

WS.

syx,

siox, seox,

seax,

North, sex

;

WS.

seofan, seofen,

siofon,

North,

seofo,

seofa,

slofu

;

North,

aehto, fflhtowe,

aehta

;

WS.

nlgan,

nigen,

neogon,

North,

nfone;

North.

ta, t6o, t6n;

WS.

^ndlufan,

V"<llnfoii,

^ndlyfon,

^ndlyfan,

aenlufon,

North,

eellefne;

North.

twoslf

;

WS.

ffreot(t)yne.

The inflected numerals of North, have

the

nom. ace.

plur.

feuero,

fffo, sexo,

seofona,

nigona,

tno, aellefbo,

tuoelfo.

326.

The

even

tens

from

20 to 60

are

formed

join-

ing

the

syllable

-tig

Goth,

tigus, decade)

the

corre-

sponding

unit

;

those

from

to 120 in

the

same

manner,

182

INFLECTION.

but

with

hund

prefixed

(though

is sometimes

lost

the later

language).

They

are:

20.

tw^ntig

(twoentig

L.,

twcegentig

)

;

30.

ffrftig,

ffrittig

;

40.

Jteowertig

(f^ortig

Kit.)

;

50.

ffftig

;

60.

siextig

(sexdig,

-deih

L.)

;

70.

hundseofontig

;

80.

hundeahtatig,

hundeah-

tig;

90.

Imndiiigontig ;

100.

hund,

hundte"ontig

(hun(d)te'antig

Rit.)

;

110.

hund^ndleofantig,

hun(d)endlyftig,

(hundselleftig,

Cura

Past.)

;

120.

hundtw^lftig.

These numbers are

originally

neuter

nouns,

and fol-

lowed

the

genitive

;

but

they

also

occur

adjectives

comparatively early period.

Occasionally they

form

gen.

-es

sing.

(frittiges, fiftiges,

etc.

;

but

have also

gen.

-tiga, -tigra,

dat.

-tigum,

and

are

some-

times

indeclinable.

327.

Along

with

hundte"ontig

there likewise exists

WS. neut.

hundred,

North,

hundraff,

-eft,

denote

100.

The numbers 200-900

are formed

with hund : tu

hund,

afre"o

hund,

etc.

(more rarely

hundred)

;

both

compo-

nents

admit of

declension. 1000

expressed by

the

neut.

afusend,

gen.

ffusendes

;

its

plur.

SFusendu,

-o

(-e),

gen.

-da,

dat. -dum

;

the

adjectival

gen.

plur.

-dra

also

occurs,

and

the

word

sometimes remains

un-

inflected.

Ordinals.

328.

The

ordinals

corresponding

are

forma,

for-

mesta,

fyrmesta,

fyrest(a), serest(a)

;

to 2 are

defer,

aefterra

;

the

remaining

ones are

ffridda

(North.

arirda,

(Tirdda);

f6owerffa, f<5orffa;

flfta;

siexta,

sixta, syxta

(siesta,

sesta

L.,

sexta

)

;

eahteo<JFa,

ehteoffa,

eahtege9"a;

nigoafa,

nigeoSfa;

10.

t^ofra,

teogeafa

(teigara

L.)

;

11.

ellefta, ^ndlefta,

NUMERALS.

183

ejidleofeara,

sendlyfta,

aendlefta,

aenlyfte,

^ndlyfta,

endleofta

(sellefta

)

;

12.

twetfta.

13-19

have

-t^offa,

-tdogefra,

-teg(e)ara

;

20-120,

-tiogoara,

-tigoffa,

-tegara, -tigaFa,

-tiga

twentigoara,

twntiga,

etc.

No ordinals

are formed

corresponding

hund,

hun-

dred,

and

afusend,

periphrasis

being employed

instead.

Occasionally

the

cardinals

are used

where

should

expect

ordinals.

