Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English
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DECLENSION
OF
NOUNS.
147
the
i-umlaut of
the
radical
syllable,
and
the
palataliza-
tion of
final
gutturals
(206.
6).
Paradigm:
wyrm,
worm
(Prim.
Germ,
wurmi-z).
Sing.
N.V.
wyrm
Plur. N.V.
wyrmas
G.
wyrmes
G.
wyrma
I),
wyrme
D.
wyrmum
A.
wyrm
A.
wyrmas
I.
wyrme
266.
Here
belong
bielg-,
bag,
dsel,
part,
fierst,
time,
bnd, band,
f
yrs,
furze,
giest,
guest,
liyll,
hill,
lyft,
air,
nt,
giant,
gltfem,
gleam,
lies,
flame,
8l,time,
msfew,
sea-
mew,
st^ng,
pole,
string,
string,
<5Fyrs,
giant,
wjg,
wave,
wiell, well,
and a series
of
verbal nouns like
sw6g,
clamor,
rc, reek, sinfec,
smfc, odor,
fng,
grasp,
stone,
stench,
swng,
blow,
wr^nc,
ivrench, trick,
drync,
driuc,
drink,
dynt, dint, stiell,
jump,
swylt, death, cierr,
turn,
cierm,
clamor, wyrp, cast,
hwyrft, turn, slieht,
slaughter,
flyht,
flight,
hyht,
hope,
tylit,
instruction, byrst,
calam-
ity,
ffyrst, thirst, srist, resurrection, brygd,
brandish-
ing,
etc.
NOTE
1.
For
forms
like
sw^ngeas
instead
of
sw^ngas,
see 206. 6.
NOTE 2. The nom. ace.
plur.
of
b^nd
is not
only
Ix.-inlas,
but
also
(especially Anglian?)
b^nda,
be,nde,
of which
the
singular
is
prob-
ably
a fern,
b^nd, belonging
to 257
(Goth,
bandi).
Other words fol-
low
the declension of the fcminines
(268),
like
serlst,
sfespryng,
lyft
(LWS.
neut.,
with
plur. lyftu),
hlyst,
ssfel,
etc.
NOTE 3.
There is
fluctuation
in
ssfe,
sea
(Goth, salws),
gen.
safes,
dat.
safe,
nom. ace.
plur.
safes,
gen.
ssfewa,
dat.
safewum,
seem,
and
feni.
gen.
dat.
sing,
safe, safes,
and safe
we,
etc. The
foreign
word
dry,
wizard
(from
Celtic
drfii),
has
gen.
drys
(LWS.
also
dryes),
dat.
dry,
nom.
ace.
plur.
dryas, gen.
dryra
(?),
dat.
dryum.
267. This
class
contains no
original
neuters.
Notwith-
standing,
there
are
certain
words,
originally belonging
148
INFLECTION.
to other
declensions,
which have
assumed
an
inflectional
type
that can be
assigned
to this
place,
in virtue
of
their
uniform i-umlaut
and
the consonant termination
of their
nom.
ace.
sing.,
particulars
in
which
they
agree
with
the
long-stemmed
masculines
and
feminines
of the
i-declension.
Here
belong:
a)
Original
neuters,
like
flsfesc,
flesh,
flfes,
fleece
(Angl.
flos), hsl,
welfare,
bilt, hilt, Isfen, loan,
hr3F,
fame
(masc.?);
nouns with the
prefix
ge-,
such as
gefg,
joining,
gehield
(Ps.
North,
gehseld),
protection,
gehtyd,
clamor,
geresp, blame, geswinc,
tribulation,
gewd,
rage,
geswyrf
(?),
filings,
gegrynd,
plot
of
ground,
gedwild,
error, gelmsfcst,
conflict;
and
probably
sfccyrf,
fragment,
felcyrf,
prceputium
(masc.?).
These are
declined
like
cynn,
246
(dat.
plural
geswincium,
206.
6).
NOTE 1.
