Scott W. See. The History of Canada. Second Edition

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1642 Montreal established by Paul de Chomedey

de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance

1663 New France put under royal control

1670 Hudson’s Bay Company chartered

1689–1697 King William’ s War

1702–1713 Queen Anne’s War

1713 Treaty of Utrecht cedes Newfoundland and

Acadia to Britain; Louisbourg established

1744–1748 King George’s War

1749 Halifax established

1755–1762 Acadian deportation

1756–1763 Seven Years’ War leads to Conquest

1759 Quebec City falls to the British

1763 Treaty of Paris cedes most of North America

to British; Royal Proclamation reformulates

British North America

1774 Quebec Act extends Quebec’s territory and

grants limited rights to French

1770s–1780s Loyalists arrive in British North America

1783 Treaty of Paris; United States victorious in

Revolutionary War

1784 New Brunswick established by Loyalists

1791 Constitutional Act (Canada Act) creates

Upper and Lower Canada

1793 Alexander Mackenzie reaches Pacific Ocean

by overland route

1812 Selkirk grant in Red River (Assiniboia)

1812–1814 War of 1812

1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement

1818 Convention of 1818 creates boundary with

the United States at forty-ninth parallel

1821 Hudson’s Bay Company and North West

Company merge

1829 Welland Canal opened

1832 Rideau Canal completed

1837–1838 Rebellions in Lower and Upper Canada

1839 Durham’s Report; “Aroostook War”

1841 Act of Union creates Canada East and

Canada West

280 Timeline of Historical Events

1846 Oregon Boundary settlement

1848–1855 Responsible government established in British

North American colonies

1849 Annexation Manifesto

1854–1866 Reciprocity Treaty with United States

1858 British Columbia Colony formed

1864 September: Charlottetown Conference;

October: Quebec City Conference

1867 July 1: Dominion of Canada formed

1869–1870 Red River Resistance

1870 Manitoba Act

1871 British Columbia enters Confederation

1872 Dominion Lands Act

1873 Prince Edward Island enters Confederation;

Supreme Court created

1878 National Policy introduced

1880 Canada acquires Arctic islands from Britain

1885 North-West Rebellion; Canadian Pacific Rail-

way completed

1888 Jesuits’ Estates Act

1890–1897 Manitoba schools controversy

1899–1902 South African War (Boer War)

1903 Alaska Boundary award

1905 Saskatchewan and Alberta join Confedera-

tion

1909 Boundary Waters Treaty establishes Interna-

tional Joint Commission

1910 Naval Service Act creates Canadian navy

1911 Reciprocity Agreement with United States

rejected

1914–1918 World War I

1914 War Measures Act passed

1917 Battle of Vimy Ridge; Halifax explosion;

conscription; Union government formed

1917–1920s Canadian National Railway created

1918 Women’s suffrage for federal elections

1919 Winnipeg General Strike

1921 Agnes Macphail elected, Canada’s first

female member of Parliament

Timeline of Historical Events 281

1923 Halibut Treaty with United States

1925–1926 King-Byng controversy

1929 Stock market crash leads to Great Depression

1931 Statute of Westminster

1932 Unemployment Relief Camps organized;

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation formed

1932–1933 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

established

1935 Richard Bedford Bennett’s “New Deal”; On-

to-Ottawa Trek

1939–1945 World War II (Canada enters war in Septem-

ber 1939)

1940 Rowell-Sirois Report on Dominion-Provin-

cial Relations; Ogdensburg Agreement with

United States

1941 Hyde Park Agreement with United States;

Canada declares war on Japan

1942 Conscription pledge plebiscite; Dieppe raid

1942–1947 Japanese-Canadian relocation

1944 Normandy invasion; PC 1003 grants workers

the right to collective bargaining

1945 Canada joins United Nations as charter

member

1949 Newfoundland enters Confederation; North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

formed

1950–1953 Korean War

1951 Massey Commission reports

1952 Vincent Massey becomes first Canadian-born

governor general

1956 Suez Crisis and UN peacekeeping forces

organized

1957 Hospital Insurance Plan; North American Air

Defense Agreement (NORAD) formed

1959 St. Lawrence Seaway opens

1960s “Quiet Revolution” in Quebec

1961 New Democratic Party (NDP) formed

1962 Cuban missile crisis strains Canadian-

American relations

282 Timeline of Historical Events

1965 Canada Assistance Act; Medicare; Canada

Pension Plan

1967 Montreal Exposition ’67

1969 Manhattan incident; Official Languages Act

1970 October Crisis

1971 National Action Committee on the Status of

Women (NAC)

