Roff D.A. Modeling Evolution: An Introduction to Numerical Methods
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Expected lifetime reproductive success 86
defined 60
example of 76, 77, 82, 114
F
Frequency-dependent selection
defined 15
Functions
defined 29–31
G
Gamma distribution 11
Garden-of-Eden ESS 176, 177
Gaussian fitness function
defined 225
Geometric mean 10, 11, 40, 56, 69,
70, 139
Geometric Series 79, 185, 432
Goldeneye 338
H
Hamilton’s rule 14
Hardy-Weinberg 288, 306, 307
Hawk-Dove game 15, 58, 282–301
described 273
Helogale parvula 15
Heritability
defined 224
I
Ideal Free Distribution 323, 339
Inclusive fitness 14–15
Income Breeders 375
Index selection 231
Intrinsic rate of increase 4
Invasibility
and the Lyapunov exponent 7
defined 173
Invasibility repellor 176, 177
Invasion exponent 7, 9, 10, 13, 173
and sensitivity 8
defined 174
L
Lack hypothesis 60
Leslie matrix 5, 11, 57, 165, 169, 170,
184, 187, 189
and inclusive fitness 14
Liability 51, 228, 249, 275, 295
Linkage 225, 233
Lions 367
Lists
defined 38–39
Lobelia inflate 139
Lyapunov exponent 7
dominant 7, 56
M
Malthusian parameter 4, 6, 10, 56,
59, 86
and the the invasion exponent 7
Maternal effects 228
Matrix
defined 20
object-oriented use of 34, 46, 98
Mixed strategy
defined 273
Multiple invasibility analysis
181–184
N
Nasonia vitipennis 376
Net reproduction rate 7, 8, 13
Net reproductive index 6
O
Outcome Chart
defined 347
448 SUBJECT INDEX
P
Parabola 72
Path
setting 124
Payoff
defined 271
Payoff matrix
defined 271
Pleiotropy 225, 233
Poisson distribution 242
Producer-scrounger Game 339
Pure strategy
defined 273
Q
Quadratic Equation
solution to 324
Quadratic Fitness Funtion 225
R
Rank-Order Selection
defined 231
Reaction norm 13
Recursive equation 18, 43, 65, 131
Relative Payoff Sum 331
Reproductive potential 6
Ricker function
9,57,170,173,179,182,184,189,
195, 208, 243, 256
Ricker model
quantitative genetic analysis 255–258
Robustness 6
Rock-Paper-Scissors 15
S
Satellite Strategy 170
Selection differential 224
Selection intensity 224
Spreading the Risk 11
Stabilizing selection 225, 227, 231
IVC model 245–248
PVC model 243–245
T
Taylor series 10
Thomson’s gazelle 367
Threshold model 51, 275
Threshold selection 231
Threshold trait 228
Transition Density
defined 354
Tribolium spp 173
Truncation selection
defined 224
U
Univoltine life cycle 7
Usher function 172
Uta stansburiana 338
V
Vector
defined 20
von Bertalanffy growth equation 132, 431
W
writing to a text file 124
Z
zebra 367
SUBJECT INDEX 449
Coding Index
R Code (gives examples of the use of R and MATLAB code.
Some of the simpler codes have been omitted)
adapt 97, 98
apply 31–34, 78, 88, 89, 116, 129, 133, 171,
179, 180, 182, 192, 193, 198, 201, 205, 207,
214, 216, 219, 231, 235, 241, 254, 279, 325,
326, 393
array 21, 335, 386
barplot 388
cbind 235, 242, 247, 250, 257, 372, 381, 397
ceiling 183, 202, 220, 242, 243, 252, 264,
386
contour 46–50, 111, 121, 123, 133, 179,
192, 198, 205, 215, 235, 312, 393
contourLines 308
cor 239, 266
dbinom 326, 327, 368, 373
deriv 62–63, 74, 84, 104, 118, 126
diag 188, 190, 227, 261, 317, 319
dnorm 52
eigen 166, 167, 188, 228, 230, 245
expand.grid 46–50, 121, 129, 133, 177, 192,
198, 205, 214, 235, 279, 311, 392
floor 371
hist 36
image 374, 383
integrate 68, 83, 86, 88, 89, 106, 108,
length 38
lm 179, 191, 197, 205, 211, 214
mvrnorm 230, 261, 265, 318
nlm 64, 65, 75, 81, 91, 98, 104, 105, 108,
112, 113, 125, 128, 134, 135, 138, 281
normdcf 52
optimize 64, 65, 75, 68, 91–93, 98, 104, 108,
119, 186, 189, 396
order 129, 134, 232, 235, 279, 282, 348,
350, 356, 371, 396
outer 46–50
persp 46–50, 374, 383, 393
pnorm 52, 296, 298
qnorm 224, 250, 253, 295
rbind 348, 364, 365, 370, 371, 372
read.table 124, 127, 386
rep 334, 335, 386
rnorm 230, 247, 253, 257, 295,
300, 386
round 232, 253, 257, 285, 290
rowSums 328, 239,
253, 265
rpois 242, 243, 254, 264
runif 26, 41, 53, 95, 96, 99, 183, 237, 242,
252, 253, 264, 334, 353, 386
sample 241, 252, 254, 264, 266, 289, 296,
308, 328, 329, 334
seq 22, 235, 241, 253, 254, 279, 311, 328,
329, 364, 373, 383, 392, 399
setwd 380
signif 374, 383, 393
smooth.spline 289, 290, 291, 298
solve 231, 244
sum 44, 53, 55, 232, 247, 249, 253, 257,
260, 289, 290, 292, 297, 300, 303,
308, 313, 319, 326
summary 36
table 328, 329
uniroot 64, 68, 74, 84–85, 88, 93, 103,
104, 118, 186, 194, 199, 207, 211, 216,
281, 325
var 238, 239, 253
while loop 27, 30, 66, 111, 135, 138, 346,
351, 383, 398
write 124, 127, 385
MATLAB code
contour 155, 161
dblquad 147
diff 63, 125, 140, 149, 151, 157
eig 166
ezplot 140
fminbnd 65, 141, 142, 418
fminsearch 128, 147, 150–153, 156, 159,
162, 164
fzero 103, 118, 145, 146, 149, 153
inline 65
int 106, 150
load 158, 416
meshgrid 161, 412, 415
pretty 143
quad 143, 144, 151
rand 26, 95, 146, 148, 404,
405, 416
save 158, 416
solve 64, 142, 144
sum 142, 413
surfc 46–50, 152, 155, 161, 412, 415
symsum 141
CODING INDEX 451