Beside these
forms
are
occasionally
found others without
1-umlaut,
like
gefog, geheald, gehndst,
or
alternative forms
with
r,
like
h&lor,
hroftor;
this renders it
probable
that
these
words were
originally
os-,
es-stems
(288 ff.).
b)
Original
feminines,
especially
nouns with the
prefix
ge-
:
gehygd,
thought,
gemyiid,
mind, oferhygd,
arro-
gance,
gewyrlit, deed,
wiht,
wulit,
creature,
geffyld,
patience,
gecynd,
gebyrd, nature,
sferist,
resurrection,
fulluht,
baptism,
grfn, snare, forwyrd,
destruction,
genyht,
abundance. These also occur as
feminines
(269),
and
are
frequently
so declined.
They
follow
the
declension
of
cynn
(246)
or
word
(238),
but
have
in
the nom.
ace.
plur.
gehygdu,
gemyndu,
etc.
NOTE 2.
To the
foregoing singulars
must
be
added the
plurals
ge-
dryhtu, elements,
gehyrstu,
trappings,
giftu,
nuptials,
LWS.
wlstu,
DECLENSION OP
NOUNS. 149
samwistu,
dainties, lyftu,
airs.
So,
too,
the unumlauted
gesceaft,
originally
a
feminine,
according
to the
cognate
Germanic
tongues
(cf.
261;
269),
but likewise a neuter
in
OE.,
forms
a
plur.
gesceaftu,
beside
gesceafte,
-a,
according
to 252. For
geffeaht,
see
261;
269.
NOTE
3.
Wiht,
in
the sense
of
"
being,
creature,"
is
always
fern.,
and
does not form the
plur.
wihtu till LWS.
;
but
in
the
generalized
sense
of
"thing,
something,"
it assumes the neuter
gender,
side
by
side with
the
feminine,
at an
early period.
For the
compound
nawiht, etc.,
see 348.
NOTE
4.
Beside
gecynd,
fern,
neut.,
there exist
two
other
singulars,
probably
deduced
from the
plur.
gecyndu
:
namely,
gecynde,
neut.
(246),
and
gecyndu,
-o,
weak fern.
(279)
;
so
gebyrd
has
a weak
form
gebyrdu,
-o.
b)
Feminines.
1)
Sbort Stems.
268.
But few
remains
are
preserved,
and not
all of
these are
certain
:
de.im
(?),
valley,
fre.mu,
benefit,
and
perhaps
hylu,
hollow,
-Iqgu,
laying
down,
and
-n^ru,
deliverance,
in
ealdorl^gu,
feorhl^gru
(or
-n^ru),
of
whose nominatives
we have
no
examples.
The de-
clension
of
these
words
has
entirely
conformed
to that
of the short a-stems
like
giefti
(252)
;
only sporadically
do
we
find a nom.
sing.
d$ne,
which
may
have
re-
tained the
old
ending
of
the
i-stems
(Prim.
Germ,
nom.
dani-z).
2)
Long
Stems.
269.
Paradigm:
b^n,
petition
(Prim.
Germ,
IxSni-z).
Sing.
N.V. ben Plur. N.V.
bene,
-a
G. bene G. bena
D.
bene
D.
benum
A.
ben
A.
bene,
-a
I.
be"ne
150
INFLECTION.
Thus are declined
b$nc,
bench,
cwn,
woman, dryht,
host, hy"d, skin,
lyft, air, nied,
need, tfd,
tide, ffry^,
strength,
wn,
hope,
wilit, wuht,
thing,
wynn,
pleas-
ure,
wyrd,fate,
wyrt, herb, root, b^sen,
example,
sfe(w),
law,
and
many
verbal-abstracts
(with
the
original
suffix
-ti)
:
e.g.,
dsfed, deed, fierd,
army,
gld,
gleed,
spd, success,
gehygd,
thought,
gecynd,
gebyrd, nature,
genyht, abundance,
gemynd, mind,
gewyrht, deed,
geftyld,
patience,
sfeht,
property,
in
i
lit,
might,
gesceaft,
creature, ge&ealit,
thought,
6st,
grace,
wist, sustenance,
y"st,
storm, sferist, resurrection,
etc.
NOTE
1.
The
endings
of this declension are
the same
as
those of the
^-declension,
except
in the ace.
sing.,
which in
the former has
-e.
In
North, this termination
is introduced into
the i-declension at an
early
period,
and to
a
considerable extent
;
in
WS.
and
Kent, it
makes its
appearance
later,
and
is at first
comparatively
rare.
Examples
are
:
tide, cwene,
etc.
