Rosenfeld Susan. Encyclopedia of American Historical Documents

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basis herein prescribed, to make and render a list or

return, on or before the day provided by law, in such form

and manner as may be directed by the Commissioner of

Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of

the Treasury, to the collector or a deputy collector of the

district in which they reside, of the amount of their

income, gains, and profits, as aforesaid; and all guardians

and trustees, executors, administrators, agents, receivers,

and all persons or corporations acting in any fiduciary

capacity, shall make and render a list or return, as afore-

said, to the collector or a deputy collector of the district in

which such person or corporation acting in a fiduciary

capacity resides or does business, of the amount of

income, gains, and profits of any minor or person for

whom they act, but persons having less than three thou-

sand five hundred dollars income are not required to make

such report; and the collector or deputy collector, shall

require every list or return to be verified by the oath or

affirmation of the party rendering it, and may increase the

amount of any list or return if he has reason to believe that

the same is understated; and in case any such person hav-

ing a taxable income shall neglect or refuse to make and

render such list and return, or shall render a willfully false

or fraudulent list or return, it shall be the duty of the col-

lector or deputy collector, to make such list, according to

the best information he can obtain, by the examination of

such person, or any other evidence, and to add fifty per

centum as a penalty to the amount of the tax due on such

list in all cases of willful neglect or refusal to make and

render a list or return; and in all cases of a willfully false or

fraudulent list or return having been rendered to add one

hundred per centum as a penalty to the amount of tax

ascertained to be due, the tax and the additions thereto as

a penalty to be assessed and collected in the manner pro-

vided for in other cases of willful neglect or refusal to ren-

der a list or return, or of rendering a false or fraudulent

return: Provided, That any person, or corporation in his,

her, or its own behalf, or as such fiduciary, shall be per-

mitted to declare, under oath or affirmation, the form and

manner of which shall be prescribed by the Commissioner

of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of

the Treasury, that he, or she, or his or her, or its ward or

beneficiary, was not possessed of an income of four thou-

sand dollars, liable to be assessed according to the provi-

sions of this Act; or may declare that he, she, or it, or his,

her, or its ward or beneficiary has been assessed and has

paid an income tax elsewhere in the same year, under

authority of the United States, upon all his, her, or its

income, gains, or profits, and upon all the income, gains,

or profits for which he, she, or it is liable as such fiduciary,

as prescribed by law; and if the collector or deputy collec-

tor shall be satisfied of the truth of the declaration, such

person or corporation shall thereupon be exempt from

income tax in the said district for that year; or if the list or

return of any person or corporation, company, or associa-

tion shall have been increased by the collector or deputy

collector, such person or corporation, company, or associ-

ation may be permitted to prove the amount of income

liable to be assessed; but such proof shall not be consid-

ered as conclusive of the facts, and no deductions claimed

in such cases shall be made or allowed until approved by

the collector or deputy collector. . . .

* * *

Sec. 32. That there shall be assessed, levied, and col-

lected, except as herein otherwise provided, a tax of two

per centum annually on the net profits or income above

actual operating and business expenses, including

expenses for materials purchased for manufacture or

bought for resale, losses, and interest on bonded and

other indebtedness of all banks, banking institutions,

trust companies, saving institutions, fire, marine, life, and

other insurance companies, railroad, canal, turnpike,

canal navigation, slack water, telephone, telegraph,

express, electric light, gas, water, street railway compa-

nies, and all other corporations, companies, or associa-

tions doing business for profit in the United States, no

matter how created and organized, but not including

partnerships.

* * *

The net profits or income of all corporations, companies,

or associations shall include the amounts paid to share-

holders, or carried to the account of any fund, or used for

construction, enlargement of plant, or any other expendi-

ture or investment paid from the net annual profits made

or acquired by said corporations, companies, or associa-

tions.

* * *

That nothing herein contained shall apply to States, coun-

ties, or municipalities; nor to corporations, companies, or

associations organized and conducted solely for charitable,

religious, or educational purposes. . . .

Nor to any insurance company or association which

conducts all its business solely upon the mutual plan, and

only for the benefit of its policy holders or members, and

having no capital stock and no stock or shareholders, and

holding all its property in trust and in reserve for its policy

holders or members; nor to that part of the business of any

insurance company having a capital stock and stock and

shareholders, which is conducted on the mutual plan, sep-

arate from its stock plan of insurance, and solely for the

benefit of the policy holders and members insured on said

1002 ERA 6: The Development of the Industrial United States

mutual plan, and holding all the property belonging to and

derived from said mutual part of its business in trust and

reserve for the benefit of its policy holders and members

insured on said mutual plan.

That all State, county, municipal, and town taxes paid

by corporations, companies, or associations, shall be

included in the operating and business expenses of such

corporations, companies, or associations.

Sec. 33. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid

on all salaries of officers, or payments for services to per-

sons in the civil, military, naval, or other employment or

service of the United States, including Senators and Rep-

resentatives and Delegates in Congress, when exceeding

the rate of four thousand dollars per annum, a tax of two

per centum on the excess above the said four thousand

dollars

* * *

[The next sections concern stamp taxes on playing cards,

tobacco, and liquor.]

