Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

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THE

CONSONANTS.

127

(Grammatical

Change.

233.

"grammatical

change

is to

understood

interchange

the medial

surd

spirants

s, f,

9",

with

the

corresponding

sonant

spirants,

designated

z, fe,

, g,

(but

sometimes

g),

the

interchange

ques-

tion

being

feature

Primitive

Germanic,

and

taking

place

according

definite

laws.

The

combinations

ss,

st, sp, sk, ft, ht,

were

not

subject

this

change.

NOTE.

The

explanation

of this

interchange

was

discovered

Verner

(Kuhn's

Zeitschr.

xxiii.

ff.).

According

the

law which

formulated,

the sonant

spirant always

replaced

the surd when

the

vowel

preceding

did

not,

the

original

Indo-European

system,

receive the

principal

accent.

234. In

OE. the

original correspondences

are

more or

less

obscured

the fact

that

some

the sounds

have

undergone

modifications.

Thus hw

passed

into

simple

(cf.

222

ff.),

and,

like the

latter,

has

frequently

dis-

appeared

(218).

Of the

sonants,

passed

into

the

older

(not

confounded

with

the OE.

p, 199)

became

and

the sound

of fc

not

graphically

distin-

guished

from

(192).

There

consequently

remain

OE.

only

the four

couples

s-r, fr-d,

h-g

(h-ng,

according

185),

and h-w.

Examples

are:

s-r:

glaes,

glass,

glaeren,

vitreous

;

c^osan,

choose,

cas, curon,

coren

(384)

;

durran

(422.7),

dare,

dearst,

dorste,

adj.

gedyrstig,

bold.

cweflfan,

say,

cwseff, cwjfedon,

cweden

(391),

cwide,

discourse; Ifaraii,

journey,

-lida,

-farer.

h-g:

sloan.

strike,

sliehst,

sliehar,

sldg,

sltfgon,

slsegen

(392),

sl^ge,

stroke, -slaga,

slayer;

h6ah,

high,

dat.

h^agum

(295.

note

;

9"6on, thrive,

SFJlh,

3Tungeu

(383.

note

3).

128

PHONOLOGY.

h w:

son,

see

(Goth,

saihwan),

siehst,

siehS

seah,

sdwon,

gesewen

(391).

NOTE.

The

regularity

of this

interchange

has

been

somewhat

ob-

scured in OE.

as the

result

analogy.

Special

instances will

noticed under the head of Inflections.

INFLECTION.

PART

I. -DECLENSION.

Declension

of Nouns.

A. VOCALIC

OR STRONG

DECLENSION.

THE 0-DECLENSION.

235. The

OE. o-declension

comprises

masculines

and

neuters.

corresponds

to the second

o-declension

Greek

and

Latin

(Gr.

masc.

-o<?,

neut.

-oi/,

Lat.

-us,

-um).

The

corresponding

feminines

form the d-declension.

NOTE. The

Germ, o-declension

usually

designated

as the a-declen-

sion,

since

older o

has

generally

become Germ. a.

OE.,

however,

may

still

presuppose

the existence

of o in final

syllables

(45.

4).

The

o-stems

may

subdivided as

follows:

simple

o-stems,

jo-stems,

and

wo-stems,

the

two latter

groups

differing,

respects

certain

cases,

from

the

pure

o-stems.

236.

The terminations

the

masculines

and

the

neuters

are the same

in all

cases

except

the nom.

and

ace.

plur.,

and

may

therefore be

included in the same

scheme.

NOTE. In North, the

gender

often varies between

masc.

and neut

cf. also

251. note.

237.

The

terminations of the o-stems are

PLURAL.

SINGULAR.

MASC. NKUT.

(-e;

-u,

-o)

-as

-u,

-es

L -e

I-

130

INFLECTION.

The

parenthetical

-e;-u,

-o

of the

nom.

ace.

sing,

are

the terminations

the

jo-

and

wo-stems

(246;

249).

