Пулькина Н.Э., Зимина С.В. Геологические основы разработки нефтяных и газовых месторождений

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ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ

ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɥɶɟ-

ɮɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ

ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɧɚ

ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ,

ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɢɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɫ

ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ

ɩɶɟ-

ɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.27,

ɫɤɜ1) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,

ɡɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɤɜ. ɇ

ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ h

ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ U

(ɨɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 1 ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ):



ɜ111ɩɥ

102/hHP U

(5.20)

ȼ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɫ ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫ

ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.27, ɫɤɜ2):

/102

22ɩɥ

(5.21)

ɋɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫ ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ.

5.27, ɫɤɜ 3) ɛɭɞɭɬ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢ-

ɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɡɚɦɟɪɢɜ ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ p

ɧɚ ɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢ-

ɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɶɹɯ:



ɭɜ33ɩɥ

102/HP UU

, (5.22)

ɝɞɟ ɪ

= h

/102; h

– ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɞ

ɭɫɬɶɟɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-

ɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ grad p, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ P

ɩɥ

ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɝɥɭ-

ɛɢɧɵ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ:

H/Ppgrad

ɩɥ



(5.23)

ɂɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ grad p ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ

ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢ-

Ɋɢɫ. 5.27 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:

1 – ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ; 2 – ɡɚɥɟɠɶ

ɧɟɮɬɢ;3 – ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ; 4 – ɡɟɦɧɚɹ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ;5 – ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,

6 – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ;7 – ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ

ɩɨ

ɨɞɵ

ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɶɟɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. ȼ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɭɫɬɶɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚ-

ɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ grad p ɦɟɧɶɲɟ,

ɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɭɫɬɶɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ grad p ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɭɫɬɶɹ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0,008 ɞɨ 0,025 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ

ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ

ɛɨɥɟɟ. ȿɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,

ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɍȼ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ

ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ (ɞɢɧɚ-

ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ

ɩɥɚɫɬɟ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ

ɧɟɝɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɍȼ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɭ-

ɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢ-

ɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨ ɤɟɪɧɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɢ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ

ɩɨ ɤɟɪɧɭ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɵɲɟ-

ɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ ɢ

ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɍȼ.

Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ

ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ-

ɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ

ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ (ɛɟɡ

ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɨɛɜɚɥɨɜ,

ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɭɛ) ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ

(ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ "ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ" ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ), ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ

ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɚ

ɡɚɥɟɠɶ, ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɟ-

ɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɋɨ-

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨ-

ɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɤ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚ-

ɥɟɠɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ.

ɋȽɉȾ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-

ɦɵ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɯ ɫ ɋȽɉȾ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵ-

ɫɬɪɟɟ, ɬɟɦɩɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɪɟ-

ɲɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜ

ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢ-

ɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟ-

ɳɢɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɫ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ-

ɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɬ. ɟ.

ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ.

ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ

ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ:

x ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɡɨɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɵ,

ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ;

x ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɤɚ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ, ɝɞɟ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ;

x ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɧɭɸ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ

ɞɢɡɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦ-

ɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ

ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ

(ɪɢɫ. 5.28), ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ. Ɂɚ-

ɥɟɠɢ ɍȼ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ,

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɍȼ:

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ

ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ;

ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ

ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.

ȼ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ

ɜɢɞɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦɢ ɫ

ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ –

ɡɚɥɟɠɚɦɢ ɫ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ

ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ.

5.3.2. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ

ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ

Ƚɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ȽɉȾ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɨɞ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɟɝɨ

ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɜ-

ɧɵɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɟɦɭ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ

ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ

ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ.

ɂɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:

ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ", ɬ. ɟ. ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ;

Ƚɟɨɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ

ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ

(ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ)

ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.28. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɟɨɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

x ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɢɩɫɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɲɟ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ;

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬ-

ɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ;

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ

ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ.

ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ

ɜɨɞɵ -1 ɝ/ɫɦ

) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸ-

ɳɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ;

ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ.

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɫɬɚ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ.

Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ 0,008 –

0,013 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,01 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ. Ɋɟɞɤɢɟ ɢɫɤɥɸ-

ɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ

ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ ɭɫɬɶɟɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɯ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ

ɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɞɨ ȼɇɄ.

Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɩɪɢ

= 1) ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱ-

ɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɢɡɛ

ȼ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ 0,008 – 0,013 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ

ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɨɛɵɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ,

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ-

ɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ɉ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (ɬ. ɟ. ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ

ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ, ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɪɟɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ ȼɇɄ ɢɥɢ ȽȼɄ

5.3.3. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ

ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ

ȼɇɄ ɢ ȽȼɄ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɬɥɢ-

ɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ. ɉɪɢ gradp > 0,013 ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɋȽɉȾ) ɩɪɢ gradp < 0,008 –

ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɆȽɉȾ).