* * *

Sec. 73. That every combination, conspiracy, trust, agree-

ment, or contract is hereby declared to be contrary to

public policy, illegal, and void, when the same is made by

or between two or more persons or corporations either or

whom is engaged in importing any article from any for-

eign country into the United States, and when such com-

bination, conspiracy, trust, agreement, or contract is

intended to operate in restraint of lawful trade, or free

competition in lawful trade or commerce, or to increase

the market price in any part of the United States of any

article or articles imported or intended to be imported

into the United States, or of any manufacture into which

such imported article enters or is intended to enter.

Every person who is or shall hereafter be engaged in the

importation of goods or any commodity from any foreign

country in violation of this Section of this Act, or who

shall combine or conspire with another to violate the

same, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction

thereof in any court of the United States, such person

shall be fined in a sum not less than one hundred dollars

and not exceeding five thousand dollars, and shall be fur-

ther punished by imprisonment, in the discretion of the

court, for a term not less than three months nor exceed-

ing twelve months.

* * *

Received by the President, August 15, 1894.

Source:

Statutes at Large, Vol. 28, pp. 509–570.

United States v. E. C. Knight Company

(156 U.S. 1), 1895

Also known as the Sugar Trust Case, this was the first U.S.

Supreme Court interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act,

issued on January 21, 1895, and a serious setback to its

enforcement. E. C. Knight, a holding company that controlled

the American Sugar Refining Company, had purchased com-

peting sugar refineries, securing a near monopoly on the man-

ufacture of refined sugar in the United States. The government

charged that the purchases were a combination in restraint of

trade. In its 8-to-1 decision against the government, the

Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act applied

only to interstate commerce, narrowly defined, not to

intrastate manufacturing, even of articles made for export to

another state. On December 4, 1899, the U.S. Supreme Court,

based on the Sherman Antitrust Act, enjoined six producers of

cast-iron pipe from maintaining an agreement to eliminate

competition among themselves. In its unanimous decision in

Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States

(175 U.S.

211), the Court ruled that the companies, in establishing a

market-allocation scheme, had conspired to interfere with the

flow of interstate commerce, to limit competition, and to fix

prices. That decision strengthened the effectiveness of the

Sherman Antitrust Act.

________________________

_______________________

Mr. Chief Justice Fuller . . . delivered the opinion of the

court.

By the purchase of the stock of the four Philadelphia

refineries with shares of its own stock the American Sugar

Refining Company acquired nearly complete control of

the manufacture of refined sugar within the United States.

The bill charged that the contracts under which these pur-

chases were made constituted combinations in restraint of

trade, and that in entering into them the defendants com-

bined and conspired to restrain the trade and commerce in

refined sugar among the several states and with foreign

nations, contrary to the act of congress of July 2, 1890.

The relief sought was the cancellation of the agree-

ments under which the stock was transferred, the rede-

livery of the stock to the parties respectively, and an

injunction against the further performance of the agree-

ments and further violations of the act. As usual, there

was a prayer for general relief, but only such relief could

be afforded under that prayer as would be agreeable to

the case made by the bill and consistent with that specif-

ically prayed. And as to the injunction asked, that relief

was ancillary to and in aid of the primary equity, or

ground of suit, and, if that failed, would fall with it. That

ground here was the existence of contracts to monopolize

interstate or international trade or commerce, and to

The Rise of Corporations, Heavy Industry, and Mechanized Farming 1003

restrain such trade or commerce which, by the provisions

of the act, could be rescinded, or operations thereunder

arrested.

In commenting upon the statute (21 Jac. 1. c. 3), at the

commencement of chapter 85 of the third institute, enti-

tled “Against Monopolists. Propounders, and Projectors,”

Lord Coke, in language often quoted, said:

* * *

“A monopoly is an institution, or allowance by the king by

his grant, commission, or otherwise to any person or per-

sons, bodies politique, or corporate, of or for the sole

buying, selling, making, working, or using of anything,

whereby any person or persons, bodies politique, or cor-

porate, are sought to be restrained of any freedom or

liberty that they had before, or hindred in their lawfull

trade. . . .”

Counsel contend that this definition, as explained by

the derivation of the word, may be applied to all cases in

which “one person sells alone the whole of any kind of

marketable thing, so that only he can continue to sell it, fix-

ing the price at his own pleasure,” whether by virtue of leg-

islative grant or agreement; that the monopolization

referred to in the act of congress is not confined to the

common-law sense of the terms as implying an exclusive

control, by authority, of one branch of industry without

legal right of any other person to interfere therewith by

competition or otherwise, but that it . . . covers controlling

the market by contracts securing the advantage of selling

alone or exclusively all, or some considerable portion, of a

particular kind of merchandise or commodity to the detri-

ment of the public; and that such contracts amount to that

restraint of trade or commerce declared to be illegal. But

the monopoly and restraint denounced by the act are the

monopoly and restraint of interstate and international

trade or commerce, while the conclusion to be assumed on

this record is that the result of the transaction complained

of was the creation of a monopoly in the manufacture of a

necessary of life.