NOTE
2. The
genuine
oldest termination
of the nom. ace.
plur.
is -i
(maecti,
Caedmon's
Hymn,
cf.
Goth,
mahteis),
which
subsequently
became
-e
(44).
Notwithstanding,
there is an
early
intrusion of -SB
from
the d-declension
(uuyrdae,
Ep.).
Beda
has,
sporadically,
o.
NOTE
3.
gfe is indeclinable
in
the nom.
ace.
plur.;
in the
sing,
is
found a
gen.
gfes,
besides the
gen.
dat.
sing,
sfewe,
in
agreement
with
which
there
is formed a nom. ace.
sew.
For
sae,
see 266. note 3.
NOTE
4.
lyft
and
a-rist
are also masc.
(266.
note
2)
;
gehygd,
gemynd,
gewyrht,
wilit,
wuht, geffyld, gecynd, gebyrd,
gerlst,
fnl I ii
lit.
lyft, genyht, gesceaft,
geffeaht,
are
also
neuter
(267).
dugud
1
,
virtue,
geoguSP,
youth,
and
Ides,
woman,
which would
regularly
belong
to the
i-declension,
in OE. follow the A-declension
(252)
;
si'on,
syn,
face,
onseon, view,
frequently
have
in
WS.
the ace.
sing,
seon,
but
in
Ps.
and
North,
always
take
-e,
according
to the
^-declension
(onsiene,
Ps.).
NOTE
5. In
North,
many
of these feminines
appear
also
as
neuters
(cf.
251.
note).
Among
deviations from
the
regular
inflectional
types
are to be
noted
the
gen.
sing,
in
-es
of Lind. and
Kit.,
tides,
dedes,
etc.;
and
the
weak
plur.,
as
in nom. ace.
tido, de"do,
gen.
tidana,
de'dana,
etc.
DECLENSION OF
NOUNS.
151
4)
THE
U-DECLENSION.
a)
Masculines.
1)
Short Steins.
270.
Paradigm:
sunn,
son
(Prim.
Germ.sunu-z,
Goth.
su
mis).
Sing.
N.V.
sunu, -o,
LWS.
-a
Plur. N.V.
suna,
-u,
-o
G.
suna 6. suna
D.
suna,
-u,
-o
D.
sunum
A.
sunu, -o,
LWS.
-a A.
suna,
-u,
-o
I. suna
271.
The number of words which
follow
this
declension
is
quite
limited
:
fully
inflected are
only
simu
and
wudu,
wood.
Beside
nom.
ace.
sing,
meodu, mead, magu,
boy,
there are
only
dat.
meodu, -o,
nom.
ace.
plur.
magas;
of
bre(o)go,
prince,
heoru,
sword, lagu,
lake,
siodu,
custom,
spitu,
spit,
there are
only
nom.
ace.
sing.
The
words
frioaru,
peace,
and
lioffu,
limb
(Goth,
frijms,
lijms),
no
longer
occur as
u-stems,
except
when the
first
member
of
compound
words
;
otherwise
there occur
fern,
frioaru
(279),
neut.
friar
(239.
2),
neut. liar
(239. 2);
and for Goth.
qijnis,
venter,
only
cwiar. So also
for
Goth,
skadus,
shadow,
OE.
has the
fern,
sceadu and
the neut.
scead
(cf.
253
;
240).
NOTE. The
gen.
sing, subsequently
has the termination
-es,
as in
the
o-declension,
e.g.,
wiides,
and
similarly
the
nom.
ace.
plur.
-as
:
\\udas.
sunas,
even
LWS.
sunan;
magas
already
in
EWS.
2)
Long
Stems.
272.
Words with
a
long
stem
dropped
the
u in the
nom.
ace.
sing.,
according
to
134,
and thus
became
assimilated to the
o-stems,
whose
inflection
they
then
to
some extent
assumed.
Their inflection
is
as
follows
:
Sing.
N.V.A. feld
Plur.
N.V.A.
felda,
-as
G.
felda,
-es
G. felda
D.
felda,
-e
D.
feldum
I.
felda, -e
152
INFLECTION.
273.
Traces
of this declension are
still to
be
per-
ceived
in the words
card,
country,
feld,
field,
ford,
ford,
-gar,
javelin,
hdd, rank,
hearg, idol,
temple,
weald,
forest,
sa<5F,
fountain
;
the
dissyllabic
sumor, summer,
winter, winter,
seppel(?),
apple.
