Saltzman B. (editor) Anomalous Atmospheric Flows and Blocking

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454

INDEX

eddy straining mechanism, 136- 139

eddy vorticity flux divergence patterns,

Ertel potential rorticity analysis,

vectors and momentum forcing,

synoptic situation, I39

142

Charney-DeVore model, 90-91

climatology of, 17

effect of extratropical

SST

anomalies on

effect of tropical

SST

anomalies on

145- 147

147- I58

142-

145

extratropical circulation, 449-45

extratropical circulation, 445

449

instability of horizontally and vertically

sheared zonal flows, 446

modification of Hadley circulation, 446

Rossby wave propagation, 445 -446

breakdown, 59-64

data

for 500-mbar analysis, 32

development of 500-mbar height

anomaly patterns

North Pacific

low-pass filtered, 34-41

Pacific jet region zonal flow and,

unfiltered anomaly analyses, 42 -46

zonal Fourier harmonics and, 48

46-48

procedure, 33

synoptic characteristics of height and

vertical and thermal evolutions, 50-54

numbers, 77 -80

energy fluxes

thermal patterns, 54-59

correlation analysis, 85

regression analysis, 87

energy parameters and data, 72- 76

kinetic energy budget and, 80-85

prediction

of,

323

role of cyclone waves in, 127

strong, linear baroclinic instability and, 85

structural entity,

-25

types, 89-94

characteristics, 93

energy parameters and

data,

wave-wave interaction, 12

intermediate modes, 289

Pacific and Atlantic onset-of-blocking

Blocks, growth of

dipole modes, 284

Pacific onset-of-blocking dipole modes,

283-284

Charney- DeVore circulation model,

200

209

wave equation modification, 209- 2 15

Charney-DeVore theory, 8, 10,229

bimodal zonal wind and, 246-247

energetics

flux, counterpart

for,

Charney-Eliassen model, 229-230

Circulation

extratropical, effect of

extratropical

SST

anomalies, 449-451

tropical

SST

anomalies, 443-449

middle latitude, properties, 199

224

baroclinic energetics, 2 15

2 19

Charney-DeVore model, 200-209

Charney-DeVore wave equation

resonance bending in baroclinic model

modification, 209

atmosphere, 2 19- 223

Climatology of blocking, 17

Convective instability of the Second Kind,

Cutoff lows, prediction

of,

323

Cyclone waves, role in blocking, 127

44 3

Data assimilation system at ECMWF,

306

307

Deepheating anomaly,

SST

anomalies and,

444

Density distribution of atmospheric flow

data, 230-231

nonparametric probability density

patterns of 500-mbar geopotential height

results, 233-235

theoretical background, 228 -229

Disturbance streamfunctions

intermediate modes, 289

monopole cyclogenesis modes, 28

-282

North Atlantic mature anomaly pattern

estimation, 231-233

and, 235-243

modes, 287-289

INDEX

455

Pacific and Atlantic onset-of-blocking

Pacific-North American mature anomaly

Pacific onset-of-blocking dipole modes,

bipole modes, 284

pattern modes, 285

287

283-284

ECMWF,

see

European Centre for Medium

Eddies

Range Weather

Forecasts

available potential energy conversion to

kinetic energy, 6