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɋȽɉȾ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ-

ɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɬɨɤɚ. ɋɜɟɪɯɝɢɞ-

ɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-

ɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ-

ɧɨ ɞɥɹ

ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ-

ɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ

ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (ɪɢɫ.

5.29) ɧɚɩɨɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ

ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɠɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞ ɢɡ

ɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ-

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸ-

ɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɩ-

ɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ

ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɢ-

ɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ

ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ (ɝɟɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ).

ȼ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɝɪɭ-

ɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ, ɩɟ-

ɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɤɨ-

Ɋɢɫ. 5.29 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.27

ɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɰɚɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɩɟɪ-

ɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɜɨ

ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɜɵɠɢɦɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ-

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ

ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ

ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɢɞ-

ɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ P

ɩɥ.ɝ

ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ p

ɞɨɩ

p

ɝ.ɩɥɩɥ

, (5.24)

ɝɞɟ

ɜɞɨɩɞɨɩ

/p E

(5.25)

ɞɨɩ

. – ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ

ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɟ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ; E

ɜ -

ɤɨɷɮ-

ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ; V

– ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ-

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ.

ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɵ-

ɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɨɞɵ p

ɞɨɩ

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɋȽɉȾ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢ-

ɧɟ ɤ ɝɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ɋȽɉȾ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɨɜ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɳɚɦɢ ɝɥɢ-

ɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɜ ɦɟɠɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋȽɉȾ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɞ-

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ

ɦɨɧɬɦɨɪɢɥɥɨɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɢɥɥɢɬ, ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ

ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ

ɡɟɦɥɢ. ɋȽɉȾ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨ-

ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤ-

ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɋȽɉȾ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ.

ɋȽɉȾ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɹ

– ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ, Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧɚ, ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɉɪɟɞɤɚɪɩɚ-

ɬɶɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋȽɉȾ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ

ɋȽɉȾ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 0,017 – 0,025 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ.

ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɥɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɢɩɫɨ-

ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɚɯ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,008 Ɇɉɚ/ɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ.

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɆȽɉȾ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢ-

ɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ.

5.3.4. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ

ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ

ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ)

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɡɦɟ-

ɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ

ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɍȼ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ-

ɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚ-

ɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ.

Ɂɚɦɟɪɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ

ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ,

ɥɢɛɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ.

Ɂɚɦɟɪɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɧɚ 20 – 25 ɫɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ

ɧɟɣ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢ-

ɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ

ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ 4 – 6 ɱ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧɚɯ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ.

ȼ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ

ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; ɷɬɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ

ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ (ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨ-

ɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ 20 ɫɭɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ

ɰɟɥɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ

ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ.

Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ –ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 1º ɋ ɢ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɺ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:



, (5.26)

ɝɞɟ

G– ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ, ɦ/º ɋ;

ɇ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɦ;

h – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɦ;

Ɍ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ º ɋ;

t – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɋ.

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ

ɮɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ

ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ,

ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɨɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨ-

ɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟ-

ɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ.

ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜɵ-

ɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɫɚɦɨɩɢɲɭ-

ɳɢɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɤ-

ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɬɭɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɟ-

ɫɹɬɤɚɦ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ.

ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɪɢɜɭɸ,

ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɫɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ. Ɍɚ-

ɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɚɦɢ

. ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɵ ɫ ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

(ɪɢɫ.5.30). ɇɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ-

Ɋɢɫ. 5.30. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ (ɩɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɬɤɨɜɭ):

ɚ, ɛ, ɜ – ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɱɤɢ

ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ

ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɱɤɚɦ ɫ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɩɨɪɨɞ.

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-

ɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ – ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧ-

ɧɨɟ.

Ƚɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ¨Ƚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɧɚ 100ɦ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ (Ƚ) ɪɚɜɧɚ

100)tɌ(



, (5.27)

ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɢ

ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ

100

. (5.28)

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ (ɪɢɫ

5.31).

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ

ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɬɟɪ-

ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɣ (ɤɚɪɬɨɣ

ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦ) ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɚ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡ-

ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɤɥɢɧɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ

ɜ ɫɢɧɤɥɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɧɬɢɤɥɢɧɚɥɢ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɫɢɧɤ-

ɥɢɧɚɥɢ – ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢ-

ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ

ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ (10 – 20 ɤɦ)

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɚ 33 ɦ/ º ɋ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ. Ʉɚɤ

ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɝɚɡ) ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.31 ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-

ɝɟɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ɍɡɟɧɶ (ɩɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɬɤɨɜɭ):

1 – ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ-

ɬɚɦɢ, 2 – ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɵ,

º ɋ

; XIII – XVII – ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