In the view which we take of the case, we need not

discuss whether, because the tentacles which drew the out-

lying refineries into the dominant corporation were sepa-

rately put out, therefore there was no combination to

monopolize; or because, according to political economists,

aggregations of capital may reduce prices, therefore the

objection to concentration of power is relieved; or, because

others were theoretically left free to go into the business of

refining sugar, and the original stockholders of the

Philadelphia refineries, after becoming stockholders of the

American Company, might go into competition with them-

selves, or, parting with that stock, might set up again for

themselves, therefore no objectionable restraint was

imposed.

The fundamental question is whether, conceding that

the existence of a monopoly in manufacture is established

by the evidence, that monopoly can be directly suppressed

under the act of congress in the mode attempted by this

bill.

It cannot be denied that the power of a state to pro-

tect the lives, health, and property of its citizens, and to

preserve good order and the public morals, “the power to

govern men and things within the limits of its dominion,”

is a power originally and always belonging to the states, not

surrendered by them to the general government, nor

directly restrained by the constitution of the United States,

and essentially exclusive. The relief of the citizens of each

state from the burden of monopoly and the evils resulting

from the restraint of trade among such citizens was left

with the states to deal with, and this court has recognized

their possession of that power even to the extent of hold-

ing that an employment or business carried on by private

individuals, when it becomes a matter of such public inter-

est and importance as to create a common charge or bur-

den upon the citizen—in other words, when it becomes a

practical monopoly, to which the citizen is compelled to

resort, and by means of which a tribute can be exacted

from the community—is subject to regulation by state leg-

islative power. On the other hand, the power of congress to

regulate commerce among the several states is also exclu-

sive. The constitution does not provide that interstate com-

merce shall be free, but, by the grant of this exclusive

power to regulate it, it was left free, except as congress

might impose restraints. Therefore it has been determined

that the failure of congress to exercise this exclusive power

in any case is an expression of its will that the subject shall

be free from restrictions or impositions upon it by the sev-

eral states, and if a law passed by a state in the exercise of

its acknowledged powers comes into conflict with that will,

the congress and the state cannot occupy the position of

equal opposing sovereignties, because the constitution

declares its supremacy, and that of the laws passed in pur-

suance thereof; and that which is not supreme must yield

to that which is supreme. “Commerce undoubtedly is traf-

fic,” said Chief Justice Marshall, “but it is something more;

it is intercourse. It describes the commercial intercourse

between nations and parts of nations in all its branches,

and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that

intercourse.” That which belongs to commerce is within

the jurisdiction of the United States, but that which does

not belong to commerce is within the jurisdiction of the

police power of the state. . . .

The argument is that the power to control the manu-

facture of refined sugar is a monopoly over a necessary of

life, to the enjoyment of which by a large part of the pop-

ulation of the United States interstate commerce is indis-

pensable, and that, therefore, the general government, in

1004 ERA 6: The Development of the Industrial United States

the exercise of the power to regulate commerce, may

repress such monopoly directly, and set aside the instru-

ments which have created it. . . . The power to regulate

commerce is the power to prescribe the rule by which

commerce shall be governed, and is a power independent

of the power to suppress monopoly. But it may operate in

repression of monopoly whenever that comes within the

rules by which commerce is governed, or whenever the

transaction is itself a monopoly of commerce.

It is vital that the independence of the commercial

power and of the police power, and the delimitation be-

tween them, however sometimes perplexing, should al-

ways be recognized and observed, for, while the one

furnishes the strongest bond of union, the other is essen-

tial to the preservation of the autonomy of the states as

required by our dual form of government; and acknowl-

edged evils, however grave and urgent they may appear to

be, had better be borne, than the risk be run, in the effort

to suppress them, of more serious consequences by resort

to expedients of even doubtful constitutionality.

It will be perceived how far-reaching the proposition

is that the power of dealing with a monopoly directly may

be exercised by the general government whenever inter-

state or international commerce may be ultimately

affected. The regulation of commerce applies to the sub-

jects of commerce, and not to matters of internal police.

Contracts to buy, sell, or exchange goods to be transported

among the several states, the transportation and its instru-

mentalities, and articles bought, sold, or exchanged for the

purposes of such transit among the states, or put in the way

of transit, may be regulated; but this is because they form

part of interstate trade or commerce. The fact that an arti-

cle is manufactured for export to another state does not of

itself make it an article of interstate commerce, and the

intent of the manufacturer does not determine the time

when the article or product passes from the control of the

state and belongs to commerce. . . .

* * *

Contracts, combinations, or conspiracies to control domes-

tic enterprise in manufacture, agriculture, mining, produc-

tion in all its forms, or to raise or lower prices or wages,

might unquestionably tend to restrain external as well as

domestic trade, but the restraint would be an indirect

result, however inevitable, and whatever its extent, and

such result would not necessarily determine the object of

the contract, combination, or conspiracy.

. . . Slight reflection will show that, if the national

power extends to all contracts and combinations in manu-

facture, agriculture, mining, and other productive indus-

tries, whose ultimate result may affect external commerce,

comparatively little of business operations and affairs

would be left for state control.

