Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

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DECLENSION

NOUNS.

157

Thus

are declined

t6&, tooth,

plur.

t<$8F;

111^11(11),

man(n), plur.

m$ii(n)

;

6s-,

gen. plur. (with

umlaut!)

6sa

;

and

likewise

part

the

dissyllabic

baelear,

hero,

mdnaflf,

month.

NOTE 1.

Besides

mon

there is also a

weak masc.

mQnna, manna,

declined

according

276,

but

occurring,

for

the most

part,

only

the

ace.

sing. Proper

names in

-m<jn

take

the

dat.

-mgnne

ColemQnne,

GearomQnne.

(In

North,

the

ace. is

always

mon no

;

monmi

rarely

mon

R.)

From

fot there is

formed

plur.

lot

;

so the

plur.

of toff is

sometimes

toffas

LWS.,

and

even

once

the Ps.

;

North,

occurs the dat.

sing,

toffe

and

the

gen. plur.

toiVana,

tceffa.

NOTE 2.

haeleff

and

monad

have a nom.

ace.

plur.

without termi-

nation,

along

with

hseleffas

(haeleSe)

and

in6n(e)9as.

the

sing,

they

are

regularly

inflected

according

to the o-declension.

The neuters

which

belong

here are

the

monosyl-

labic

scriid,

garment,

and

the

dissyllabic

ealu,

ale.

The

former has dat.

sing,

scr^d

(LWS.

scriid and

scriide),

nom.

ace.

plur.

scrtid,

gen.

scnida;

the

second,

for-

merly

t-stem,

liaelear and

m<5na<T,

forms

the

gen.

dat.

sing.

(e)aloy,

-a3F

(North,

gen.

alpes Hit.),

gen.

plur.

ealeffa,

and

sporadically

an ace.

sing.

ealacT,

modelled

upon

the

gen.

dat.

Feminines.

282.

The short

stems

which

belong

here are

hnutu,

nut,

studu,

stuffu,

column, hnitu,

nit.

Paradigm

hnutu.

Sing.

N. hnutu

Plur.

hnyte

G. hnute

limit a

hnyte

limit um

[hnutu]

hnyte

NOTE. The

ace.

sing,

hnutu

supplied

according

to the ace.

studu,

stuffu

;

the

gen.

plur.

alsohnutenainLWS.

studu, stuffu,

158 INFLECTION.

has the

dative

forms stude

and

studa,

beside

styde,

others

being

found

except

the nom. ace.

;

of hnitu there are

only

the nom.

sing,

and

nom.

ace.

plur.

283.

The

long

stems have

in the dat.

sing,

and nom.

ace.

plur.

no inflectional

terminations,

but exhibit

i-umlaut

wherever

phonetic

laws

admit of

its occur-

rence. The

gen. sing,

is either identical

with

the

dat.,

formed

without umlaut

and with the

termination

-e,

as in the

d-declension.

Paradigm

b<5c,

book.

Sing.

N.V.A. boc

Plur. N.V.A.

bee

bee,

boce G. boca

bee

bocum

284.

Thus are

declined

gdt,

goat,

grut,

grout,

tic,

oak,

br6c,

trousers,

gds,

goose,

wl<5h,

fringe,

sulh,

plough,

turf,

Imrg,

borough,

urh,

furrow,

lus, louse, miis,

mouse,

(Trull,

trough,

cii, cow, niht,

night,

dung,

prison,

and

the

dissyllabic

msegeS

, maid,

besides

the

proper

names

C^iit,

Cert, I,

T^net,

Wiht,

the latter

adding

-e in

the

gen. sing.

NOTE 1. boc

very rarely

occurs

neut.

wloh

assigned

to this

declension,

account of

the

North,

plur.

wloeh.

sulh

has

the nom.

sing, sul,

gen.

plur.

sula,

dat.

suliini

(218).

burg

(more anciently,

and in

North.,

also

burug)

has in the

gen.,

etc.,

usually

byrig

place

the older and

less

common

byrg; subsequently

the word

is also

declined like

ben

(268),

only

without

umlaut;

gen.

dat.

sing,

burge,

nom.

ace.

plur.

burge,

-a. As

the

second element

of a

compound proper

name,

invariably

follows the latter declension:

dat.

Werburge;

ace.

