—— 2001. The threshold model as a general purpose normalizing transformation. Heredity
86: 404–411.
—— 2002. Life History Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
—— 2006. Introduction to Computer-Intensive Methods of Data Analysis in Biology. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
——, and D. J. Fairbairn. 2007. Laboratory evolution of the migratory polymorphism in
the sand cricket: Combining physiology with quantitative genetics. Physiological &
Biochemical Zoology 80: 358–369.
Roff, D. A. and —— 2009. Modeling experimental evolution using individual-based variance-
components models. In T. Garland, and M. Rose (eds.), Experimental Evolution. University
of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
——, and D. Reale. 2004. The quantitative genetics of fluctuating asymmetry: A comparison
of two models. Evolution 58: 47–58.
——, and R. Preziosi. 1994. The estimation of the genetic correlation: The use of the
jackknife. Heredity 73: 544–548.
——, E. Heibo, and L. A. Vollestad. 2006. The importance of growth and mortality costs in the
evolution of the optimal life history. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1920–1930.
Ronningen, K. 1974. Monte carlo simulation of statistical-biological models which are of
interest in animal breeding. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 24: 135–142.
Rudolf, V. H. W., and M. O. Rodel. 2007. Phenotypic plasticity and optimal timing of
metamorphosis under uncertain time constraints. Evolutionary Ecology 21: 121–142.
Ruxton, G. D., and M. Broom. 1999. Evolution of kleptoparasitism as a war of attrition.
Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 755–759.
Sharpe, F. R., and A. J. Lotka. 1911. A problem in age-distribution. Philosophical Magazine 21:
435–438.
Sherratt, T. N., and I. F. Harvey. 1993. Frequency-dependent food selection by arthropods – a
review. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 48: 167–186.
Simons, A. M., and M. O. Johnston. 2003. Suboptimal timing of reproduction in Lobelia inflata
may be a conservative bet-hedging strategy. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 233–243.
Sinervo, B. 2001. Runaway social games, genetic cycles driven by alternative male and
female strategies, and the origin of morphs. Genetica (Dordrecht) 112–113: 417–434.
——, and R. Calsbeek. 2006. The developmental, physiological, neural, and genetical causes
and consequences of frequency-dependent selection in the wild. Annual Review of Ecology
Evolution and Systematics 37: 581–610.
——, and C. M. Lively. 1996. The rock-paper-scissors games and the evolution of alternative
male strategies. Nature 380: 240–243.
Slatkin, M. 1974. Hedging one’s evolutionary bets. Nature 250: 704–705.
Smith, T. B., and S. Skulason. 1996. Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphisms in
fishes, amphibians, and birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27: 111–133.
Stearns, S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, New York.
Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 2001. Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn and Bacon, Boston,
MA.
Taylor, P. D., G. Wild, and A. Gardner. 2006. Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: How shall we
model kin selection? Jourunal of Evolutionary Biology 20: 301–309.
Thorne, B. L. 1997. Evolution of eusociality in termites. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
28: 27–54.
Tuljapurkar, S. D. 1982. Population-dynamics in variable environments. III. Evolutionary
dynamics of r-selection. Theoretical Population Biology 21: 141–165.
—— 1989. An uncertain life: Demography in random environments. Theoretical Population
Biology 35: 227–294.
—— 1990. Population Dynamics in Variable Environments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
——, and S. H. Orzack. 1980. Population-dynamics in variable environments. 1. Long-run
growth-rat
es and extinction. Theoretical Population Biology 18: 314–342.
Turelli, M. 1977. Random environments and stochastic calculus. Theoretical Population Biology
12: 140–178.
440 REFERENCES