Пулькина Н.Э., Зимина С.В. Геологические основы разработки нефтяных и газовых месторождений

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ,

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ

ɧɟɞɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ

ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ.

Ƚɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɜɟɫɨɦ

ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

Ƚɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

– ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ-ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ.

Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ¨Ƚ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 100ɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ.

Ƚɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ –

ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɨɞ,

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ƚɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋ

ɝɨɪ

– ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɢɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ, ɨɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ

ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ

ɧɟɮɬɢ.

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɚɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ

ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɨɬ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ – ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭ-

ɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ – ɫɢɥɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɹ ɝɚɡɚ

ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 1ɫɦ

ɧɚ 1ɫɦ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 1ɫɦ/ɫɟɤ; ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ

ɜ ɩɭɚɡɚɯ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɶ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲ-

ɤɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-

ɦɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-

ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ).

Ɂɚɩɚɫɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɫɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ

ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-

ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ.

ɂɧɤɥɢɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ

– ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ

ɨɫɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɭɝɨɥ ɟɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ (ɡɟɧɢɬɧɵɣ

ɭɝɨɥ) ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɚɡɢɦɭɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ

ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ.

ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸ-

ɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɵɣ (ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ) ɩɥɚɫɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɢɯ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨ-

ɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚɤɚɱɤɚ ɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.)

Ʉɚɜɟɪɧɨɡɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ (ɤɚɜɟɪɧ) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ

ɮɨɪɦɵ.

Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ

ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɭ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɫɚɯ.

Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ – ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɮɥɸɢɞɵ ɩɪɢ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ k

– ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ

(ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ) ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵ-

ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ k

ɜɵɬ

– ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

ɧɟɮɬɢ

, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞɵ, ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ

ɧɟɮɬɟɨɬɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ

ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɹ k

ɡɚɜ

– ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ

ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ

ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶ-

ɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ (Ʉɂɇ) Ș – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟ-

ɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ Q

ɧ.ɢɡɜɥ

ɤ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ Q

ɧ.ɝɟɨɥ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ (Ʉɂɇ) Ș – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ,

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ

ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɧɟɞɪ ɢ ɨɤɪɭ-

ɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ k

(ɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ k

) – ɨɬ-

ɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ (ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɯ) ɩɥɚɫɬɚ,

ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɪ (ɩɭɫɬɨɬ) ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ (ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ) ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ k

ɨɯɜ

– ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨ-

ɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ-

ɫɹ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢ-

ɧɢɰɭ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɟɞɢ-

ɧɢɰɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 0,1 Ɇɉɚ.

Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɚ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɦ, ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨ-

ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɡ-

ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ – ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɢɬɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ-

ɦɢ.

Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ – ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ

ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɟɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ.

Ɇɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ – ɦɨɳɧɵɟ (ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ) ɬɨɥɳɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ,

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ɇɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɬɭɪɨɣ.

Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ

ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ (ɝ/100 ɢɥɢ ɝ/ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ). Ɇɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ

1ɝ/ɥ (ɩɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ) ɞɨ 400 ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ (ɤɪɟɩɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɵ).

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ-

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

ɇɟɮɬɶ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ (ɋ

2n+2

), ɧɚɮɬɟ-

ɧɨɜɨɝɨ (ɋ

) ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɋ

2n-2

) ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ-

ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ) ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɯ, ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.

ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɟ-

ɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ

(ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ-

ɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɪ.

ɇɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ – ɷɬɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɥɤɚɧɨɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɋ

ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɤɚɧɨɜ (ɰɟɪɟɡɢɧɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨ-

ɪɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.

Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ), ɢɡ ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ (ɧɚ ɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ

ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)

Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɤɚ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ.

Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧ-

ɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ

(ɫɟɩɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɦɟ-

ɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɡɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɢ.

Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ – ɫɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ-

ɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ.

Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ

ɮɥɸɢɞɵ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ

- ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ

ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ.

ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɛɹ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɣ-

ɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ: ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ; ɮɚɡɨɜɚɹ; ɨɬɧɨ-

ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ

ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨ-

ɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

ɢ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ.

ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ - ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ

ɉɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɵɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɦ

) ɩɪɢ-

ɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ 1ɦ

(ɬ) ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ.

ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ (ȡ

) – ɦɚɫɫɚ 1ɦ

ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 0ºɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

0,1Ɇɉɚ (ɤɝ/ɦ

); ȡ

= Ɇ/V

ɉɨɞ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɪ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ɉɧɚ

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ 1,2-1,8 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹ-

ɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 0,3–0,4 ɝ/ɫɦ

. ȿɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢ-

ɝɚɬɶ 1,0 ɝ/ɫɦ

ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɨ-

ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨ-

ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ – Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɧɪɢ: ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɯɢ-

ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ.

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵ-

ɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɨɤɤɥɸ-

ɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹɫɶ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦ.

Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɢ-

ɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ.

ɉɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞ ȼɇɄ (ȽȼɄ)

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɳɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ

(ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ)

ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɦɟɳɚɸ-

ɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ (ɜɢɞɨɜ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɤ

ɡɚɛɨɹɦ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

Ɋɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɫɥɨɟɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ

ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.

Ɋɟɩɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɥɳɢ-

ɧɟ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɲɟ- ɢ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ƚɂɋ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ (ɫɜɨɞɨɜɚɹ) – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ

ɫɥɨɟɜ

ɋɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ – ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨ-

ɞɚɦɢ

Ɍɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɨɛɪɵɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ

ɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-

ɦɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ

Ʉɚɜɟɪɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

ɐɟɦɟɧɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ –

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɪ-

ɧɵɦɢ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ, ȼɇɄ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ.

ɍɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɝɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ – ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ȽȼɄ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ

ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

ɍɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ

ɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ U = (b

-1)/b

*100.

ɐɟɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ – ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɧɟɞɪ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ – ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɪ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ

ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

ɗɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ

– ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɵ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ) ɜ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ

ɜɵɠɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ-

ɧɟɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɪɨɬɚɠ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ (Ʉɋ)

ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ (ɉɋ)

ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɧɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ – ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɨɦɦɟɬ-

ɪɨɜ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ

ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɍɚɤ, ɝɪɚɧɢɬɵ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢ, ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɤɢ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɟ-

ɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ, ɚ

ɝɥɢɧɵ, ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɤɢ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɮɬɶɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɌɊɃɌɉɅ ɆɃɍɀɋȻɍɎɋɖ

1. Ȼɭɛɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ɏ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜ ɧɚ-

ɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. – ɈȽɂɁ, 1948.

Ȼɪɨɞ ɂ.Ɉ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. – Ƚɨɫɬɨɩɬɟɯɢɡɞɚɬ, 1951.

Ȼɪɨɞ ɂ.Ɉ., ȿɪɟɦɟɧɤɨ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɣɧɵ ɧɟɮɬɢ. – Ƚɨɫɤɭɥɶɬɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɡ-

ɞɚɬ, 1952.

Ƚɭɛɤɢɧ ɂ.Ɇ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɟɮɬɢ. – ɈɇɌɂ, 1937.

5. Ⱦɠɚɮɚɪɨɜ Ʉ.ɂ., Ⱦɠɚɮɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ.Ʉ, Ɏɭɤɫ ɂ.Ƚ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɧɟɮɬɹ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ. ȼɟɯɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ –

ɇɟɮɬɹɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, 1999. – ʋ 8.

Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / Ⱥ.Ʉ. Ȼɚɝɚɭɬɞɢɧɨɜ, ɋ.Ʌ. Ȼɚɪɤɨɜ,

Ƚ.Ʉ. Ȼɟɥɟɜɢɱ ɢ ɞɪ. ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ 2 ɬɨɦɚɯ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.ȿ. Ƚɚɜɭɪɵ. – Ɇ.:

ȼɇɂɂɈɗɇȽ, 1996. – Ɍ. 2. – 352 ɫ.

Ʉɨɪɲɚɤ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., ɒɚɦɦɚɡɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ. –

ɍɮɚ. Ⱦɢɡɚɣɧ-ɉɨɥɢɝɪɚɮ-ɋɟɪɜɢɫ, 2001. – 536ɫ.

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɚɣɬɨɜ: www.oil-industry.ru; www.po4emu.ru;

www.gasonline.ru

ɉɚɠɢɬɧɨɜ Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɚɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɟɞɨɛɵɜɚɸ-

ɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. – Ƚɨɫɬɨɩɬɟɯɢɡɞɚɬ, 1940.

10.

ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜ ȼ.Ʌ., Ɏɪɨɥɨɜ ȿ.Ɏ., Ɏɭɪɫɨɜ Ⱥ.ə. ɉɨɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1974. – 269 ɫ.

11. ɉɪɢɤɚɡ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɊɎ ɨɬ 07.02.2001 ɝ.

ʋ 126 «ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɯ

ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ»

12. ɉɪɢɤɚɡ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɊɎ ɨɬ 07.02.2001 ɝ.

ʋ 126 « ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɛɭɪɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ

(ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ).

13. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1987.

14. Ɂɢɦɢɧɚ ɋ.ȼ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚ-

ɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɉɍ, 2003.– 175 ɫ.

15.

ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ., Ⱦɟɦɟɧɬɶɟɜ Ʌ.Ɏ., ɑɨɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɉ. ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨ-

ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1985. – 421 ɫ.

16. Ʉɚɧɚɥɢɧ ȼ.Ƚ., ȼɚɝɢɧ ɋ.Ȼ., Ɍɨɤɚɪɟɜ Ɇ.Ⱥ., Ʌɚɧɱɚɤɨɜ Ƚ.Ⱥ., ɉɨɧɨ-

ɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟ-

ɞɪɚ, 2006. – 372 ɫ.

17.

Ⱥɝɚɞɠɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ., Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ Ɇ.ɂ. ɇ – ɇɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɹ – Ɇ.: Ƚɨɫɬɨɩɬɟɯɢɡɞɚɬ, 1958. – 414 ɫ.