1973 Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA)

created

1975 Petro-Can formed; James Bay Agreement

between Quebec government, Cree, and Inuit

1976 Parti Québécois (PQ) elected in Quebec

1977 Bill 101, Charter of the French Language,

passed in Quebec

1980 National Energy Program; Quebec Referen-

dum on Sovereignty-Association; Canada

joins Organization of American States (OAS)

1982 Constitution Act passed, including Charter of

Rights and Freedoms; Assembly of First

Nations formed; Canada agrees to UN Con-

vention on the Law of the Sea

1987 Meech Lake Accord; Reform party formed

1988 Bill 178 passed in Quebec

1989 Free trade agreement with United States

implemented

1990 Gulf War fought with Canada’s participation;

Mohawk tensions in Quebec

1992 Charlottetown Accord

1993 North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) created with United States and

Mexico; Bloc Québécois forms official oppo-

sition in Canadian Parliament

1995 Second Quebec Referendum

1997 Canada signs Kyoto Protocol

1999 Nunavut, a self-governing territory, estab-

lished

2000 Canadian Alliance formed

2001 Canada sends military forces to Afghanistan

2003 Conservative Party of Canada (CPC) formed

Timeline of Historical Events 283

2005 Civil Marriages Act legalizes same-sex

marriage

2006 Indian Residential Schools Settlement

Agreement

2008 Economic Recession

2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics

284 Timeline of Historical Events

Primary Documents

The following book excerpts, articles, legal documents, and letters are

designed to support various points in the previous chapters, and each

includes a helpful introduction.

The Vancouver Winter Olympics and the Press

National Post; Globe and Mail ................285

Joe Canadian Rant

Canadian Studies in the New Millennium ...........289

Champlain’s Assessment of Native Peoples

Voyages to New France ....................291

The Old World Becomes the New World

The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels

and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France. . . 293

A Portrait of Life in New France

Canada in the 17

Century ..................295

A Church Perspective on Women and Their Clothing

The French Regime ......................299

A Military Perspective During the Seven Years’ War

Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State

of New York .........................301

The Acadian Experience

The Acadian Deportation: Deliberate Perfidy or Cruel

Necessity? ..........................303

One Loyalist’s Perspective

Winslow Papers .......................305

Mackenzie’s Call to Arms

The Selected Writings of William Lyon Mackenzie.......307

A Perspective of Life in the Backwoods

I Bless You in My Heart: Selected Correspondence

of Catharine Parr Traill ....................309

The Argument in Favor of Confederation

The Confederation Debates in the Province of Canada.....313

The Argument Against Confederation

Canada’s Founding Debates and The Speeches

and Public Letters of Joseph Howe ..............317

The British North America Act

Confederation: 1867 .....................321

Louis Riel on Trial

The Queen v. Louis Riel ...................325

Sifton’s Rationale for Immigration

Immigration and the Rise of Multiculturalism .........329

The Necessity for Victory

Canada at War ........................333

An Argument Against Conscription

Win the War and Lose Canada ................337

A Case for Women’s Suffrage

The Proper Sphere: Women’s Place in Canadian Society ....341

Letters from the Heartland

The Wretched of Canada ...................345

The CCF Platform

A Prophet in Politics: A Biography of J.S. Woodsworth ....349

A Portrait of the Fighting Forces

On the Battlefields: Two World Wars that Shaped a Nation . . 351

A Japanese-Canadian Perspective

This Is My Own: Letters to Wes & Other Writings

on Japanese Canadians ....................353

Smallwood’s Argument for Confederation

I Chose Canada........................357

Diefenbaker and Nuclear Weapons

Canadian Foreign Policy Since 1945: Middle Power

or Satellite? ..........................359

Recommendations of the Massey Repor t

Readings in Canadian History: Post-Confederation ......361

A Voice of the New Quebec

An Option for Canada ....................363

The Underside of Canadian Society

The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class

and Power in Canada....................365

Keenleyside’s Letter

The Star-Spangled Beaver ...................369

Perspectives of History and the Sovereignty-Association Question

A New Deal and Readings in Canadian History:

Post-Confederation ......................373

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Guide

for Canadians.........................377

An Argument Against Free Trade

Leap of Faith: Free Trade and the Future of Canada ......379

First Nations Charter

Material Memory: Documents in Post-Confederation

History ............................381

A Voice of New Canadians

Voices of Chinese Canadian Women .............383

An Environmentalist’s Perspective

Time to Change: Essays....................387

A Celebration of Canada’s Role in Afghanistan

What the Thunder Said: Reflections of a Canadian

Officer in Kandahar .....................391

Canada’s Position on Arctic Sovereignty

http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2259 ............393

Canadian Insights Using Humor

Rick Mercer Report: The Book ................397

The Vancouver Winter

Olympics and the Press

The Vancouver Winter Olympics in 2010 provided an opportunity for

Canada to host a popular sporting event and showcase the country to the

world. By all accounts the Olympics were a tremendous success, despite

the anxiety over uncooperative weather patterns that threatened a lack

of adequate snow cover for numerous events and the tragic death of a

participant in the dangerous luge competition. The event was closely

observed by Canadians from coast to coast. Predictably, observers came

to strikingly different conclusions about the relative strengths and

weaknesses of the Olympics for representing the entire country and the

greater impact that the event would have on Canadian nationalism in the

early twenty-first century. The following excerpts from two newspaper

accounts provide a sampling of that wide-ranging opinion.

“Shades of Vimy,” by Lorne Gunter, in National Post, 3 March

2010.

Will our success at the Winter Olympics cure us of our national

inferiority complex? God, I hope so.

Military historians have argued that Canada became a nation on

the slopes of Vimy Ridge in France, when, in 1917, all four divisions

of the Canadian Expeditionary Force fought together for the first

time and overwhelmed a massive German stronghold most thought

unconquerable. Perhaps, then, in the not-too-distant future, our

Lorne Gunter, “Shades of Vimy,” in National Post, 3 March 2010.

The Vancouver Winter Olympics and the Press 285

nation will be seen to have become fully grown up and cast off its

adolescent obsession with cultural engineering on the slopes of

Whistler and Cypress Mountain and the ice surfaces of Vancouver

and Richmond.

Not only did our athletes do us—so proud—so did the Vancouver

Organizing Committee, the thousands of volunteers, and the people

of the Vancouver region. What a world-class celebration.

The Canadian Olympic Committee and the associations for each of

the winter sports deserve credit, as well. Without their help to make

our athletes as good as they could be—without their courage to

demand excellence and not settle for personal bests—we would not

have raked in all those golds and other medals.

And we Canadians ourselves deserve a pat on the back for not

apologizing for coming first so often.

But when I refer to casting off our national inferiority complex, I

don’t mean the permission we suddenly seem to have given ourselves

to be overjoyed by our nation’s athletic accomplishments. Rather, I’m

talking about the way most of our major national policies of the past

half-century have really just been masks for our national angst.

Multiculturalism, universal health care, soft power diplomacy,

economic and cultural nationalism and others are all, in part, efforts

to downplay our own fear that we are an insignificant nation.

Through them, we reassure ourselves of our moral superiority,

especially toward the Americans.

Maybe Vancouver finally made us willing to stop defining ourselves

through our belief in giant government programs and our fear and

resentment of the United States.

Now, perhaps, we can also give ourselves permission to stop trying

to manufacture a distinctively Canadian culture and just let one

evolve naturally.

We are not Americans. We are never going to be Americans. No

amount of economic or cultural protectionism is going to keep the

U.S. influences out. But also, American influences were never going to

impoverish us or strip our identity away. . . .

Perhaps instead of sneering at the Americans about their melting

pot approach to immigration and insisting our multicultural

approach is superior, we’ll now come to see the two as different

sides of the same coin.

286 The Vancouver Winter Olympics and the Press