Пулькина Н.Э., Зимина С.В. Геологические основы разработки нефтяных и газовых месторождений

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɹɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

5.3.5 ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ-

ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ

ɫɢɥ (ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-

ɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ

ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɹɦ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

ȼ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ

ɫɢɥɚɦ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ,

ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

ɧɚɩɨɪ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ – ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦ (ɠɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ)

(ɪɢɫ. 5.32

ɚ);

ɧɚɩɨɪ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-

ɬɚɬɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ –

ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ;

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɢ –

ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ (ɪɟɠɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩ-

ɤɢ)

(ɪɢɫ. 5.32 ɛ);

ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɢɡ

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɚɡɚ –

ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.32 ɜ);

ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ – ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.32 ɝ).

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɯ

ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɚɡ ɜ

ɩɥɚɫɬɟ, ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ.

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɢ

ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ-

ɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ: ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨ-

ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-

ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ, ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ; ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-

ɧɟɮɬɶ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.32 Ɍɢɩɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ:

ɚ) ɠɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ;

ɛ) ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ;

ɜ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ;

ɝ) ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ

ɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ – ɬɟɪɦɨɛɚɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ

ɍȼ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ; ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɇɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɫ-

ɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ

, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ

ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

(ȽɇɄ, ȽȼɄ, ȼɇɄ) ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ

ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɟ-

ɛɢɬɚ, ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ

ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɰɢɨ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ

ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ – ɬɟɦɩɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨ-

ɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ), ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ) ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜɵ-

ɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-

ɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ

ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹ-

ɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ

ɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ?

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢ-

ɜɵɦɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ) ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨ-

ɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɛɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɢ

ɬ. ɞ.

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

ɇɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ-

ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ.

5.3.5.1. Ƚɩɟɩɨɛɪɩɫɨɶɤ ɫɠɡɣɧ

ɉɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɪ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɨɣ) ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɢ

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɬɛɢ-

ɪɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ȿɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨ-

ɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ

ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,3

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

0,5 0,7

ɩɥ

ɧɚɫ

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

ȼɇɄ

ɬɟɤ

ȼɇɄ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,3

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

0,5 0,7

ɩɥ

ɧɚɫ

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

ȼɇɄ

ɬɟɤ

ȼɇɄ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.33. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ:

ɚ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ; ɛ – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; 1 – ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɚɰɢɢ; 2 – ɧɟɮɬɶ; 3 – ɜɨɞɚ; 4 – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ; ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ȼɇɄ: ȼɇɄ

ɧɚɱ

– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ȼɇɄ

– ɤɨɧɟɱ-

ɧɨɟ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: p

ɩɥ

– ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ, p

ɧɚɫ

– ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ; ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ: q

– ɧɟɮɬɢ,

– ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ; ȼ–- ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; G – ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɤ-

ɬɨɪ; k

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ȼɇɄ (ɪɢɫ. 5.33 ɚ). ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɵ-

ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɜɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ-

ɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ȼɇɄ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɮɨ-

ɪɢɪɭɸɬ.

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɜɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ

ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-

ɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɢ

ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ. ɇɨ

ɨɬɛɨɪ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ

ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ

ɢɧɚɱɟ ɬɟɦɩ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ, ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ.

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ

ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɥɟ-

ɠɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡ-

ɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ; ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ;

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ; ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ; ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɚɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ

, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟ-

ɞɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚ-

ɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ

ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ

ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.

ȼɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5.33 ɛ):

ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ-

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ, ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɟ-

ɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ; ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ;

ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬ-

ɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ;

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵ-

ɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ II ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, -

ɞɨ 8 – 10% ɜ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ (ɇɂɁ); ɨɬ-

ɛɨɪ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ) ɨɤɨɥɨ 85 –

90% ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ;

ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɨ-

ɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɨɩ-

ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɜɨɞɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ – ȼɇɎ) ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 0,5 – 1.

ɉɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ – ɞɨ 0,6 – 0,7. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɶ

ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɡ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸ-

ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ȼɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ Ƚɪɨɡɧɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣ-

ɨɧɚ, Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ, ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ.

5.3.5.2. Ɏɪɫɮɞɩɝɩɟɩɨɛɪɩɫɨɶɤ ɫɠɡɣɧ

Ɋɟɠɢɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ,

ɫɠɚɬɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɮɬɟ

ɧɨɫɧɨɣ (ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚ 100 ɤɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ

ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸ-

ɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɭɩɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 0,7.

Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ 'V

, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢ

ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 'Ɋ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:

VVVVV EU'EU' '' '

, (5.29),

ɝɞɟ 'V'

, 'V

" – ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɥ

ɫɚɦɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ; V

, V

– ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫ-

ɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫ-

ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ; E

, E

– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ

ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ (E

= k

+ E

, ɝɞɟ k

– ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨ-

ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ; E

, E

– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ). Ⱦɨɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɟ-

ɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.

ɍɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɂɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ (ɢɥɢ

ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ

ɟɟ) ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɨɬ ɧɟɟ, ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡ-

ɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥ-

ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2

0,3 0,4

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

0,5

0,7

ɩɥ

ɧɚɫ

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2

0,3 0,4

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

0,5

0,7

ɩɥ

ɧɚɫ

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.34. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚ-

ɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɟ:

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: p

ɩɥ

– ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ, p

ɧɚɫ

– ɧɚɫɵ-

ɳɟɧɢɟ; ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɵ: q

– ɧɟɮɬɢ,

– ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ; ȼ – ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ; G – ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪ; k

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ

ɍɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɢ-

ɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ.

ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɝɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ

ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɟɪɮɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ

ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ

ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɜɨɞɨ-

ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ (ɪɢɫ.5.33ɚ),

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ

ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɥɹ

ɧɟɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜ-

ɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5.34)

ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɢ

ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨ-

ɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟ-

ɧɢɹ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ: ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɬɟɦɩ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 1 Ɇɉɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ 1 ɧɚ

ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5.35 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ

2 ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ-

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɨ-

ɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

Qɠ

ɧɚɫ

ɩɥ.

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

Qɠ

ɧɚɫ

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

Qɠ

ɧɚɫ

ɩɥ.

Ɋɢɫ. 5.35. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɩɥ ɨɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ Qɠ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɢ.

Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: 1 – ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɟ; 2 – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ; 3 – ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ

ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ

ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭ-

ɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ

ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢ-

ɧɢɟɣ 3, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ,

ɱɬɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚ

ɫɱɟɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɨɛɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɨɛ-

ɥɚɫɬɢ (ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɟ-

ɱɚɬɚɧɧɚɹ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ-

ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɦ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɋȽɉȾ, ɭɩɪɭ-

ɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ 2. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.

Ɍɟɦɩ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɨ II ɫɬɚɞɢɢ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5 – 7 % ɜ ɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɇɂɁ (ɪɢɫ. 5.34). Ʉ

ɤɨɧɰɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ

ɨɤɨɥɨ 80 % ɢɡ-

ɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ

ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ-

ɞɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ 2 – 3. Ɂɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚ-

ɸɬ 0,5 – 0,55. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɚ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟ-

ɥɟɣ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ Ƚɪɨɡɧɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣ-

ɨɧɚ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ.

5.3.5.3. Ⱦɛɢɩɨɛɪɩɫɨɶɤ ɫɠɡɣɧ

Ƚɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ

ɝɚɡɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɟ. ɑɟɦ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ

ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɦ

ȽɇɄ

ɧɚɱ.

ȼɇɄ

ȽɇɄ

ɬɟɤ.

ȽɇɄ

ɧɚɱ.

ȼɇɄ

ȽɇɄ

ɬɟɤ.

ȽɇɄ

ɧɚɱ.

ȼɇɄ

ȽɇɄ

ɬɟɤ.