The
other words
which
formerly
belonged
to the
u-declension have
com-
pletely
passed
over to the
o-declension
:
ar,
messenger,
de"a<y, death, feorli,
life,
fl6d,
flood,
scield, shield,
from,
thorn, wdg, wall, hungor,
hunger,
etc.
=
Goth,
aims,
laiij'iis,
fairhwus,
flodus, skildus,
]>aiirniis,
\\
udd.jus.
hu
hrus,
and
the
numerous verbal nouns
in
-(n)oSF,
-(n)aff
=
Goth. -6dus.
NOTE
1.
In
North, there are still found the datives
deoffa,
wQnga,
and even
a
few
examples
of
original
o-stems,
like
binna,
bin.
NOTE
2.
Examples
of the
gen. sing,
in -a are
:
hada,
Liccitfelda,
Wihtgara,
wintra.
The dat. instr. in -a is still
common
in the older
texts,
hut is
suhscquently replaced
hy
the
-e
of the
o-declension.
NOTE
3.
winter,
which is
always
of the inasc.
gender
in the
sing.,
so far as can be
determined,
takes
in
the
nom. ace.
plur.
the neuter
forms,
wintru and
winter. The
regular plur.
of
aeppel
is
aepplas,
seldom
ap(p)Ia,
LWS.
-u.
NOTE 4. The u is
retained
in
the form
aetga'eru
of the
Ep.
Gloss.
(Erf. aetgaru),
as
in
the
Runic Hodu and
olwfwoljm.
b)
Feminines.
274.
Of
these there
are but few
remaining,
the
most
important
being
duru, door,
and
h<jnd,
hand.
Their
declension
is as follows:
Sing.
N.V.A.
duru
hoiid
Plur. N.V.A.
dura,
-u
hQnda
G.
dura
hQnda
G.
dura
hQnda
I.D.
dura,
-u
hQnda
D. durum
hQndum
NOTE 1.
Other
relics
of
this declension
are:
nosu, nose;
cweorn,
quern
;
fl6r,
floor
;
and
worold,
world. Case-forms of these words
are
dat.
nosa,
ace.
nosu;
dat.
cweorna;
dat.
flora; dat.
worulda.
worold has almost
entirely passed
over to the
i-declension,
and the
others
fluctuate:
gen.
dat. instr.
sing,
dure, nose;
dat.
cweorne,
DECLENSION OP
NOUNS.
153
cweornan;
gen.
dat.
flore,
ace.
fl6r
(also
masc.
273),
etc.;
even
dat.
dyre,
dyru ;
gen.
dat. hond.
Beside
nosu, etc.,
is found iiasn
(early
Kentish).
NOTE 2. durn
and iiosn
are
perhaps
relics of an
earlier dual.
Here
may
likewise
be mentioned
the
form
scnldru
(sculdro),
dual of
the
masc.
sculdor,
and the
neut.
breost,
perhaps originally
a
dual.
c)
Neuters.
275.
There
is no
longer
an
independent
u-declension
of
neuters
in OE. The
sole relics are
Ps. North,
feolu,
feolo,
and WS.
feola, fela,
much
(the
former
a
stereo-
typed
nom.
ace.,
the
latter
perhaps
a
stereotyped
form
of the
other
cases).
Goth,
failm,
cattle,
is WS. Kent.
feoh, fo,
North,
feh,
which
belongs wholly
to
the
o-declension
(242).
B. WEAK DECLENSION (n-stems).
276.
The
three
genders
are
scarcely distinguishable,
except
in
the
nom. voc.
sing,
(with
which the neut.
ace.
is
identical)
;
the
masc.
ending
is
-a,
the
fern,
-e or
-u
(279),
and
the
neut.
-e.
Paradigms
are: masc.
guma,
man;
fern,
tunge,
tongue;
neut.
age,
eye.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NECTEB.
Sing.
N.V.
guma
tunge
cage
G.
guman
tungan
eagan
D. I.
guman
tungan
eagan
A.
guman
tungan
cage
Plur. N.V. A.
guman
tungan
eagan
G.
gumena
tungena
eagena
D.
gumum
tungum
eagum
NOTK
1.