fluxes,

see

Eddy fluxes

forcing,

see

Eddy forcing

maintenance of blocking anticyclones by,

straining,

see

Eddy straining

associated with local baroclinic instability,

in two-layer model, 167-168

during Atlantic blocking episode

147-158

Eddy fluxes

172-177

Eddy forcing

data

manipulation and synoptic

Ertel potential vorticity analysis,

vectors and momentum forcing,

vorticity flux divergence patterns,

blocking anticyclones by, 183

197

situation, 139- 142

147- 158

142- 145

145-147

results, 186- 197

stochastically forced planetary modes,

184-186

and circulation, relation, 177- 180

Eddy straining, mechanism, 136- 139

Eigenmode structure, and storm tracks,

El niiio, 260-262

Energetics

atmospheric

170-

172

third power law for kinetic energy

waves with bimodal amplitude

distribution, 7

distributions, 113- 123

baroclinic model atmosphere, 2 1 5

2 19

flux

analysis, 90-91

Enhanced orography,

see

Envelope

Enstrophy budget, waves with bimodal

Envelope orography, 340-343

orography

amplitude distributions,

13- 123

effects in tropical regions, 363-370

mean orography vs., 343-355

mountain torqueand zonal flow, 359-363

Equilibria, multiple,

see

Multiple equilibria

Ertel potential vorticity, eddy forcing,

European Centre for Medium Range

Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)

accuracy of forecasts, 3 10- 3 18

assessment methods, 308-310

data

assimilation, 306-307

developments in predictive skill, 323

328

forecast model, 307- 308

gridpoint model, orographic forcing and

systematic error of, 340-343

monthly-mean anomalies, 328- 333

prediction of blocking and cutoff laws,

systematic model errors, 333

334

theories

147-158

318-323

vectors, eddy momentum forcing and,

Extratropical circulation

142- 145

effect of tropical

SST

anomalies, 445-449

instability of horizontally and vertically

modification

Hadley circulation, 446

Rossby wave propagation, 445 -446

sheared zonal flows, 446

effect of extratropical

SST

anomalies,

449-451

Flow,

zonal, in envelope orography, 359

363

Forcing

eddy

during Atlantic blocking episode,

Ertel potential vorticity analysis and,

local baroclinic instability and, 177

180

momentum forcing and

vectors,

planetary-scale blocking anticyclones,

139-158

147-158

142- 145

183-197

456

INDEX

orographic, and systematic error of

stationary, linearized response of

ECMWF gridpoint model,

340

343

stationary waves to,

262

269

Forecasts

accuracy

medium range,

310-318

models

at ECMWF,

307

308

UCLA,

380- 38

numerical,

see

Numerical prediction

Fourier harmonics, zonal, persistent

anomalies and,

48-50

Frequency distribution, planetary-wave

amplitude indicator,

103-

105

ECMWF, envelope orography and,

339-

origin of Southern Hemisphere stationary

General circulation models,

259,263

340

Rossby waves

analysis and control experiments,

“easterly deceleration” experiment,

“no

Andes” experiment,

427 -429

“reduced tropical heating” experiment,

“suppressed

regional

heating”