NOTE 1. In

the oldest

texts,

and

frequently

the

North,

dialect,

the

gen.

sing,

is formed

-aes :

d6maes,

etc. For

-aes the North,

sometimes

has

-as.

For

later

-ys

see 44. note 2.

NOTE 2. The dat. and

instr.

sing,

are,

the

majority

texts,

iden-

tical

form,

but in

the

oldest documents the dat. ends in

-ae,

while

the

instr.

(at

first

probably

local)

ends in -i?

d6mae, doml;

sub-

sequently,

is now

and then found for i-

folcy,

etc. The instr.

seems

originally

to have

had i-umlaut

;

cf the isolated form

Inveiie,

from

hw6n,

trifle,

and

the instr.

a-ne,

from

an,

one.

dat. loc.

sing,

without inflectional

ending

exists

ham

(very

rarely name),

from

ham,

home,

as well as

daeg

(morgen,

tefen).

NOTE

tS. In

North, the nom.

plur.

many

masculines

belonging

this declension also

have the weak

ending

-o

(-a, -e),

gastas

and

gasto,

etc.

Very

late

WS.

texts

have

-es.

NOTE 4.

The

gen. plur.

North,

is often formed

-ana, -ona,

after

the

manner of

the

n-stems :

dagana,

-ona,

liomana,

from

daeg,

lim.

Such forms

(dagena,

godena)

occur

but

rarely

EWS.,

but are

common in

LWS.

Mss

A few

gen.

plur.

-o occur.

NOTE 5. In the nom.

ace.

plur.

of neut.

nouns -u

is the

older,

-o the

more recent form. Ps.

has almost

exclusively

-u,

North,

for

the

most

part

but

occasionally

-a;

all three terminations

occur in

North.,

even

such neuters as are without

endings

in the

other

dialects

(238).

In LWS. the

-u,

-o

generally

replaced

-a.

NOTE 6.

The dat.

sing.

muse, and

neut.,

and the whole dat.

plur,

frequently

substitute

-on,

-an

for

-um

in LWS.

(293.

note

2).

Simple

o-stems.

238.

Paradigms

the masculine and neuter :

MA&CTTLINE. NEUTER.

Sing.

N.V.A.

d6m

d6mes

d6me

dome

Plur.

N.V.A.

domas

domu

doiiiiini

geoc

word

geoces

wordes

geoce

worde

geoce

worde

geocu,

-o

word

geoca

worda

geocum

wordum

DECLENSION

NOUNS.

131

ddm

are

inflected

primarily

the

monosyllabic

masculines

;

geoc

the

monosyllabic

neuters

with a

short

radical

syllable

;

and

like word

those

having

long

radical

syllable.

239.

this

declension

belong

great

number of OE.

nouns,

and

among

them not a

few which

have been

transferred

it from

other declensions

(especially

long

and

u-stems;

cf. 264 if.

;

273).

Only

those words are

inflected with

entire

regu-

larity

which

have an

invariable final

consonant and a

radical

vowel

incapable

change (except

for

i-umlaut,

which need

not here

considered)

Such

words

are

Masculines:

do",

oath;

hseft,

captive;

helm, helmet;

bring,

ring

;

wulf,

wolf

;

earm,

arm

;

eorl, man;

muff,

mouth;

dre*am,

joy,

etc.

Neuters:

short

monosyllables:

col, coal;

dor,

door;

hof,

dwelling;

loc,lock; hop, recess;

lot,

cunning;

sol,

slough

; spor,

trail.

/9)

long monosyllables

bain,

bone;

beam,

child;

dor,

animal;

f$r,jire;

g6d,yood;

Ifc,

body;

wff,

wife,

etc.

LWS. the

ending

-u

the

short stems

is assumed

the

long

stems

banu,

>;r<lu.

etc.

Nouns,

whose

radical

syllable

ends in a

geminate,

simplify

the latter

the cases

without

inflectional end-

ing

(225):

masc.

weal

(1),

wall,

hwom(m),

corner;

neut.

ful(l),

cup,

gen.

wealles, hwQmmes, fulles,

etc.