18.

ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ., ɑɨɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɉ., Ȼɪɚɝɢɧ ɘ.ɂ. ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 2000. – 413 ɫ

19.

ɂɬɟɧɛɟɪɝ ɋ.ɋ. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫ-

ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1987. – 375 ɫ.

20.

Ⱦɚɯɧɨɜ ȼ.ɇ. Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1985. –

310 ɫ.

21.

ɑɨɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɉ., ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ., Ȼɪɚɝɢɧ ɘ.ɂ. ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ, 2006. – 680 ɫ.

22.

ɑɨɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɉ., Ȼɪɚɝɢɧ ɘ.ɂ. ɉɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ. – Ɇ.: Ƚɍɉ ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ

ɝɚɡ, 2002. – 224 ɫ.

23. ɉɪɢɤɚɡ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɊɎ ɨɬ 07.02.2001 ɝ.

ʋ126 « ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ».

24.

Ⱥɦɢɤɫ Ⱦ., Ȼɚɫɫ Ⱦ., ɍɚɣɬɢɧɝ Ɋ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. – Ɇ.:

Ƚɨɫɬɨɩɬɟɯɢɡɞɚɬ, 1962. – 569 ɫ.

25.

ɋɟɪɟɞɚ ɇ.Ƚ., ɋɚɤɚɪɨɜ ȼ.Ʌ., Ɍɢɦɚɲɟɜ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɢɤɚ

ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɢɤɚ: ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1986.

26.

ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ.

ɇ.ȿ. Ȼɵɤɨɜɚ, Ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ə. Ɏɭɪɫɨɜɚ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1981.

27.

Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɟɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɹ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɨɣ. – Ɇ.: ɇɟɞɪɚ, 1983.

ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ .....................................................................................................3

1. ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɇȿɎɌȿȽȺɁɈȾɈȻɕɑɂ.....................................4

2. ɐȿɅɂ ɂ ɁȺȾȺɑɂ ɇȿɎɌȿȽȺɁɈɉɊɈɆɕɋɅɈȼɈɃ ȽȿɈɅɈȽɂɂ......13

3. ȽȿɈɅɈȽɈɊȺɁȼȿȾɈɑɇɕȿ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ɇȺ ɇȿɎɌəɇɕɏ

ɂ ȽȺɁɈȼɕɏ ɆȿɋɌɈɊɈɀȾȿɇɂəɏ .....................................................17



3.1. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ..............................................................................17

3.2. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ .................................................................21

3.3. Ɋɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ................................................................................23

3.4. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ (ɨɩɵɬɧɚɹ) ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ.....................24

3.5. Ɉɩɵɬɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ.................26

3.6. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡ............27

4. ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɉɈɅɍɑȿɇɂə ȽȿɈɅɈȽɈɉɊɈɆɕɋɅɈȼɈɃ

ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ........................................................................................32



4.1. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ .........................32

4.2. Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.......................36

4.3. Ƚɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ......................39

4.4. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ................................................................................................39



4.5. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ..........................................................40

5. ɁȺɅȿɀɂ ɍȽɅȿȼɈȾɈɊɈȾɈȼ ȼ ɋɌȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɈɆ

ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂɂ ...........................................................................................42



5.1. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ....................................................................42

5.1.1. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ. Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɢ...............................................42

5.1.2. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

(ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ)......................................................................49



5.1.3. Ⱦɢɡɶɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ.........................................................54

5.1.4. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹɦɢ ..........................55

5.1.5. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ

ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ...............................................................................57



5.1.5.1. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ.........61

5.2. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ .........................................................................................64



5.2.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ......................................64

5.2.2. Ɋɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ................65

5.2.3. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ...................................69

5.2.4. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ......75

5.2.5. ȿɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ....................................80

5.2.6. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ.........................84

5.2.7. ɇɟɮɬɟ-, ɝɚɡɨ-, ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ .............85

5.3. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ...................89

5.3.1. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ....................................................89

5.3.2. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ........................................94



5.3.3. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ,

ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.........................................96



5.3.4. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ........98

5.3.5. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ .....................................................101

5.3.5.1. ȼɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ...........................................................102

5.3.5.2. ɍɩɪɭɝɨɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ...............................................105

5.3.5.3. Ƚɚɡɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ............................................................107

5.3.5.4. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ....................................................109

5.3.5.5. Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ........................................................110

5.3.5.6. Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ...................................112

5.3.5.7. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ..........................113

5.3.6. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ...................................114

5.4. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɯ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ....................117

5.4.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ».............................................117

5.4.2. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ..............118

5.5. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ..............................................122

5.5.1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ...........................................................................122



5.5.2. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɩɪɢ

ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ................................................................124



5.5.3. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ

ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ .............................................................127



5.5.3.1. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɹ...............128

5.5.4. ɇɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ......138

6. ɁȺɅȿɀɂ ɍȽɅȿȼɈȾɈɊɈȾɈȼ ȼ ȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɆ

ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂɂ ɂ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖ ɂɏ ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ...............................144



6.1. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ........................................................................................144