4 17-427

437-439

429-435

experiment,

435 -436

forecasts,

375-377

UCLA, medium-range experimental

Global circulation

anomalous

blocking,

15-25

Steady States,

theoretical development,

Gridpoint model at ECMWF, orographic

forcing and systematic error of,

340-343

Hadley circulation, modification,

446

Heating, tropical, Pacific-North American

pattern and,

259-262

basic state,

279-280

Instability theory

disturbances,

280-28

disturbance stream functions

intermediate modes (class

F),

289

monopole cyclogenesis modes (class A),

North Atlantic mature anomaly pattern

modes (class E),

287-289

Pacific and Atlantic onset-of-blocking

dipole modes,

284

Pacific-North American mature

anomaly modes (class

D),

285-287

Pacific onset-of-blocking dipole modes

(class

B),

283-284

evolution of mature anomalies,

289

growth

rates and phase frequencies,

model details,

278

nonlinear simulation

-282

disturbance kinetic energy spectra,

disturbance streamfunctions,

294- 30

model details,

292-293

293-294

Kinetic energy

budget, and blocking numbers,

80-85

eddy, conversion from eddy available

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,

232-235,246

potential energy,

Local

baroclinic instability

eddy

fluxes

and tendencies,

I72

177

eigenmode structure,

170

172

Mature anomalies

evolution,

289

intermediate modes,

289

North Atlantic pattern modes,

287-289

Pacific-North American pattern modes,

Maximum penalized likelihood, method of,

Medium-range forecasts, accuracy of,

Model atmospheres, baroclinic,

see

285-287

232

310-318

Baroclinic model atmosphere

INDEX

457

Model emors, systematic,

see

Systematic

Momentum forcing,

vectors and eddy,

Monopole cyclogenesis

modes,

disturbance

streamfunctions, 281 -282

Monthly-mean anomalies, representation

Mountain torque, in envelope orography,

Multiple equilibria theories, objections to,

model errors

142- 145

Of, 329-333

359-363

255-259

Nonlinear simulations of baroclinic waves,

Nonparametric estimation theory, 231 -233

Northern Hemisphere

instability solutions and, 291 -301

extratropical, predictability for three

middle latitude circulation, properties,

regions, 3 13

199-224

baroclinic energetics, 2

2 19

Charney-DeVore model, 200-209

Charney

DeVore wave equation

resonance binding in baroclinic model

modification, 209

2 1 5

atmosphere, 219-223

tropospheric and stratospheric forecasts

for winter of 1979,38 1-398

blocking

breakdown, 59-64

data, 32-33

development of 5Wmbar height anomaly

procedure, 33

synoptic characteristics of height and

vertical and thermal evolutions during

North Pacific, persistent anomalies and

patterns, 34- 50

thermal patterns, 54

development, 50-54

Numerical forecasts,

see

Numerical

prediction

Numerical prediction

assessment methods, 308

blocking and cutoff lows, 3 18

323

ECMWF forecasting system

data assimilation, 306

307

forecast model, 307

308

medium-range forecast accuracy, 3 10

3 18

Northern Hemisphere winter of 1979

atmospheric circulation during,

stratospheric forecasts, 392-398

tropospheric forecasts, 38

392

377

skill developments in, 323

328

Orographic forcing, and systematic error of

ECMWF gridpoint model, 340-343

Orography

blended, experiments with, 355 -359

envelope

effects in tropical regions, 363

370

mean orography vs., 343-355

mountain torque and zonal flow,

359-363

Pacific jet region zonal flow, and

North

Pacific-North American pattern, role of

Persistent anomalies

Pacific persistent anomalies, 46-48

tropical heating in, 259-262

duration of, 253-255

free Rossby waves and, 269

27 1

multiple equilibria theories and, 256-259

over North Pacific

breakdown, 59

data, 32-33

development of 500-mbar height

anomaly patterns

Fourier harmonics and,

low-pass filtered, 34-41

Pacific jet region zonal flow and,

unfiltered analyses, 42 -46

46-48

procedure, 33

synoptic characteristics of height and

vertical and thermal evolutions during

thermal patterns, 54-59

development, 50-54

tropical heating role in Pacific-North

American pattern, 259-262

teleconnections and, 259-262

with bimodal amplitude distributions

Planetary waves

eddy available

eddy kinetic energy

conversion, 126

458

INDEX

energetics and enstrophy budgets for,

frequency distribution of amplitude

structure,

105-

total zonal to eddy potential energy

conversion,

I26

stationary, linearized response to

stationary forcing,

262 -269

Potential vorticity, eddy straining and,

137

Predictability, three regions of extratropical

Prediction, numerical,

see