Ɋɢɫ.5.36 ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚɥɟ-

ɠɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ:

1 – ɝɚɡ; 2 – ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚ

ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ȼɇɄ

ɧɚɱ

; ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ȽɇɄ:

ȽɇɄ

ɧɚɱ

– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ȽɇɄ

ɬɟɤ

– ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ,

ȽɇɄ

–ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ƚɚɡ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸ-

ɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɲɚɩɤɭ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɫɧɹɹ

ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮ-

ɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɤ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦ, ɧɚɯɨ-

ɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ ɝɚɡɨ-

ɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ

ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɢ

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɋ ɰɟ-

ɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ-

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɪɵɜɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɟɪ-

ɮɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮ-

ɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɬ. ɟ.

ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɨɬ ȽɇɄ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɧɟɮ-

ɬɹɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ

ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ ȽɇɄ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɥɨ-

ɳɚɞɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 5.36).

Ɋɟɠɢɦ

ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ

ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɚ-

ɛɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ-

ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟ-

ɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ȼɇɄ, ɧɚɥɢ-

ɱɢɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ, ɢ

ɞɪ.

Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ: ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ-

ɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɧɟɮ-

ɬɹɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ; ɦɚɥɚɹ

ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 – 3 ɦɉɚɫ).

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-

ɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ

ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 5.37). Ɍɟɦɩɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ-

ɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɨɬ

ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧ-

ɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɇɂɁ ɜɨ II ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚ-

ɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ

ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚ-

ɫɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,4. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɯ ɢ

ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɩɪɢ

ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ

ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ

ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜɵ-

ɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ

ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤ-

ɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.

ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ȽɇɄ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ

ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨ-

ɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ,

ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ

ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ⱦɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ

ɜɢɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɢ

ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ.

5.3.5.4 ɋɠɡɣɧ ɫɛɬɭɝɩɫɠɨɨɩɞɩ ɞɛɢɛ

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɝɚ-

ɡɚ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹɫɶ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ

ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ

ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ-

ɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬ-

ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɚɩɤɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɞɨ-

ɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.

Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.38). ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧ-

ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-

ɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.



ɧɚɫ

= Ɋ

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

ɩɥ.ɬɟɤ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2 0,3 0,4

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

IV ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

ɧɚɫ

= Ɋ

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

ɩɥ.ɬɟɤ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2 0,3 0,4

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

IV ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

ɧɚɫ

= Ɋ

ɩɥ.ɧɚɱ

ɩɥ.ɬɟɤ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2 0,3 0,4

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

IV ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ



Ɋɢɫ. 5.37 Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɚ-

ɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɪɢɫ.5.34

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2 0,3 0,4

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

ɧɚɫ

ɧɥ

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

ɫɬ

ɚɞ

II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

III

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

0,1

0,2 0,3 0,4

ɢɡɜɥ.ɧ

ɧɚɫ

ɧɥ

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

ɫɬ

ɚɞ

II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

III

ɫɬɚɞɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.38. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮ-

ɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɢɫ.5.34

ɉɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ-

ɧɵɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ

ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢ-

ɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɧɟ-

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ

ɝɚɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ

ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɚɡ,

ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɫ-

ɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ. Ⱦɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɨɡɠɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ

ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ – ɞɨ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɭɛɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɚ 1 ɦ

. ȼ ɨɛ-

ɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨ-

ɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ (ɜ 4 – 5 ɪɚɡ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ

ɝɚɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ⱦɨɛɵɱɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬ. ɟ. II ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɞɢɧ – ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɟɮɬɶ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɬ

ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɛɟɡ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɭɡɤɢɯ

ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɵ-

ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ

ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,2 –

0,3, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ– 0,1 – 0,15.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ-

ɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ, ɋɚɯɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

5.3.5.5. Ⱦɫɛɝɣɭɛɱɣɩɨɨɶɤ ɫɠɡɣɧ

Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɟɮ-

ɬɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɮɬɶ

ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɤɜɚ-