Power electronic handbook
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1170 Index
Six step switching, 894, 895, 900
Sliding-mode control of switching converters, 955, 956
principles of, 956
Slow switching frequency changer (SSFC), 503
Society of automotive engineers (SAE), 637, 657, 658,
1117, 1118
Soft starters for induction generators, 706
Soft-switched multilevel converter, 457
Soft-switching converters, 86, 245, 262, 323, 406
Solar cells, 478, 662, 674, 675, 679, 680, 690
Solar energy constant, 674
Solar energy conversion, 663
Solar water pumping, 667, 682, 684
types of pumps, 682
Solidtron, 130
Space charge limiting load (SCLL), 133, 140
Space vector modulation (SVM), 369, 378, 452, 460, 505–507,
952, 953, 955, 1029, 1030, 1032
Special motors, 830, 841
Speed control algorithm, 1045
Spice, 1144
SPWM inverter drive, 868, 878
Square-wave operation, 364, 376
Squirrel cage induction motor, 824, 838, 839, 842, 844, 873,
952, 1020, 1046
Stacked die, 1147
Staircase waveform quality, 451
Stand-alone PV systems, 669, 673, 677, 680
features of, 680
Standby UPS, 619–622
Standby/emergency generation, 718
Star-connected R-load, 490, 491
Starting voltage, 568, 570, 572, 574, 580, 585, 586
STATCOM control techniques, 809, 811
Static induction diode (SID), 137
Static induction MOS transistor (SIMOS), 133, 139
advantages of, 140
short switching time, 137
thermal stability, 137
Static induction transistor (SIT), 133–135, 137
bipolar mode operation of SI devices (BSIT), 136
characteristics of, 134
linear scales, 135
logarithmic scales, 135
junction field effect transistor (JFET), 133
theory, 133, 134
Static induction transistor logic (SITL), 133, 137, 138
Static Kramer system, 713, 840
Static Scherbius system, 713
Static switching systems, 112
Static synchronous compensator, 807
Static synchronous series compensator, 815
Static var compensators (SVC), 517
Static var compensators STATCOM, 764
Steady-state frequency regulation, 1054
Steady-state voltage regulation, 1054
Step-down (buck) converter
basic converter, 247
scheme, 248
transformer versions of
forward converter, 248
full-bridge converter, 249
half-bridge converter, 249
push–pull converter, 249
waveforms, 248
Stepper motors, 842
Step-up (boost) converter, 250
Super-lift (SL) Luo-converters, 288
in CCM, 349
N/O cascade boost-converters (CBC), 297
N/O super-lift Luo-converters, 292
P/O cascade boost-converters (CBC), 294
P/O super-lift Luo-converters, 288
Surface-magnet synchronous motor, 886
SVC vs STATCOM, 814
Switch, 2
ideal switches, 9, 497, 732, 778, 936
power handling rating, 3
real switches, 9
Switch matrices, 8
Switch-mode converter, 665
Switch mode power supplies (SMPS), 518, 519, 526
Switched-capacitor converters, 318, 322
Switched-capacitor (SC) DC/DC converters, 262
Switched-capacitor multi-quadrant Luo-converters, 306, 307
two modes of, 307–315
Switched hybrid energy systems, 687
Switched-inductor (SI) DC/DC converters, 262
Switched mode power supply (SMPS), 125, 1061
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive, 842, 857, 915, 916,
919, 1037
advantages and disadvantages of, 916
applications of, 916
drive design options of, 917–919
operating theory of, 919
position sensing, 925
principle of operation, 915
Switching functions, 11–13, 1081, 1084
parameter of, 12
Switching power converters, 2, 13, 140, 935, 936, 993, 997
linearized state-space averaged model, 939
state-space averaged model, 935–939, 943, 946, 956, 996
state-space modeling, 936, 956
switched state-space model, 936
Switching regulators, 245, 594, 595, 602, 603
Synchronizing circuit, 499
Synchronous link reactor, 1084
Synchronous motor (excited), 858
Index 1171
Synchronous motor (PM), 858
Synchronous motor drives, 511, 840, 877, 878, 885,
888, 903
CSI-driven, 880
operating modes, 882
steady-state equivalent-circuit representation, 878
Synchronous-rectifier (SR) DC/DC converters, 262, 331
Synchronous reluctance motor drives, 926
basic mathematical modeling, 929
basic principles, 926
machine structure, 928–930
Syncrel, 926–932
Syncrel drive system, 931
System in package (SIP), 1147
System on chip (SOC), 1147
System on package (SOP), 1147
Tail-current amplitude, 129
Tapped inductor (Watkins–Johnson) converters, 271
Techniques of level shifting, 549
Technology-driven partitioning, 1154, 1155
TelCom Semiconductor Inc., 556
The Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
(CENELEC), 219
The Lundell/claw-pole alternator, 646
Thick film on ceramic (TFC), 1151
Three-phase ac–ac voltage controllers, 488
fully controlled three-wire, 490
modes, 490, 491
phase-controlled, 488
Three-phase diode rectifiers, 150
bridge rectifiers
high power applications, 153
design parameters, 150
operations, 155
star rectifiers
basic circuit, 151, 152
double-star rectifier, 153
inter-star or zig-zag rectifier circuit, 152, 153
Three-phase voltage source inverters, 363, 1114
DC Link current in three-phase VSI, 369
load-phase voltages in three-phase VSI, 371
selective harmonic elimination, 367
sinusoidal PWM with zero sequence signal injection,
364, 365
space-vector (SV)-based modulating techniques, 368
square-wave operation of three-phase VSI, 364
Thyristor-controlled inductor (TCI), 113
Thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR),
805, 807
Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), 521, 803
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), 805, 816
Thyristor converter drive, 861
Thyristor-switched series capacitor (TSSC), 804, 805
Thyrode controller, 804
Topologies converter, 1150
developed, 266, 267
fundamental, 263–266
Total FIS, 1000
Total harmonic distortion (THD), 160, 184, 188, 190, 221,
262, 346, 453, 462, 469, 498, 503, 518, 619, 628,
744, 757, 763, 809, 1074
Transients, 815, 1053, 1054, 1056, 1059, 1060, 1067, 1108,
1114, 1128
Transistors, 3, 10, 13, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 71, 138, 140,
141, 227
dynamic switching characteristics, 32, 76, 95
power-npn and -pnp bipolar transistors, 27–29
SPICE simulation of, 36, 37
Trapezoidal back-emf waveform, 886, 887
control of, 886
Triangular carrier, 227, 809, 1080, 1082, 1084, 1087, 1122,
1125, 1126
True UPS, 621
Turboswitchers Inc., 557
Ultra-lift (UL) Luo-converters, 261, 263, 299
continuous conduction mode, 299
discontinuous conduction mode, 301
negative output Luo-converters
five circuits of, 279–284
positive output Luo-converters, 271
five circuits of, 271–276
simplified positive output Luo-converters
four circuits of, 279
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) topology, 622
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 619, 1085, 1147
classification, 619–626
performance comparison of, 626
Unipolar capacitors, 477
Unipolar drive circuits, 912
Unity displacement factor frequency changer (UDFFC), 503
Universal power conditioner, 458, 459, 470, 474, 724
Universal power converter, 506
Universal UPS, 622, 623, 626
Unnecessary distortion terms, 502
Unrestricted frequency changer (UFC), 503
VAR compensators, 27, 101, 105, 112, 353, 354, 517, 690,
764, 773, 1053
Variable ratio transmission (VRT), 710
Variable speed constant frequency (VSCF), 240, 493, 511,
704, 708, 709
Variable speed control of AC machines, 1032
1172 Index
Variable speed drive (VSD), 218, 455, 556, 712, 823–825, 827,
831, 842, 852, 859, 865, 868, 888, 916, 931, 1031, 1037
advantages of, 824
applications, 851–854
classification by applications, 830
classification by the type of converter, 830
classification by type of power device, 830
common requirements, 827
communication in, 845
control strategies, 844
disadvantages of, 825
drive classifications and characteristics, 829
drive specifications, 827–829
improved process control, 825
modern VSD systems, 853
Vector control methods, 841, 954
basic principles of, 874
Vector control technique, 704, 873, 1031, 1081, 1122
Venturini method, 503, 506, 508
Venturini vs SVM method, 508
VMOS, 140, 141
Voltage–current characteristic curves, 30
Voltage distortion limits, 1065
Voltage flicker, 1058, 1066, 1069
Voltage lift Luo-converters, 271
Voltage-lift (VL) technique, 262, 271, 288
Voltage mode control, 246, 256, 525, 529, 615–617, 942, 951
Voltage sags, 474, 1054, 1055, 1085
Voltage source converters (VSC), 513, 774, 791–793
Voltage source inverter (VSI), 353–357, 360, 364, 367, 369,
376, 379, 382, 386, 390, 690, 691
Voltage-source voltage-controlled PWM rectifier, 225,
228, 229
VSI-multilevel topologies, 394–398
West German Standards (VDE), 219
Wind turbine generators, 673
Wind turbine technology, 673, 709, 737, 764
basics of wind power, 701
classification, 702
control of, 741
control of wind turbines, 707
electrical system of a wind farm, 761, 762
fixed speed generator (FSWT), 702, 707, 708
grid connection standards, 755–757
horizontal-axis wind turbine, 737
offshore and onshore wind turbines, 764
types of wind generators, 703
types of wind power systems, 705
types of wind turbines, 701
variable speed pitch wind turbine, 742
variable speed wind turbine generator, 702, 707, 708
x-Element RPC, 335
Zener diode regulator, 17, 595
Zener diodes, 17, 34, 550
Zero-ripple boost converter (ZRBC), 720, 721, 723
Zeta converter, 269, 523, 534, 535