It was in the light of well-settled principles that the

act of July 2, 1890, was framed. Congress did not attempt

thereby to assert the power to deal with monopoly directly

as such; or to limit and restrict the rights of corporations

created by the states or the citizens of the states in the

acquisition, control, or disposition of property; or to regu-

late or prescribe the price or prices at which such prop-

erty or the products thereof should be sold; or to make

criminal the acts of persons in the acquisition and control

of property which the states of their residence or creation

sanctioned or permitted. Aside from the provisions appli-

cable where congress might exercise municipal power,

what the law struck at was combinations, contracts, and

conspiracies to monopolize trade and commerce among

the several states or with foreign nations; but the contracts

and acts of the defendants related exclusively to the acqui-

sition of the Philadelphia refineries and the business of

sugar refining in Pennsylvania, and bore no direct relation

to commerce between the states or with foreign nations.

The object was manifestly private gain in the manufacture

of the commodity, but not through the control of inter-

state or foreign commerce. It is true that the bill alleged

that the products of these refineries were sold and dis-

tributed among the several states, and that all the compa-

nies were engaged in trade or commerce with the several

states and with foreign nations; but this was no more than

to say that trade and commerce served manufacture to

fulfill its function. Sugar was refined for sale, and sales

were probably made at Philadelphia for consumption, and

undoubtedly for resale by the first purchasers throughout

Pennsylvania and other states, and refined sugar was also

forwarded by the companies to other states for sale. Nev-

ertheless it does not follow that an attempt to monopolize,

or the actual monopoly of, the manufacture was an

attempt, whether executory or consummated, to monopo-

lize commerce, even though, in order to dispose of the

product, the instrumentality of commerce was necessarily

invoked. There was nothing in the proofs to indicate any

intention to put a restraint upon trade or commerce, and

the fact, as we have seen, that trade or commerce might

be indirectly affected, was not enough to entitle com-

plainants to a decree. The subject-matter of the sale was

shares of manufacturing stock, and the relief sought was

the surrender of property which had already passed, and

the suppression of the alleged monopoly in manufacture

by the restoration of the status quo before the transfers;

yet the act of congress only authorized the circuit courts

to proceed by way of preventing and restraining violations

of the act in respect of contracts, combinations, or con-

spiracies in restraint of interstate or international trade or

commerce.

The circuit court declined, upon the pleadings and

proofs, to grant the relief prayed, and dismissed the bill,

The Rise of Corporations, Heavy Industry, and Mechanized Farming 1005

and we are of opinion that the circuit court of appears did

not err in affirming that decree.

Decree affirmed.

Source:

Supreme Court Reporter, Vol. 15, p. 249-266.

1006 ERA 6: The Development of the Industrial United States

Growth of the West and Federal Indian Policy

Treaties of Medicine Lodge, 1867

Agreements of October 1867 concluded at Medicine Lodge

Creek, Kansas, between the U.S. government and a confeder-

acy of Kiowa, Cheyenne, Comanche, Arapaho, and Apache

that ended long-standing hostilities over the encroachments

of white settlers and displaced eastern tribes into the south-

western Indian Territory. Under the terms of the first treaty, the

Kiowa and Comanche agreed to relinquish their claims to

lands in the Texas Panhandle; they and the other Native

American participants also agreed to move to new reserva-

tions in Oklahoma. The continued resistance of some Kiowa

culminated in the Red River Indian conflict of 1874–75,

which ended when U.S. troops defeated the Native American

forces.

________________________

_______________________

First Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867

ANDREW JOHNSON,

President of the United States of America,

To All and Singular to Whom These Presents Shall Come,

Greeting:

Whereas a treaty was made and concluded at the

Council Camp, on Medicine Lodge Creek, seventy miles

south of Fort Larned, in the State of Kansas, on the

twenty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord one

thousand eight hundred sixty-seven, by and between N.G.

Taylor, Brevet Major-General William S. Harney, Brevet

Major-General C. C. Augur, Brevet Major-General Alfred

H. Terry, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F. Tappan, and J. B.

Henderson, commissioners, on the part of the United

States, and Satanka, (Sitting Bear,) Sa-Tan-Ta, (White

Bear,) Parry-Wah-Say-Men, (Ten Bears,) Tep-Pe-Navon,

(Painted Lips,) Mah-Vip-Pah, (Wolf’s Sleeve,) Kon-Zhon-

Ta-Co, (Poor Bear,) and other chiefs and headmen of the

Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribes of Indians, on the

part of said Indians, and duly authorized thereto by them,

which treaty is in the words and figures following, to wit—

Articles of a treaty concluded at the Council Camp on

Medicine Lodge Creek, seventy miles south of Forth

Larned, in the State of Kansas, on the twenty-first day of

October, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, by and

between the United States of America, represented by its

commissioners duly appointed thereto, to wit: Nathaniel

G. Taylor, William S. Harney, C. C. Augur, Alfred S. [H.]

Terry, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F. Tappan, and J. B. Hen-