Combined

numbers

either have the

second numeral an

ordinal,

an and

tw^ntigofta,

etc.,

(chiefly, perhaps

entirely,

confined to

Beda)

the

ordinal

the

unit

followed

e"ac

and

the dat. of

the

cardinals

denoting

the

tens: ffridda

e"ac

twentigum,

23nZ;

siexta e"ac

ffftigum,

56A,

etc.

All ordinals

are declined

like weak

adjectives (304),

with

the

exception

<52Fer,

which

belongs

the

strong

adjective

declension.

Other Numerals.

329. In

OE. there

are

only

relics of former distribu-

tives. "One

one" is rendered

tfenlfpige;

"two

two,"

getwinne

or twsem

and

twsfcm;

"three

three,"

3frim and afrim

;

four

four,"

flower

and flower

;

"thousand

thousand,"

Kfiisendfealde

or artisendum

and arusendum.

With Goth,

tweihnai

are allied the

forms

twfh and

twe"onum in

phrases

mid unc

twfh,

between

two;

be seem

twe"onum,

between the seas.

commonly they

unite

with

the

preposition

l>e

to form the

compound preposition

betwfh,

betweoh,

bet(w)uli,

betwuht,

and

betwfnum,

betwonum,

-an,

between

(North,

also

betwfn,

betwlen),

between.

In a

similar manner

has arisen

preposition

betwix,

be-

tweox(n),

betwux(n),

betwiux,

betux,

between

(cf.

OHG.

untar

/.uiskdiu).

184

INFLECTION.

NOTE. Besides

the dative

phrases given

above,

accusative is

found,

Oros.

68. 23 :

Anno, and

Anne.

330.

Multiplicatives

are formed

adding

the

adjec-

tive

-feald to

the

cardinals

: anf

eald,

twiofeald

(twie-,

twi-, twyfeald),

ftrifeald, mqnigfeald,

etc.

331.

numeral adverbs

answer to

the

question

"how

often?"

only

the

following

are

use :

sfene,

once;

tuwa

(twiwa,

twywa, twuwa,

twuga),

twice;

and

SFriwa,

<3Frywa, Sfriga,

thrice.

Those

from

higher

num-

bers,

as well

alternatives

those

just

named,

are

formed

periphrastically by

means

sffF,

journey,

time

sne

sfffa

(later

sfffe),

once;

twsfem, SFrfm,

sfJTum,

etc.

;

likewise

on .viiiic

siSF,

etc.

NOTE. The

first, second,

third

time,"

etc.,

expressed

forman,

offre, ffriddan, siffe,

etc.

Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

without Distinction

Gender.

FIRST PERSON. SECOND PERSON.

332.

Sing.

ic,

ffu,

ffu

niin

Win

me,

ffe,

ffe

mec, me,

ffec, flfe,

ffe

Dual

wit,

wit

git, git

G. uncer

Incer

unc Inc

uiicii

unc

Inc

it,

inc

Plur. N.

we,

ge, ge, gie

nser,

ure eow^er

D. MS

f'OIV

nsic,

eowic,

eow

NOTB 1. In

we,

ge,

etc.,

the

length

of the

vowel

is established

gemination

and

accent in

the

Mss.,

but

cf.

121.

PRONOUNS. 185

NOTE 2.

The

North, forms of the dat. ace. are

me, mec,

inch

; 8Fe,

ffec,

9eh;

plur.

fisic,

fisig,

usih,

and

iuih,

iuli

(ivigh

Rit.)

;

gen. plur.

6ser,

fiserra,

fisra

; luer,

luerra

;

Ps.

fir,

6ower.

From

formed,

prefixing

the

negative

ne,

compound nic(c),

the sense

of "no."

Reflexive

Pronouns.

333.

independent

reflexive

pronoun

longer

exists

in OE.

its stead

are

employed

the corre-

sponding

forms

of the

third

personal

pronoun

(334).

Pronouns

the

Third

Person.