The

remaining

nouns of this declension

come

under

one

of the

following

rules

240.

Words

with

before

simple

consonant,

the

masculines

claeg,

day,

bwael,

whale, paeff,

path,

staef,

staff,

the

neuters

bseflF, bath,

craet, crate,

dsel,

dale, baef,

ocean,

sael, hall, staeff,

shore,

swaeo",

track, scraef,

cavern^

132

INFLECTION.

traef,

tent,

weed, sea, wsel,

those slain

battle,

change

the ae into a

throughout

the

plural

dseg

dagas, daga,

dagum

;

set

atu, fata,

atum

;

only

seldom does ae

remain :

staeffu,

scrsefu,

etc.

manner,

before

single

consonant

becomes

in the

plural:

msfeg

mdgas,

iu:i.u:i.

magum

(57. 2).

NOTE

Generally

in the

Ps.,

and

occasionally

North.,

the short a

represented

ea:

featu, creatum,

etc.

(160).

In the Ps. the

plur.

deg

daegas

(162).

For

WS. ea see 105.

The

plur.

geat,

gate,

frequently

gatu,

but in

poetry usually

geatu

;

other

examples

are

heafo

and

treafu

(cf. 1O5).

NOTE 2.

gaers

forms

the

plur.

grasu

(cf. 179).

In LWS. the

the

plur.

intrudes even into the

gen.

dat.

sing.

baje,

paffe,

staj>e,

fate,

gate,

scrafe.

241.

The neuters with

before

single

consonant,

gebed,

prayer,

gebrec, clamor,

geset, habitation,

gesprec,

conversation,

brim,

surf,

clif,

cliff,

hli<y,

lid,

US',

limb, scip,

ship,

geflit,

dispute,

genip, darkness,

gewrit,

writing,

etc.,

originally

have

eo,

io in

the

plur.

instead of

(1O6

ff.).

This is

frequent

even

later

texts:

gebeodu,

cliofu,

lioiTu,

liomu, etc.,

although

generally

represented

gebedu, clifu,

limit,

etc.

NOTE.

The

gen.

plur.

is the first to lose

the

eo,

lo.

the

Ps.,

and

some extent

North.,

its

occurrence

is extended

to the

masculines,

e.g.,

weoras,

weora,

weogas

(usually

wegas,

according

164),

North,

wearas,

waras, -a,

etc.

(156. 3).

242.

Words

lose this sound

before

vocalic

end-

ing:

masc. ealh

ales,

temple

;

eolh-^oles,

elk;

fearb

flares,

swine

;

feorli

f^ores,

life

;

mearb

m^ares,

horse;

sealh

scales,

willow;

seolh-

soles,

seal;

Wealh-

Whales,

Welshman

(218)

. If

the

preceded

vowel,

the

loss

the

leads

contraction,

according

110 ff.

masc.

hdh,

hough (plur.

hds,

boas,

dat.

hdum)

;

sc^oh,

sc6b,

shoe

(plur.

sc^os,

sc<is,

LWS.

gen. plur.

sc^ona)

;

DECLENSION

NOUNS.

133

flah

(usually

wk.

fla),

flea;

eoh-4os, horse;

neut.

eoh

fe"os,

money

(275)

;

flali,

fraud

;

pleoli,

danger

;

sltfh,

slough;

ffgoh,

thigh;

STroli

(?),

malice;

w<5h,

evil.

NOTE

Not

infrequently

nom. ace.

sing,

formed

without

according

the

analogy

of the

dissyllabic

cases;

forms

fear,

feor,

HUM

feo, wo,

are

therefore to

be met

with,

besides

those cited

above.

Neut.

holh,

hole,

has

alternative

form

hoi

(h6l?),

and

forms

the

plur.

holu.

NOTE

2. The

masc.

neut.

horh,

filth,

exhibits

grammatical

change

nom.

horh

(horg),

gen. horwes,

instr.

horn,

nom.

ace.

plur.

horns.