In certain
texts -on
is found
for -an.
The
gen. plur.
more
rarely
ends
in
-ana,
-ona
(cf.
note
2, end)
;
still
other
occasional
end-
ings
are
-a
(strong),
-enan,
and -an.
Long
stems
in r
and
g,
seldom
any
others,
arc
apt
to
syncopate
the e
in WS.
:
earna,
e"agna.
LWS.
has a
rare
gen.
-es,
dat. -e.
154 INFLECTION.
NOTE 2.
The
final -n
is discarded
in North,
(in
part preserved
in R.
1
),
and
the vowels of the final
syllable
are
subject
to considerable
variation.
The
masc. nom.
usually
has
-a,
more
rarely
-e,
-ae;
gen.
dat. ace.
sing,
and nom. ace.
plur.
in
certain
words
uniformly
-a,
in
others
-a,
-o,
or -u
(the
latter
particularly
in
R.
2
),
less
frequently
-e, -se>; besides,
Lind. and
Rit. often form
a
strong gen. sing,
in
-es, -aes,
more
rarely
a
nom.
ace.
plur.
in
-as.
The
feminines are still more
irregular:
nom.
sing,
generally
-e,
some-
times -a
;
gen.
-a, -e,
but also
-es, -aes,
Lind. and Rit.
;
dat. ace.
sing.
-a, -e;
nom. ace.
plur.
-a, -o, -e, or,
following
the
strong
masculines,
-as.
In
distinction
from the
rest,
eorffu, earth,
has,
for the most
part,
-u,
-o
instead of the other
final
vowels enumerated
above,
this
being
always
the case in the nom.
sing., except
in R.
1
,
which still
possesses
a few
forms
in
-an,
even
in
the fern.
Moreover,
the feminines are
prone
to
pass
over
to
the neut.
gender.
The
following
forms of the neut. occur in North, and Mercian : nom.
dat.
sing,
eare,
ear;
nom. ace.
plur.
earo
;
dat. -urn
;
nom.
gen.
dat.
sing,
ego,
eye
;
ace.
ego
(-e)
;
nom. ace.
plur. ego
;
dat.
-um.
The
gen. plur.
termination of all these
genders
is
regularly
-ena,
though
-ana, -ona,
are
frequently
found,
rarely
-una,
and, indeed,
now
and
then
-a,
as
in
the
strong
declension.
l)
Masculines.
277.
Like
guma
is declined
a
great
number of
words,
such as
gdma,
palate,
Iwjna,
cock,
m<Sna,
moon, nefa,
nepheiv,
sefa, mind, t^ona,
injury,
cr^da,
creed
;
but
especially many agent-nouns,
like
Ixjna, murderer,
hunta, hunter, wiga,
warrior,
etc.
NOTE 1.
oxa, ox,
has in
nom. ace.
plur.
oexen,
$xen,
as
well as
oxan
;
gen.
oxna,
dat.
ox
um,
and
rarely
ox num.
The
plural
hfwan,
higan,
members
of
a
family,
forms
a
gen.
liina,
as well
as
higna,
hiwna.
NOTE 2.
flea,y?ea
(perhaps
fern.),
frfea, lord,
gefa,
enemy,
gefea,
joy,
leo,
lion
(North,
lea,
gen.
leas),
*sceo, shin, tweo,
doubt
(North.
tua,
and
tuia,
cf. 156.
3),
ffrea,
threat, Sweon, Swedes,
and
ra, roe,
systematically
contract
the
vowel of the radical
syllable
with that of
the
derivative
syllable
into
the
vowel
a
or
the
diphthongs
ea,
eo
:
gen.,
etc., frean;
gen.
plur. Sweona,
dat.
Sweom.
To the somewhat
DECLENSION
OF
NOUNS.
155
doubtful
flea
and
*sceo,
may
be added
mfco,
sole
(plur.
meon),
plur.
*ceon,
gills
(clan, Ep.)
;
the
uncontracted
frigea
occurs
beside
fra;
ffrea
is
usually
st.
fern.,
252
;
leo,
beside
regular forms,
has
LWS.
dat.
plur.
leonuin,
and occasional
dat.
sing,
leone
or
leonan.
2)
Feminines.
278.
The number
of
feminines which
are
declined like
tuiige
is
smaller than
that
of
the
masculines.