^KJ>elburge, Eadburge,

Seaxburge,

Wserburge.

cfi has

gen. sing.

cu(e), cy,

cus,

nom.

ace.

plur.

cy, eye, gen. plur.

cu(n)a, cyna.

niht

(nseht, neaht),

and

msegeS

maegS

are

invari-

able in

the whole

sing,

and

the nom. ace.

plur.,

on account

of the failure

umlaut,

niht

has,

however,

gen.

nihtes,

used for the

most

part

only

adverbially,

and

almost

certainly

to be

regarded

masculine;

subsequently

there occurs the

gen.

dat.

sing,

nihte.

DECLENSION

NOUNS. 159

NOTE 2. A

gen.

sing, ending

-e,

burge,

note

not

un-

common

boce, cue,

gAte,

Ace,

gose,

muse. Datives without umlaut

now and

then occur :

Ac,

burli,

ffr6h, furh,

grut.

NOTE

3. Words

ending

h lose it

before

vowel termination

(218)

furh,

gen. fure,

etc.

;

LWS. there

even

nom. ace. sul

(sfil),

dat.

syl

(syl),

without h.

as the name of a

rune has nom.

ace.

plur.

Acas. The dat.

plur.

boc

bcecuin in

a Charter

of A.D. 837.

dung

only

occurs

dat.

ding,

Andr. 1272. Beside

grut

there is a

form

grytt,

declined

regularly according

258.

and for

ffruh there

occasionally

occurs

a nom.

ace.

sing,

ffryh.

usually

follows the A-declension

(259,

note), though

less

frequently

the

singular

than the

plural;

the

gen.

sing,

very rarely

ie,

the dat.

sing,

somewhat more

frequently.

mloluc, milk,

also

belongs

to this

declension;

it seems to have

plural

dative, miolcum,

beside the

regular

inioluc.

NOTE 4.

Foreign

names

places

are

usually

indeclinable

Mailros,

Melrose; Gcud, Ghent;

Bin,

Rhine;

Paris.

STEMS

IN -r.

285.

The

names

relationship

-r,

faeder,

father,

bnSffor, brother, mtfdor,

mother, dohtor,

daughter,

sweostor, swuster,

sister

(together

with

the

pluralia

tantum

gel>r<53or, brethren,

and

gesweostor,

sisters),

are

thus

inflected

in WS. and

Kent. :

Singular

N.V.A.

fseder

broffor

seder,

-(e)res

broSor

fseder

breffer

Plural-

Cbr6Sor,

N.V.A. f8e

d(e)ras

ffru

faed(e)ra

broffra

faed(e)rum

bro!9Frum

m6dor

dohtor

sweostor

modor

dohtor

sweostor

me'der

dehter

sweostor

(m6dru),

-a

(

dohtor

sweostor

-tru,

-tra

modra

dohtra

sweostra

iiiodriiiu dohtrutnsw

eostrum

NOTE 1.

Instead

of -or

is not

infrequently

found

-er

(but

-or

never

found

fpr -er

where

-er

given

above)

;

rarely

-ar,

especially

Kent,

160

INFLECTION.

NOTE

In LWS.

gen.

sing,

mfeder,

dehtcr,

sometimes

occurs,

and

conversely

dat.

broker,

dohtor.

Syncope

faedras,

etc.,

peculiar

EWS.

NOTE 3. In Ps.

and North, the

umlaut forms are

brcfeffer, mteder,

ddehter.

STEMS

-nd.

286.

To this

group

belong

present participles

used as

nouns

(for

the inflection

of the

participles

themselves

see

305

ff.).

Paradigms

of the masculines:

fr^ond,

friend

;

h^ttend,

enemy.

Sing.

N.V.A. freond

he^tend

G. freondes

h^ttendes

friend,

freonde

h^ttende

freonde

h^ttende

Plur.

N.V.A.

friend,

freond

he,ttend,

-de,

-das

G. freonda

he,ttendra

freoudum

he,ttendum

fr4ond

are declined

fond,

enemy (plur.

ffend,

fond,

gen.

fonda)

;

gddddnd,

benefactor

(plur.

g<Sd-

ddnd,

El.

359);

and

the

plur.

tantum

geffend,

gefrfend.

The

dissyllables,

dgend,

otvner,

d^niend,

judge,

h&lend,

n^rgend,

saviour,

wealdend, ruler, wfgend,

warrior,

are

all

declined like

h^ttend,

that

is,

take

the

adj. ending

the

gen. plur.

