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Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ƚ
ɆȱɀɇȺɊɈȾɇȱ ɉɊȺȼɂɅȺ
Ɂ ɌɅɍɆȺɑȿɇɇə ɌȿɊɆȱɇȱȼ — ȱɇɄɈɌȿɊɆɋ
ȱɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ (ɚɧɝɥ. Incoterms, International commerce terms) — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ
ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɡ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨ-
ɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ. ɐɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ
ɽ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ, ɹɤɿ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɦɨ-
ɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɰɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɿɜ.
ȱɧɤɨɬɟғɪɦɫ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸ
ɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɹɤɿ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɤɨɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɹ. ɐɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɟ-
ɡɟɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɟ ɬɚ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɧɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ. ɐɿ ɩɪɚɜɢ-
ɥɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɦɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɡɢɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ
ɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪ
ɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.
ȼɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɸ
(ɚɧɝɥ. International Chamber of Commerce, ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɨ ICC). Ⱥɧɝɥɨɦɨɜɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɿɹ
ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɽ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɜɟɪɫɿɽɸ Incoterms 2010, ɹɤɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɚ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɽɸ
ɈɈɇ ɡ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ (ɚɧɝɥ. United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law) ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɨ (ɚɧɝɥ. UNCITRAL). ɇɚɪɚɡɿ
ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ ICC ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɧɚɞ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ Incoterms 3000, ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɞɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɿ
ɬɟɬɭ
Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɿ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ 31 ɦɨɜɭ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɚɯ ICC. ȼ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞ ȱɧɤɨɬɟɪɦɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɨ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɨɦ
Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ,
Ƚɪɭɩɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 4 ɝɪɭɩɢ:
x Ƚɪɭɩɚ E — Ɇɿɫɰɟ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ (Departure):
EXW. Ex Works (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɡɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɹ.
x Ƚɪɭɩɚ F — Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɟ (Main Carriage Unpaid):
FCA. Free Carrier (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɡɧɢɤɭ ɡɚɦɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ.
FAS. Free Alongside Ship (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɬ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ
ɞɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ.
FOB. Free On Board (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɬ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ.
x Ƚɪɭɩɚ C — Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɥɚɱɟɧɨ (Main Carriage Paid):
CFR. Cost and Freight (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ
ɩɨɪɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ (ɛɟɡ ɜɢɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ).
CIF. Cost, Insurance and Freight (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ (ɛɟɡ ɜɢɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ).
CPT. Carriage Paid To (ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ): ɬɨɜɚɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɜɿɡɧɢɤɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