derson, of the one part, and the Kiowa, Comanche, and

Apache Indians, represented by their chiefs and headmen

duly authorized and empowered to act for the body of the

people of said tribes (the names of said chiefs and head-

men being hereto subscribed) of the other part, witness.—

Whereas, on the twenty-first day of October, eighteen

hundred and sixty-seven, a treaty of peace was made and

entered into at the Council Camp, on Medicine Lodge

Creek, seventy miles south of Fort Larned, in the State of

Kansas, by and between the United States of America, by

its commissioners Nathaniel G. Taylor, William S. Harney,

C. C. Augur, Alfred H. Terry, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F.

Tappan, and J. B. Henderson, of the one part, and the

Kiowa and Comanche tribes of Indians, of the Upper

Arkansas, by and through their chiefs and headmen whose

names are subscribed thereto, of the other part, reference

being had to said treaty; and whereas, since the making

and signing of said treaty, at a council held at said camp on

this day, the chiefs and headmen of the Apache nation or

tribe of Indians express to the commissioners on the part

of the United States, as aforesaid, a wish to be confeder-

ated with the said Kiowa and Comanche tribes, and to be

placed, in every respect, upon an equal footing with said

tribes; and whereas, at a council held at the same place and

on the same day, with the chiefs and headmen of the said

Kiowa and Comanche tribes, they consent to the confed-

eration of said Apache tribe, as desired by it, upon the

terms and conditions hereinafter set forth in this supple-

mentary treaty: Now, therefore, it is hereby stipulated and

agreed by and between the aforesaid commissioners, on

the part of the United States, and the chiefs and headmen

of the Kiowa and Comanche tribes, and, also, the chiefs

and headmen of the said Apache tribe, as follows, to wit.—

Article I. The said Apache tribe of Indians agree to

confederate and become incorporated with the said Kiowa

and Comanche Indians, and to accept as their permanent

home the reservation described in the aforesaid treaty with

said Kiowa and Comanche tribes, concluded as aforesaid

at this place, and they pledge themselves to make no per-

manent settlement at any place, nor on any lands, outside

of said reservation.

Article II. The Kiowa and Comanche tribes, on their

part, agree that all the benefits and advantages arising

from the employment of physicians, teachers, carpenters,

millers, engineers, farmers, and blacksmiths, agreed to be

furnished under the provisions of their said treaty, together

with all the advantages to be derived from the construction

of agency buildings, warehouses, mills, and other struc-

tures, and also from the establishment of schools upon

their said reservation, shall be jointly and equally shared

and enjoyed by the said Apache Indians, as though they

had been originally a part of said tribes; and they further

agree that all other benefits arising from said treaty shall

be jointly and equally shared as aforesaid.

Article III. The United States, on its part, agrees that

clothing and other articles named in Article X. of said orig-

inal treaty, together with all money or other annuities

agreed to be furnished under any of the provisions of said

treaty, to the Kiowas and Comanches, shall be shared

equally by the Apaches. In all cases where specific articles

of clothing are agreed to be furnished to the Kiowas and

Comanches, similar articles shall be furnished to the

Apaches, and a separate census of the Apaches shall be

annually taken and returned by the agent, as provided for

the other tribes. And the United States further agrees, in

consideration of the incorporation of the said Apaches, to

increase the annual appropriation of money, as provided

for in Article X. of said treaty, from twenty-five thousand to

thirty thousand dollars; and the latter amount shall be

annually appropriated, for the period therein named, for

the use and benefit of said three tribes, confederated as

herein declared; and the clothing and other annuities,

which may from time to time be furnished to the Apaches,

shall be based upon the census of the three tribes, annually

to be taken by the agent, and shall be separately marked,

forwarded, and delivered to them at the agency house, to

be built under the provisions of said original treaty.

Article IV. In consideration of the advantages con-

ferred by this supplementary treaty upon the Apache tribe

of Indians, they agree to observe and faithfully comply

with all the stipulations and agreements entered into by

the Kiowas and Comanches in said original treaty. They

agree, in the same manner, to keep the peace toward the

whites and all other persons under the jurisdiction of the

United States, and to do and perform all other things

enjoined upon said tribes by the provisions of said treaty;

and they hereby give up and forever relinquish to the

United States all rights, privileges, and grants now vested

in them, or intended to be transferred to them, by the

treaty between the United States and the Cheyenne and

Arapahoe tribes of Indians, concluded at the camp on the

Little Arkansas river, in the State of Kansas, on the four-

teenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and

sixty-five, and also by the supplementary treaty, concluded

at the same place on the seventeenth day of the same

month, between the United States, of the one part, and the

Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apache tribes, of the other part.

In testimony of all which, the said parties have here-

unto set their hands and seals at the place and on the day

hereinbefore stated.

Second Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867

ANDREW JOHNSON,

President of the United States of America,

To All and Singular to Whom These Presents Shall Come,

Greeting:

Whereas a treaty was made and concluded at the

Council Camp, on Medicine Lodge creek, seventy miles

south of Fort Larned, in the State of Kansas, on the

twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord one

thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, by and between

N. G. Taylor, Brevet Major-General William S. Harney,

Brevet Major-General C. C. Augur, Brevet Major-General

Alfred H. Terry, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F. Tappan, and

J. B. Henderson, commissioners, on the part of the United

States, and O-to-ah-nac-co (Bull-Bear), Moke-tav-a-to

(Black Kettle), Little Raven, Yellow Bear, and other chiefs

and headmen of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes of

Indians, on the part of said Indians, and duly authorized

thereto by them, which treaty is in the words and figures

following, to wit.—

Articles of a treaty and agreement made and entered

into at the Council Camp on Medicine Lodge creek, sev-

enty miles south of Fort Larned, in the State of Kansas, on

the twenty-eighth day of October, eighteen hundred and

sixty-seven, by and between the United States of America,

represented by its commissioners duly appointed thereto,

to wit: Nathaniel G. Taylor, William S. Harney, C. C.