Numerical

Predictive skill, developments in,

323-328

113- 123

indicator,

103-

105

Northern Hemisphere,

prediction

Resonance

existence of,

257-259

bending in baroclinic model atmosphere,

219-223

Rossby waves

free

planetary-scale,

253

and persistence,

269 -27

propagation, and

SST

anomalies,

445 -446

Southern Hemispheric stationary, origin,

417-439

analysis and control experiments,

“easterly deceleration” experiment,

“no Andes” experiment,

427

429

“reduced tropical heating” experiment,

“suppressed regional heating” experi-

-427

437-439

429-435

ment,

435 -436

Sea

surface temperature anomalies

circulation,

449-45

extratropical, effect on extratropical

heating anomaly production by,

444

transformation into a deep heating

anomaly,

444

tropical, effect on extratropical

circulation,

445 -449

instability of horizontally and vertically

modification of Hadiey circulation,

446

Rossby wave propagation,

445-446

sheared zonal flows,

446

Southern Hemisphere, origin of stationary

Rossby waves

analysis and control experiments,

7 -427

“easterly deceleration” experiment,

‘‘no Andes” experiment,

427 -435

“reduced

tropical heating” experiment,

“suppressed regional heating” experiment,

437 -439

429-435

435-436

Stationary waves

linearized response to stationary forcing,

orographically induced,

228

262-269

Steady states,

Storm tracks, eigenmode structure and,

Straining, eddy,

136

139

Stratospheric forecasts, Northern Hemi-

sphere winter of

1979,392- 398

Synoptic-scale variability,

see

Persistent

anomalies

Systematic model errors,

339

170-172

ECMWF,

333-334

and orographic forcing of ECMWF

gridpoint model,

340- 343

UCLA

general circulation model

lowered upper boundary level impact,

upper boundary impact on tropospheric

408-411

forecasts

error distributions at

500

mbar,

root-mean-square error fields,

ultralong wave forecasts,

405 -407

402-405

398 -402

Teleconnections, role of,

259 -262

Temperature

sea surface, anomalies,

see

Sea

surface

zonal inhomogeneities, effects of local

temperature anomalies

baroclinic instability,

165-

180

INDEX

459

circulation induced by eddy forcing,

eddy fluxes and tendencies, 172- 177

eddy fluxes in two-layer model, 167

168

eigenmodes and storm tracks, 170- 172

properties of local baroclinic instability,

Thermal patterns, evolution during develop

ment of persistent anomalies, 50-54

Torque, mountain, in envelope orography,

Tropical heating, Pacific-North American

pattern and, 259-262

Tropical regions, effects of envelope

orography in, 363-370

Tropospheric forecasts, Northern

Hemisphere winter of 1979,381 -392

177-180

169-170

359-363

University of California,

Los

Angeles

(UCLA)

general circulation model

description, 380

stratospheric forecasts, 392

398

tropospheric forecasts, 38

392

upper boundary impact on tropospheric

forecasts, 398 -41

error distributions at 500 mbar,

root-mean-square error fields,

ultralong wave forecasts, 405 -407

402

405

398-402

Variability, synoptic-scale,

see

Persistent

Vertical structures, evolution during

anomalies

development of persistent anomalies,

50-54

Vorticity

eddy, flux divergence patterns, 145- 147

Ertel potential, eddy forcing and, 147- 158

potential, eddy straining and, 137

zonal inhomogeneities, effects

local

baroclinic instability, 165

180

circulation induced by eddy forcing,

eddy fluxes and tendencies, 172

177

eddyfluxesintwo-layer model, 167- 168

eigenmodes and storm tracks, 170- 172

properties of

local

baroclinic instability,

177-180

169-170

Wave equations, Chamey -DeVore,

Waves

209 -2

cyclone, role in blocking, 127

1 3

planetary, with bimodal amplitude

distributions

conversion, 126

113-123

indicator, 103- 105

eddy available to eddy kinetic energy

energetics and enstrophy budgets

for,

frequency distribution of amplitude

structure, 105

total zonal to eddy potential energy

conversion, 126

Rossby

free planetary-scale, 253

and persistence, 269

propagation, and SST anomalies,

Southern Hemispheric stationary,

445 -446

origin, 4 17

439

stationary

linearized response to stationary

orographically induced, 228

forcing, 262 -269

Wave-wave interaction, blocking

as,

Zonal

flow

in envelope orography, 359-363

horizontally and vertically sheared,

instability, 446

Pacific jet region, and North Pacific

persistent anomalies, 46-48

Zonal Fourier harmonics, persistent

anomalies and, 48

-50

Zonal wind, probability density distribution

and, 246

241,446

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