NOTE

1. The

terminations of the

o-declension

have become

predom-

inant in

the

sing.;

of rare

occurrence

are

such

forms as dat. instr.

sing,

friend,

fiend.

the

nom. ace.

plur.

there often occurs

h^t-

tende,

beside

hot

tend,

according

to the

adjective

declension

;

and

sometimes,

even in

EWS.,

the

termination -das.

North,

and

poetry

the

forms

feondas,

freondas

(fiondas, friondas),

are to

met

with.

NOTE

2. In

LWS.

plur.

-dras

occurs,

evidently

modelled

upon

the

gen. plur.

wircendras,

wealdendras,

etc.

DECLENSION OF

NOUNS. 161

287.

Feminines

are

rare,

and

probably,

with

the ex-

ception

swelgend,

whirlpool,

confined to the

strictly

scholastic

literature

iQiidbuend,

female

settler,

8teos

wealdend,

female

ruler,

ffe'os

fe~ond,

female

enemy

(translating

haec

praesul,

hostis),

tiiubrend,

female

builder,

etc.

Nothing

certain

has been

made

out

con-

cerning

their

declension.

NOTE,

swelgend

has a

dat. ace.

sing, swelgende,

and

therefore

has

gone

completely

over to the a-declension

;

besides,

it occurs as a

neuter in

LWS.

STEMS

-os,

-es.

288.

These

correspond

the Gr.

neuters in

-09,

Lat.

-us,

-eris. In

OE.

they

are

quite

limited

number,

arising

part

from

the fact that a few

have

entirely

lost the

(cf.

182;

290.

note

3),

and

have therefore

passed

over to

other

declensions,

and in

some cases

other

genders.

NOTE

Here

probably

belong

all the older neuters of the OE.

i-declension,

botli the

short

stems,

spere,

sife,

gedyre

(263.

2),

and the

long

stems,

(la'-sc,

hsel,

gehield,

etc.

(267.

;

cf.

also

lejiib,

caelf

(290.

note

; then,

with

change

gender,

the masculines

bere,

^ge,

hete,

sige

(263.

note

4),

and the

long

stems

hl;e\v,

mound,

hrsew,

corpse,

North,

doeg,

day.

In these words the

sufflxal s has

been

lost

according

to 182

;

the

vowel was retained after short stems

1, e,

while

disappeared

after

long

stems

(133).

The

second form

the

suffix,

containing

has

left

traces

certain unumlauted

words,

which

coexist

with

those

that exhibit

umlaut, as,

for

example,

gefog,

geheald

(267.

note

1),

hl&w,

hr&w

(230.

note

1).

Other

words

which no

doubt

belong

here are

felt,

stel,

hall,

belt,

hilt,

splc,

baron,

hrlf, uterus,

sclp,

ship

(as

against

OHG.

spec,

href,

scef).

NOTE

For

alternative

forms in

cf.

289.

note 2.

289.

The

first

class

comprises

those words

which re-

tain,

under

all

circumstances,

the

from

original

162

INFLECTION.

salor,

hall;

hocor

(?),

derision;

stulor,

theft;

e"agor,

sea; grander,

crime;

wilder,

beast;

ddgor,

day;

luilor,

salvation; hr^ffer,

briber

(subsequently

also

hrtifter),

cattle;

e"ar,

ear

corn

(from

*almr,

North.

eher, sehher).

These

words

have,

in the

main,

passed

over into the

o-declension,

and hence are

declined

according

238,

244 ff.

;

yet

there

sometimes

occurs

a dat.

instr.

sing,

without

inflectional termination

ddgor,

hrdffor, sigor,

North,

eher, sehher,

along

with

frequent

ddgore, hrd3re,

etc.

Plural

forms are

ddgor,

hr^o"eru,

wildru, ar,

North,

eliera

and

ehras.

NOTE 1. The

gender

salor, hocor,

agor,

grand

or,

not to be determined

from OE.

alone

;

yet etymology

and

analogy

justify

considering

them as

neuters;

sigor,

victory,

that likewise

belonged

here,

has,

sige,

become masculine.

eagor

and

grandor

are

only

found

as the

first element of

compounds.

NOTE 2.

Auxiliary

forms

without

are common

(288)

: sael

salor; eag-- eagor;

hsfel-halor;

hriff-

hriffer

;

North,

dceg-

d6gor

;

sige

slgor

masc.

NOTE 3. The older

suffixal s

may possibly

be retained in

hens-

the

word

H6nsbroc,

the

name of a

place,

the form

corresponds

ON. brans

;

then with metathesis

ffrtistfel,

leprosy,

Goth.