Augur, Alfred H. Terry, John B. Sanborn, Samuel F. Tap-

pan and John B. Henderson, of the one part, and the

Growth of the West and Federal Indian Policy 1007

Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes of Indians, represented by

their chiefs and headmen duly authorized and empowered

to act for the body of the people of said tribes—the names

of said chiefs and headmen being hereto subscribed—of

the other part, witness:—

Article I. From this day forward all war between the

parties to this agreement shall forever cease. The Govern-

ment of the United States desires peace, and its honor is

here pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and

they now pledge their honor to maintain it.

If bad men among the whites, or among other people

subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit

any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the

United States will, upon proof made to the agent and for-

warded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washing-

ton City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be

arrested and punished according to the laws of the United

States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss

sustained.

If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong

or depredation upon the person or property of any one,

white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the

United States and at peace therewith, the tribes herein

named solemnly agree that they will, on proof made to

their agent, and notice by him, deliver up the wrongdoer

to the United States, to be tried and punished according to

its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the per-

son injured shall be reimbursed for his loss from the annu-

ities or other moneys due or to become due to them under

this or other treaties made with the United States. And the

President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian

Affairs, shall prescribe such rules and regulations for ascer-

taining damages, under the provisions of this article, as in

his judgment may be proper. But no such damages shall be

adjusted and paid until thoroughly examined and passed

upon by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the Sec-

retary of the Interior; and no one sustaining loss, while vio-

lating, or because of his violating, the provisions of this

treaty or the laws of the United States, shall be reimbursed

therefor.

Article II. The United States agrees that the following

district of country, to wit: commencing at the point where

the Arkansas river crosses the 37th parallel of north lati-

tude, thence west, on said parallel—the said line being the

southern boundary of the State of Kansas—to the

Cimarone river (sometimes called the Red Fork of the

Arkansas river), thence down said Cimarone river, in the

middle of the main channel thereof, to the Arkansas river;

thence up the Arkansas river, in the middle of the main

channel thereof, to the place of beginning, shall be and the

same is hereby set apart for the absolute and undisturbed

use and occupation of the Indians herein named, and for

such other friendly tribes or individual Indians, as from

time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the

United States, to admit among them; and the United

States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those

herein authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents

and employees of the Government as may be authorized to

enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties

enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, set-

tle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article,

or in such territory as may be added to this reservation for

the use of said Indians.

Article III. If it should appear from actual survey or

other examination of said tract of land, that it contains

less than one hundred and sixty acres of tillable land for

each person, who at the time may be authorized to reside

on it, under the provisions of this treaty, and a very con-

siderable number of such persons shall be disposed to

commence cultivating the soil as farmers, the United

States agrees to set apart for the use of said Indians as

herein provided, such additional quantity of arable land

adjoining to said reservation, or as near the same as it can

be obtained, as may be required to provide the necessary

amount.

Article IV. The United States agrees at its own proper

expense to construct at some place near the centre of said

reservation, where timber and water may be convenient,

the following buildings, to wit: a warehouse or store-room

for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the

Indians, to cost not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars; an

agency building for the residence of the agent, to cost not

exceeding three thousand dollars; a residence for the

physician, to cost not more than three thousand dollars;

and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, black-

smith, miller, and engineer, each to cost not exceeding

two thousand dollars; also a school-house or mission

building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can

be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not

cost exceeding five thousand dollars. The United States

agrees, further, to cause to be erected on said reservation,

near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam

circular saw mill, with a grist mill and shingle machine

attached; the same to cost not exceeding eight thousand

dollars.

Article V. The United States agrees that the agents for

said Indians in the future shall make his home at the

agency building; that he shall reside among them, and

keep an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt

and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and

against the Indians as may be presented for investigation,

under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for

the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined on him by

law. In all cases of depredation on person or property, he

shall cause the evidence to be taken in writing and for-

warded, together with his finding, to the Commissioner of

1008 ERA 6: The Development of the Industrial United States

Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision of

the Secretary of the Interior, shall be binding on the par-

ties to this treaty.

Article VI. If any individual, belonging to said tribes of

Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head

of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall

have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the

assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within

said reservation not exceeding three hundred and twenty

acres in extent, which tract when so selected, certified, and

recorded in the land-book as herein directed, shall cease to

be held in common, but the same may be occupied and

held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it,

and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cul-

tivate it. Any person over eighteen years of age, not being

the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause

to be certified to him, or her, for purposes of cultivation, a

quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and

thereupon be entitled to the exclusive possession of the

same as above directed.

For each tract of land so selected, a certificate con-

taining a description thereof, and the name of the person

selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon, that the

same has been recorded, shall be delivered to the party

entitled to it by the agent, after the same shall have been

recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office, subject

to inspection, which said book shall be known as the

“Cheyenne and Arapahoe Land Book.” The President may

at any time order a survey of the reservation, and, when so

surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights

of settlers in their improvements, and may fix the charac-

ter of the title held by each.

The United States may pass such laws on the subject

of alienation and descent of property, and on all subjects

connected with the government of the Indians on said

reservations, and the internal police thereof as may be

thought proper.