NOTE 3.

Occasionally

the

gen.

plur.

formed

-na in words

which

end

in vowel

feona,

scfeona,

ffeona.

243.

The

polysyllabic

words

this

declension are

subject

the

following

rules:

Neuters

originally trisyllabic,

130

ff.

(but

only

long

stems;

short stems

cast

off this

termination),

nieten, cattle,

hdafod,

head,

wolcen, cloud,

have

the nom. ace.

plur.,

like the short

monosyllables:

nletenu,

hafodu,

wolcenu. On the other

hand,

such

were

originally

dissyllabic,

wsfcpen,

weapon,

tungol, star, tdcen,

token

(for

wsfepn,

tungl, tflcii,

according

138

ff.,

stem

wpno-,

tunglo-,

taikno-),

sometimes take

ending

the

nom. ace.

plur.,

and

sometimes take

after

the

manner

of the

trisyllables

\\a-p

mi.

tunglu,

tdcnu.

The

laws

concerning

the treatment

middle

vowels

(143 ff.)

Under

these are included

the

following

244.

Dissyllabic

words

having

long

stem

syncopate

the

vowel

of the

last

syllable

before a vocalic

ending

(144)

when

is not rendered

long by

position

^ngel

Angles,

angel

;

tungol

tungles,

star

;

iltor

dtres,

venom;

td,cen

tdcnes,

token;

md<yum

mdSTmes,

jewel;

he"af

haf

des,

head;

sfeled

seldes,

fire;

morgen-

184

INFLECTION.

morgnes

and

mornes,

morn;

but

longest

he^igestes,

stallion

;

aereld

aereldes,

journey

;

sfetels

sfetelses,

purse,

etc.

The older

documents

do not exhibit

syncope

of the

originally

trisyllabic

nom. ace.

plur.

neut.,

nfetenu,

he'afodu

(144.

; while,

the

other

hand,

they

have

wsepnu,

tunglu

(along

with

wsfepen,

etc., 243).

In later

texts these

words

are

likewise

syncopated

he"afdu,

etc.

NOTE.

For

morgen

mornes cf. 214. note

Nouns

ending

-els are

usually

masculine,

but

occasionally

neuter.

245.

Under

similar

circumstances,

dissyllabic

words

having

short stem

retain the

original

vowel

the

second

syllable,

but

reject

whenever

arose

from

syllabic

nasal or

liquid

the

nom.

ace.

;

only

-er, -or,

from

syllabic

remains

(148).

Hence

stapol

stapoles,

pillar;

hamor

liamores,

hammer;

heofon

heofones,

heaven;

daroo"

daroflFes,

arrow;

meotod

meotodes,

Grod;

heorot

heorotes,

hart;

but

fugol

-fugles,

fowl;

and

likewise

leger

legeres,

lair

;

Sfunor

SFunores,

thunder

;

waeter

wseteres

(and

wsetres),

water,

etc.

jo-stems.

246.

Paradigms

for the

masculine

nouns are:

h^re,

army;

se,cg,

man;

$nde,

end.

For the neuter

cyn,

kin;

rfce,

realm;

wsten,

desert.

MASCULINE.

Sing.

N.V. A. he,re

se,cg

he,r(i)ges

se-cges

he-r(i)ge

se.cge

he,r(l)ge

se-cge

Plur. N.V.

he,r(l)g(e)as se,cg(e)as

h^r(l)g(e)a

se,cg(e)a

endes

e,nde

rnrlc

DECLENSION OP

NOUNS.

135

NEUTER.

Sing.

N.V.A.

cyn(n)

rice we"sten

cynnes

rices

westen(n)es

cynne

rice

westen(n)e

cynne

rice

we"sten(n)e

Plur. N.V.A.

cyn(n)

ric(i)u

westen(n)u

cynna

ric(e)a

\vesten

(n)

cynnum

ric(i)um we'sten(n)um

NOTE 1. For the

of the nom.

ace.

sing,

the

oldest

texts

have

he,rl, e,ndi,

rici.