MASC.

NBUT.

FEM.

334.

Sing.

(he)

hit

heo, hie,

G. his

hiere,

hire,

byre

D. him

hiere, hire,

hyre

hi(e)ne

hit

luV

hi,

heo

Plur. N. A.

hie, heo,

(hig)

hiera,

hira

(hyra)

;

heora

(heara)

him,

NOTE.

In North, the

dat.

sing.

fern,

(more

rarely

the

gen.)

hlr;

heara

peculiar

to the

Ps. and

North.

Possessive*.

335. The

possessives

are

formed

from

the stems

the

personal

pronouns

the

first

and

second

persons,

and

from that

of the

lost reflexive:

mfn,

mine;

8Ffn,

thine

;

sfn,

his

; uncer,

two

;

incer,

you

two

;

rire

(Ps.

tir),

riser

(risser),

our

;

cower

(North,

iuer),

your.

Besides

sfn,

which

may

stand for

any gender

number,

and

generally

employed

a reflexive

(like

Lat.

suus),

the

genitives

of the

third

personal

pronoun

his,

hire,

plur.

hiera,

are also used

possessives.

336.

The

declension

of the

possessives

is the same as

that

the

strong

adjectives

(rire

grene,

298).

186 INFLECTION.

NOTK 1.

user

generally

assimilates

to ss

the cases

which

have

syncope

of the middle

vowel

(144;

cf.

180)

Asses,

I'ISSHTH,

for

*usres,

*6srum, etc.;

but

userne.

The double-s forces

itself, however,

even

into

unsyncopated

cases :

usser,

usser

ne,

ussera. The

gen. plur.

tire

frequently

ura

;

that of user

sometimes ussa.

This

assimi-

lation is

wanting

North.

gen.

usres,

etc. In

North,

iuer

has

iures

and

lucres, etc.,

gen.

plur.

iuera.

NOTE

2. The

gen. plur.

ure,

depending upon

such words as

begen,

hwelc,

fenig,

and

nan,

is sometimes converted

by analogy

into

the

inflected

possessive

: uriiin

bam,

urne

hwelcne,

ures

nanes.

Demonstratives.

337.

The

pronoun

se, seo, ftset,

originally

simple

demonstrative,

was almost

altogether

restricted,

Old

English,

the functions

of the definite article.

Its

declension

in WS. is :

MASC.

NEUT.

FBM.

Sing.

se,

ffaet seo

ffaes

ffsfere

';' ii i

(iVjiin

)

fin'- re

ffone

ffaet

ffa

ffy,

ffon

Plur. NJL

ffa

G. ffdra

(ffafera)

ffsem

(ffAm)

NOTE 1.

Forms in

parenthesis

are

recent,

and

are

seldom

never found

the

oldest texts.

Except

LWS.,

ffare

very rarely

occurs as

gen.

dat.

sing.,

and

User as dat.

sing.

;

a LWS.

form

for

gen.

and

dat. is

ffgera. Besides

ffone,

there

occur

also

ffsene

and

ffane,

especially

LWS.

(cf.

65.

note

2).

ffam

passes

into

the LWS. ffan

(cf.

187).

The

instrumental

ffon

(ffan)

appears

but seldom

as an

attributive

;

chiefly

found

phrases

like ffon

ma,

than

that,

and

adverbial

formulas

for,

ffon,

on that

account,

aefter

ffon,

after

that,

etc.

NOTE

Peculiarities

of the Ps. are nom. ace.

neut.

ffaet,

ffet,

nom.

sing.

fern,

sfe

(once

seo),

gen.

masc.

nom. ffes

(along

with

ffses),

gen.

dat.

fern,

ffere,

gen.

plur.

ffeara. The North,

inflection

is :

sing.

nom.

masc.

.se,

ffe,

neut.

ffaet,

fern,

ffiu,

ffio,

ffy;

gen.

ffaes,

fem.

ffaere;