Jrutsiill

;

perhaps

use,

lu'ix

derision

(for

hues

may

likewise be associated

with

hocor.

290. The second class is formed

the words

lomb,

lamb;

cealf,

calf;

gfeg,

egg;

besides

few which

are

more doubtful.

These have

cast off

the

singular,

but retain it

the

plural

with

certain

exceptions.

The

declension is therefore

Sing.

N.A.

iQmb

cealf

seg

lombes

cealfes

eeges

D.I.

loiube

cealfe

sfege

DECLENSION OF

ADJECTIVES. 163

Plur.

N.A.

loinhril

iQmbra

loinln-iini

NOTE 1.

The

sing,

these words

frequently

has

i-umlaut;

always

Ps.

caelf,

North, caelf and

cejf,

and

rarely lejnb

well

iQitib

(288.

note

;

whether the umlaut

aeg

belongs

here is

doubtful.

Beside

lymb

there

is a

sing.

lombor,

and

beside

afeg

longer

form

afeger-

tegerfelma,

egg-skin,

gfegergelu,

yolk.

In Ps. North,

the nom.

ace.

plur.

is also written

calfur,

iQinbur,

-or,

well

calferu,

-ero,

iQmberu,

-(o)ru.

umlaut form

cylf

occurs in

WS.

in the

compound

cylfhQiigra.

LWS.

the whole

plural

frequently

formed without

r; lamb,

gen.

lamba,

dat.

lambum,

etc.;

LWS.

there

even a masc.

plur.

cealfas.

NOTE 2.

cild,

child,

is in

general

declined like

-word

(238)

and

hence

has

plur.

cild,

etc.

(North,

also

cildo)

;

yet

sometimes there

occurs a

plur.

clldru,

gen.

cildra.

Moreover,

cild is now and then

masc.

North.,

and then forms the

plur.

clldas. JElfric

has

nom. ace.

plur.

did,

gen.

clldra,

dat.

clldum.

NOTE 3.

Isolated forms

belonging

under this head are nom. ace.

plur.

breadru, crumbs,

from

br6ad,

bread;

hiemedru,

from

haemed,

coitus

;

gen. plur.

speldra

from

speld,

torch

(dat.

plur.

ineedrtim

from

*ingfed,

measure^))

;

of short stems the

plur.

scerero, -oro,

-uru

Ep.

Erf.

Corp.

shears,

belonging

witli

scear,

ploughshare,

which is

regularly

declined

according

238,

besides the

plur.

tantum

haeteru,

garment.

Declension

Adjectives.

291.

The

Germanic

adjective

has a twofold declen-

sion : the

strong

and

the weak. The latter is

peculiar

Germanic,

while the former

originally

corresponded

to the

adjective

and substantive declension

the

cognate

lan-

guages.

Most

adjectives

may

be declined

either

way;

the

employment

of the

one or the other

depends chiefly

upon

syntactical

considerations.

The weak

form

generally

employed

after

the

article,

and

whenever

adjective

164 INFLECTION.

employed

as a substantive

;

the

strong

form

assigned

the

predicate adjective,

and

the attributive

adjec-

tive when used

without

the

article.

NOTE. Of the

strong

declension are all

the

pronouns except

seolf(a)

and

llca,

339

;

the

cardinal

numbers,

from

two

upwards,

far

they

are declined like

adjectives

(324

ff.

)

;

68Fer,

the second

(328)

;

and

a number of

adjectives

call,

all,

gen6g,

enough,

mQnig,

many.

the

weak

declension are

the

comparatives,

the

superlatives

-ma,

and

the ordinals from

"three"

upward.

The

adjectives

wjn(a), wanting,

and

gewuna, wont,

are

for the most

part

indeclinable,

and restricted

predicative

use.

STRONG ADJECTIVES.

292.

The

strong

adjective

declension

Germanic

has

many respects departed

from its

original

form,

which,

has

been

remarked,

was identical

with

the

noun

declension,

and has

become assimilated

to that of

the

pronouns.

this

means the distinctions

of the

three vowel

declensions,

once

possessed

alike

by adjec-

tive

and

noun,

have been

great

measure

obscured.

Only

one vowel declension

remains

clearly

marked,

that

the

o-stems

(with

the

fern,

-d,

cf.

235).

in the

case of

the

noun,

the

jo-

and

wo-stems

form subdivisions

which

must

separately

considered.