Article VII. In order to insure the civilization of the

tribes entering into this treaty, the necessity of education is

admitted, especially by such of them as are or may be set-

tled on said agricultural reservation, and they therefore

pledge themselves to compel their children, male and

female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend

school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said

Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with;

and the United States agrees that for every thirty children

between said ages, who can be induced or compelled to

attend school, a house shall be provided, and a teacher

competent to teach the elementary branches of an English

education shall be furnished, who will reside among said

Indians, and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a

teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for not

less than twenty years.

Article VIII. When the head of a family or lodge shall

have selected lands and received his certificate as above

directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in

good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he

shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural imple-

ments for the first year, not exceeding in value one hun-

dred dollars; and for each succeeding year he shall

continue to farm for a period of three years more, he shall

be entitled to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid,

not exceeding in value twenty-five dollars.

And it is further stipulated that such persons as com-

mence farming shall receive instruction from the farmer

herein provided for; and whenever more than on hundred

persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a sec-

ond blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel,

and other material as may be needed.

Article IX. At any time after ten years from the mak-

ing of this treaty the United States shall have the privilege

of withdrawing the physician, farmer, blacksmith, carpen-

ter, engineer, and miller, herein provided for, but in case of

such withdrawal, an additional sum, thereafter, of ten

thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted to the edu-

cation of said Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian

Affairs shall upon careful inquiry into their condition make

such rules and regulations for the expenditure of said sum

as will best promote the educational and moral improve-

ment of said tribes.

Article X. In lieu of all sums of money or other annu-

ities provided to be paid to the Indians herein named,

under the treaty of October fourteenth, eighteen hun-

dred and sixty-five, made at the mouth of the Little

Arkansas, and under all treaties made previous thereto,

the United States agrees to deliver at the agency house on

the reservation herein named, on the fifteenth day of

October, of each year, for thirty years, the following arti-

cles, to wit.—

For each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit

of good, substantial woolen clothing, consisting of coat,

pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat, and a pair of home-made

socks.

For each female over twelve years of age, a flannel

skirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woolen

hose, twelve yards of calico and twelve yards of cotton

domestics.

For the boys and girls under the ages named, such

flannel and cotton goods as may be needed to make each a

suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woolen hose for

each.

And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs

may be able to estimate properly for the articles herein

named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to for-

ward to him a full and exact census of the Indians on which

the estimate from year to year can be based.

Growth of the West and Federal Indian Policy 1009

And, in addition to the clothing herein named, the

sum of twenty thousand dollars shall be annually appropri-

ated for a period of thirty years, to be used by the Secre-

tary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as, from

time to time, the condition and necessities of the Indians

may indicate to be proper. And if at any time, within the

thirty years, it shall appear that the amount of money

needed for clothing, under this article, can be appropri-

ated to better uses for the tribe herein named, Congress

may, by law, change the appropriation to other purposes;

but, in no event, shall the amount of this appropriation be

withdrawn or discontinued for the period named. And the

President shall, annually, detail an officer of the army to be

present, and attest the delivery of all the goods herein

named to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on

the quantity and quality of the goods and the manner of

their delivery.

Article XI. In consideration of the advantages and

benefits conferred by this treaty, and the many pledges of

friendship by the United States, the tribes who are parties

to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish

all right to occupy permanently the territory outside of

their reservation as herein defined, but they yet reserve

the right to hunt on any lands south of the Arkansas so long

as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to

justify the chase; and no white settlements shall be per-

mitted on any part of the lands contained in the old reser-

vation as defined by the treaty made between the United

States and the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apache tribes of

Indians, at the mouth of the Little Arkansas, under date of

October fourteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five,

within three years from this date, and they, the said tribes,

further expressly agree.—

1st. That they will withdraw all opposition to the con-

struction of the railroad now being built on the Smoky Hill

river, whether it be built to Colorado or New Mexico.

2d. That they will permit the peaceable construction

of any railroad not passing over their reservation as herein

defined.

3d. That they will not attack any persons at home or

travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches,

mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United

States or to persons friendly therewith.

4th. They will never capture or carry off from the set-

tlements white women or children.

5th. They will never kill or scalp white men, nor

attempt to do them harm.

6th. They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the

construction of the railroad now being built along the

Platte river, and westward to the Pacific Ocean; and they

will not in future object to the construction of railroads,

wagon roads, mail stations, or other works of utility or

necessity, which may be ordered or permitted by the laws

of the United States. But should such roads or other works

be constructed on the lands of their reservation, the gov-

ernment will pay the tribe whatever amount of damage

may be assessed by three disinterested commissioners to

be appointed by the President for that purpose, one of said

commissioners to be a chief or headman of the tribe.

7th. They agree to withdraw all opposition to the mil-

itary posts or roads now established, or that may be estab-

lished, not in violation of treaties heretofore made or

hereafter to be made with any of the Indian tribes.

Article XII. No treaty for the cession of any portion or

part of the reservation herein described, which may be

held in common, shall be of any validity or force as against

the said Indians unless executed and signed by at least

three fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying or

interested in the same; and no cession by the tribe shall be

understood or construed in such manner as to deprive

without his consent any individual member of the tribe of

his rights to any tract of land selected by him as provided

in Article VI. of this treaty.