NOTE

For

the insertion of

e, i,

to denote

the

palatal pronuncia-

tion

g, c,

see

206. 6.

247.

here and

sqcg

exhibit

the

inflections

the mas-

culines,

cyn(n)

those

the neuters with

short

radical

syllable

before the

(stem

bar

jo-,

sagjo-,

kunjo-),

and

w4sten that of the

derivative neuters

ending

in -en and

-et. Of

these, h^re

the

only

one

which has retained

its short

syllable,

the others doubled the

final

con-

sonant

West

Germ.

(228).

Further

examples

of this

declension are

Masculines

hrycg

back

;

we,cg,

wedge

;

dyn(n),

din;

byl(l)

(later

fern.),

hill.

Neuters

with

short radical

syllable:

net,

net;

fle.t,

floor

;

b^d,

led

;

w$d,

pledge

;

fried,

saying

;

neb,

beak; wicg, horse,

etc.

Derivative

neuters

in -en

and -et:

sefen,

evening;

sesten,

fastness

; tiiiet,

solitude;

baernet,

conflagration;

emnet,

plain;

grafet,

trench;

hfewet,

quarry

; Ifeget,

lightning;

nierwet,

strait;

ongelet,

lightning;

re"wet,

rowing;

slaeget,

blow;

and

perhaps

diminutives

in -incel.

NOTE

For

the

simplification

of West

Germ,

geminates

at the

end

of a word cf

225.

NOTE 2. The

gen.

sing,

he.re

sometimes occurs as

he,res,

the dat

instr.

sing,

h$re,

and

the

nom.

ace.

plur.

heras. For the neut

spore

see

262.

136

INFLECTION.

NOTE

3. The neut.

hi(e)g, hay,

stem

liaujo-,

has

retained the

all its forms

;

likewise

masc.

brig,

pottaye,

along

with

briw;

stem

blijo-,

color

(OS.

bli,

neut.),

occurs

blfco,

neut.

(and

with

inorganic

hlf'oh,

223.

note

2),

gen.

bleos, etc.,

dat.

sing,

bleoge,

dat.

plur.

bleom,

blcoum,

bleowum,

gen.

bleo,

also

bleo(n)a (242.

note

3).

248. Like

ende

are

declined the

masculines,

rfce

the neuters

with

originally

long syllable

before the

(or

io,

according

45.

e.g.,

the masc.

$sne,

servant,

hierde, herdsman,

Isece,

physician,

m6ce,

sword,

and

the

numerous

agent-nouns

-ere

(North.

-are,

-re,

LWS.-re),

bdcere, scribe,

fiscere,

fisherman,

3fr<5were,

martyr,

to which

has been

added

the

foreign

word

casere,

em-

peror;

then

the

neuters

wsege,

cup,

wfte,

punishment,

stycce,

piece,

eerende,

errand;

formations

with

ge-,

gewufcde,

clothing,

gemierce,

boundary,

getimbre,

car-

pentry,

gescle

(gesc^),

shoes,

and

many

others.

wo-stems.

249.

The

paradigm

for the

masculine is

beam,

grove

;

for

the

neuter, seam,

armor

(stems

barwo-,

sarwo-).

MASCULINES. NEUTEES.

Sing.

N. V.

beam,

-o

bear\ves

bearwe

Plur.

bearwas

G. bearwa

D. bearwum

searu,

-o

searwes

searwe

sear\ve

searu,

-o

searwa

sear\vuin

likewise

are inflected

the

neuters

bealu,

evil;

meolu,

meal;

smeoru,

lard

;

teoru,

tar;

cwudu,

cud.

The

only

long

stem is

gdd,

lack

(Goth, gaidw),

with

loss

as in 259.

NOTE

e often

occurs before the w in the

oblique

cases,

the latter

being

generally

found

when the termination contains

u :

bealowes,

-we,

but

bealewa,

bealewum.