Of the

and

u-declensions

only scanty

remains have been

preserved

the

nom.

(302

ff.).

Pure o-stems.

293.

Here

again

are

called

upon

distinguish

between

short

and

long

stems,

polysyllables

and mono-

syllables.

The

discrepancies

of the

paradigms

may

explained

reference to

the

laws

concerning

final

sounds and

syncopation.

As a

paradigm

for the short

stems

may

take

hwset,

active;

for

the

long

stems,

DECLENSION

ADJECTIVES.

165

g6d,good;

for

polysyllables, hlig,

holy.

The

variations

from

the noun

declension

are

indicated

and

italics :

SHORT

STEMS.

MASC.

NEUT.

Sing.

N.V.

hwaet

hwates

hwatum

hwcetne

hwaet

hwate

Plur.

N.A.V.

hwate

hwatu,-o

huxetra

hwatum

Sing.

N.V.

g6d

Plur.

N.V. A.

gbdne

gdde

LONG

STEMS.

g6d

gddra

g6dum

gode

Sing.

N.V.

hallg

POLYSYLLABLES.

halig

Plur.

N.V. A.

halge

halges

halgum

haligne

hdlig

halge

(

haligu,

-o

;

(halgu.-o;

hallg

haligra

halgum

FKM.

hwatu,

-o

hiocetre

hwcetre

hwate

hwata,

-e

g6d

gddre

godre

g6de

g6da,

-e

(

haligu,

-o

;

halgu,-o;

hallg

haligre

hdllgre

hdlge

halga,

-e

NOTE 1. The

-u of the

nom.

sing.

fern,

and

nom.

ace.

plur.

neut. of

the

short stems

and

polysyllables

hwatu,

haligu,

is in

general

older

than

the -o

hwato, hallgo.

LWS. even the

long

stems some-

166

INFLECTION.

times take

the

ending

-u

(-a)

in the nom. ace.

plur.

neut.

swylcu,

callu,

unrihta.

NOTE

2. In

very

old

texts,

the dat.

sing.

masc. and

neut. sometimes

ends

-em

minem,

etc.

The

-um

of the

same

case,

and of the

dat.

plur.

of all

genders,

afterwards

passes

into

-on,

-an :

godan,

halgan,

etc.

(cf.

237.

note

6).

NOTE

3. In LWS. the

nom. ace.

plur.

neut.

replaced by

the forms

of the masc.

hwate, gode, halge,

for

hwatu, g6d, haligu, halig.

NOTE 4. In

North,

the

gen.

sing.

masc. and

neut.

also ends in

-aes,

and

the

gen.

dat.

sing.

fern,

-rae

;

the nom.

plur.

has the

ending

-e,

rarely

-ae,

but

very frequently (especially

in the

Eit.)

-o.

294. Like

hwset

are

declined

the

few OE.

adjectives

with

a short

stem,

til,

useful,

sum,

certain,

hoi,

hollow,

dol, dull,

torn, tame,

won,

lacking,

baer,

bare,

blaec,

Hack,

glted,

glad,

hraed,

speedy,

laet, late,

waer,

wary,

well as the

compounds

-sum,

-some,

and

-lie,

-ly.

NOTE 1.

The

paradigm

hwaet shows at the

same

time the modifi-

cations which the radical

vowel ae

undergoes,

according

ff. In

distinction from the

substantive,

the vowel ae is

here

actually

limited

forms with a closed radical

syllable,

hwaet

hwates,

opposed

daeg-daeges,

faet-faetes,

etc. In

certain

words

this

rule is not ob-

served :

thus straec

seems

always

to retain its

ae,

and

hraelff

(hraed)

usually

does so in WS.

;

blaec, black,

takes a

in all

the

oblique

cases

;

other

exceptions

are rare.

Contrary

144,

those with

short stems

have,

for the

most

part,

middle

vowel

;

only

seldom is

one found in

the

r-cases

sumere,

along

with

sumre.

NOTE 2.

Ps. the

adjectives

-sum have -sum

instead of

stumi

the

nom.

sing.

fern.

the older

period,

-lee

often stands

for -lie

before a vocalic

ending.

295.

gdd

are

declined the

majority

the OE.

adjectives

eald, old,

sceolh,

squinting,

jlh, hostile,

fldh,

deceitful,

gemdh,

importunate,

hail, whole, htfah,

high,

rdf,

vigorous,

t6h,

tough,

scoh,

shy,

gewloli,

adorned,