Examples
are
:
eor3"e, folde, liriise,
earth, hcorte,
heart, sunne,
sun, me*owle, maiden,
nsfcdre,
viper,
swealwe,
swallow;
bune,
cup,
ceole, throat, clife, burdock,
cliare,
poultice,
cwene, woman, cwice,
quitch-grass,
miere, mare,
pi(o)se,
pease.
NOTE.
Contractions
(as
in 277.
note
2)
are exhibited
by
b6o,
bee
(North,
bia,
Ps.
plur. bian),
c6o,
chough,
reo,
covering,
s4o,
pupil,
da(
?
),
doe,
fla, arrow, sla, slea,
slei/,
ta,
toe,
9ft,
clay
;
gen.,
etc.,
In-on,
seon,
flan,
etc. The
following,
which
seem
to fluctuate
between masc. and
fern.,
are
declined
as masc.
:
gemsecca,
gebejdda, spouse,
gere,sta,
widow.
279. As
respects
their
origin,
the abstracts
in
-u, -o,
such as
brsfedu,
breadth, hjfclu,
salvation,
m^ngu, m^nigo,
multitude,
str^ngu,
strength,
ieldu,
age,
belong
to the
weak
declension,
since
they correspond
to Goth, weak
nouns
in
-ei,
like
manage!,
multitude.
They
have,
how-
ever,
taken the
nom.sing. ending
-u
from the
d-declension,
and thus rid
themselves
entirely
of
the
old inflectional
forms.
Their
declension
is as follows
:
Sing.
N.
stre,ngu,
-o Plur.
N.
A.
strange,
-a
; -u,
-o,
G.
-j
G.
stre,nga
D. >-
strange
;
-u,
-o
D.
str^ngum
A.)
Other
feminines
which,
though
not
abstracts,
have
adopted
the same nominative
ending,
-u,
are
:
cinu,
fissure,
f<jnu,
standard,
faflfu,
paternal
aunt,
bosu,
hose,
bracu,
throat,
moru,
parsnip,
peru,
pear,
spadu,
spade,
150
INFLECTION.
sporu
(Be*ow.
986),
spur,
swi(o)pu,
whip,
tSrotu,
throat,
wucu, week,
and
perhaps
l^nu,
lane.
These
all
have
a short radical
syllable,
and
take
-n
regularly
in
the
oblique
cases.
NOTE 1.
The
abstracts
are
mostly
indeclinable in the
sing.,
that
is,
they
end
in
-u,
-o
in all cases. Plurals are
hardly
ever found.
The
nom. ace.
sing,
has
occasionally
a
shortened
form,
yld
for
yldo,
aye
(cf.
255.
3).
lufu
(253)
is
frequently
weak,
and is then classed with
cinu, etc.,
above.
NOTE 2.
Here
again
Lind. and Rit.
have likewise
a
gen.
in
-es,
like
aeldes, snytres
=
WS.
ieldu, snytru.
NOTE
3. The older
final -i
of the abstracts
still shows itself in the
constant umlaut of the
radical
syllable,
as
well
as in the
palatalization
of
preceding gutturals
:
me,nigeo, str^ngeo.
NOTE
4.
The short-stemmed
feminines
with the nominative
ending
in -u are not found
in
the earliest
texts,
such as the
Epinal
and
Corpus
glossaries
:
Ep.
inorae,
throtae
;
Corp.
more,
ffrote.
3)
Neuters.
280.
The
only
word
which
is
certainly
declined like
6age
is
are,
ear
;
heorte
has become feminine
(Prim.
Germ,
hertdn,
nent.).
NOTE 1.
wo,nge
(and w$nge),
orig. strong
neuters,
are sometimes
declined
weak.
From the
phrase
on
uhlan
may
be deduced uhta
masc.
or
uhte
neut.,
dawn.
NOTE
2.
For the
North, declension of
core
and
ego
see
276.
note
2.
C. MINOR
DECLENSIONS.
i)
IRREGULAR
CONSONANT
STEMS.
a)
Masculines and Neuters.
281.
Paradigm:
fdt,
foot.
Sing.
N.V.
A.
f6t
Plur.
N.V.A.
ft
G.
fotes G. fota
D.
fet
D. lotuiu
I.
f6te,
f^t