Article XIII. The United States hereby agree to fur-

nish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, car-

penter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmiths, as herein

contemplated, and that such appropriations shall be made

from time to time, on the estimates of the Secretary of the

Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.

Article XIV. It is agreed that the sum of five hundred

dollars, annually, for three years from date, shall be

expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe who,

in the judgment of the agent, may grow the most valuable

crops for the respective year.

Article XV. The tribes herein named agree that when

the agency-house and other buildings, shall be constructed

on the reservation named, they will regard and make said

reservation their permanent home, and they will make no

permanent settlement elsewhere, but they shall have the

right, subject to the conditions and modifications of this

treaty, to hunt on the lands south of the Arkansas river, for-

merly called theirs, in the same manner as agreed on by

the treaty of the “Little Arkansas,” concluded the four-

teenth day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-five.

In testimony of which, we have hereunto set our

hands and seals, on the day and year aforesaid.

Source:

Statutes at Large, Vol. 15, pp. 589–599.

Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868

Agreement whereby the United States government agreed to

halt its efforts to build a road to Bozeman, Montana, across

Sioux hunting grounds in the Big Horn Mountains and guar-

1010 ERA 6: The Development of the Industrial United States

anteed the Sioux exclusive possession of the land in South

Dakota west of the Missouri River. The treaty ended a series of

uprisings that had begun after the Treaties of Fort Laramie of

1851. After the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in the

1870s, the second treaty was largely ignored as thousands of

prospectors invaded the Sioux Reservation.

________________________

_______________________

ANDREW JOHNSON,

President of the United States of America,

To All and Singular to Whom These Presents Shall Come,

Greeting:

Whereas a treaty was made and concluded at Fort

Laramie, in the Territory of Dakota [now in the Territory

of Wyoming], on the twenty-ninth day of April, and after-

wards, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-

dred and sixty-eight, by and between Nathaniel G. Taylor,

William T. Sherman, William S. Harney, John B. Sanborn,

S. F. Tappan, C. C. Augur, and Alfred H. Terry, com-

missioners, on the part of the United States, and Ma-za-

pon-kaska, Tah-shun-ka-co-qui-pah, Heh-won-ge-chat,

Mah-to-non-pah, Little Chief, Makh-pi-ah-lu-tah, Cocam-

i-ya-ya, Con-te-pe-ta, Ma-wa-tau-ni-hav-ska, He-na-pin-

wa-ni-ca, Wah-pah-shaw, and other chiefs and headmen of

different tribes of Sioux Indians, on the part of said Indi-

ans, and duly authorized, thereto by them, which treaty is

in the words and figures following, to wit:

Articles of a treaty made and concluded by and

between Lieutenant-General William T. Sherman, Gen-

eral William S. Harney, General Alfred H. Terry, General

C. C. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel G. Taylor, John B.

Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed commis-

sioners on the part of the United States, and the different

bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and

headmen, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being

duly authorized to act in the premises.

Article I. From this day forward all war between the

parties to this agreement shall forever cease. The govern-

ment of the United States desires peace, and its honor is

hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and

they now pledge their honor to maintain it.

If bad men among the whites, or among other people

subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit

any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the

United States will, upon proof made to the agent and for-

warded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washing-

ton city, proceed at once to cause the offender to be

arrested and punished according to the laws of the United

States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss

sustained.

If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong

or depredation upon the person or property of any one,

white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the

United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein

named solemnly agree that they will, upon proof made to

their agent and notice by him, deliver up the wrong-doer

to the United States, to be tried and punished according to

its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the per-

son injured shall be reimbursed for his loss from the annu-

ities or other moneys due or to become due to them under

this or other treaties made with the United States. And the

President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian

Affairs, shall prescribed such rules and regulations for

ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as

in his judgment may be proper. But no one sustaining loss

while violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of

the United States shall be reimbursed therefor.

Article II. The United States agrees that the following

district of country, to wit, viz: commencing on the east

bank of the Missouri river where the forty-sixth parallel of

north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water

mark down said east bank to a point opposite where the

northern line of the State of Nebraska strikes the river,

thence west across said river, and along the northern line

of Nebraska to the one hundred and fourth degree of lon-

gitude west from Greenwich, thence north on said merid-

ian to a point where the forty-sixth parallel of north

latitude intercepts the same, thence due east along said

parallel to the place of beginning; and in addition thereto,

all existing reservations on the east bank of said river shall

be, and the same is, set apart for the absolute and undis-

turbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named,

and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as

from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of

the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United

States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those

herein designated and authorized so to do, and except such

officers, agents, and employee’s of the government as may

be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in dis-

charge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to

pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described

in this article, or in such territory as may be added to this

reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they

will and do hereby relinquish all claims or rights in and to

any portion of the United States or Territories, except such

as is embraced within the limits aforesaid, and except as

hereinafter provided.

Article III. If it should appear from actual survey or

other satisfactory examination of said tract of land that it

contains less than one hundred and sixty acres of tillable

land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized

to reside on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very

considerable number of such persons shall be disposed to

commence cultivating the soil as farmers, the United

States agrees to set apart, for the use of said Indians, as

Growth of the West and Federal Indian Policy 1011