Power electronic handbook
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1160 Index
Boost corrector, 522
advantages of, 523
Bridge rectifier, 22, 189, 262, 549, 711, 712, 826, 845, 848
Brushed DC motor, 858, 891, 903, 904, 1005
Buck corrector, 522, 523
advantages of, 522
drawbacks of, 522
Buck–boost converter, 251, 532, 533, 938, 940, 951, 960, 961
basic converter, 251
Burst-firing, 487
Butterworth filter, 1074
Capacitive snubbers, 125
Capacitor–inductor stored energy ratio (CIR), 346, 347
Carrier frequency gating, 487
Carrier lifetime, 73, 76, 78, 81, 86, 91, 97, 99
Cascade converter, 457, 809, 813
Cascaded H-bridges, 452, 466
Cascaded inverters, 453
Cathode shorts, 97, 98, 115
CBEMA tolerance curves, 1055
CCM shaping technique, 189, 247, 525, 530, 536, 544,
545, 589
modes of operation, 559
Characteristic harmonic frequencies, 502
Chattering, 936
Chopper devices, 37, 39, 111, 126, 246, 247, 258, 319, 341,
488, 500, 713, 838, 850, 862
Chopping-mode control method, 922
Clock pulse (CP), 528, 529, 617
Closed-loop operation of inverters, 379
feedback techniques in current source inverters, 385
feedback techniques in voltage source inverters, 382
feedforward techniques in current source inverters, 382
feedforward techniques in voltage source inverters, 379
Cogeneration/combined heat and power (CHP), 717–719
Cogging torque, 900, 903, 1043
Collector current, 30, 34, 73, 75–81, 136
Color rendering index (CRI), 569
Combining commutation and PWM current control, 897
Comitè Europèen de Normalization (CEN), 1118
Comitè Europèen de Normalization Electro-Technique
(CENELEC), 1118
Comité International Special des Perturbations
Radioelectriques (CISPR), 1103
Common control techniques, 562
Common mode reactor, 849
Common source level shifters, 548
Communication principles, 501
Commutation, 45, 210, 582, 773, 779, 895
commutation failure (CF) or misfire, 784
electronic commutation, 893
load commutation, 833
Company business cost, 1154
Comparison of CCM shaping techniques, 531
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, 1153
Component characteristic map, 1149
Continuous conduction mode (CCM), 189, 247, 524–526,
844
Continuously variable speed systems, 710–711
Control schemes
current-mode control, 256, 257, 618, 936, 951, 964, 965,
969, 996
hysteretic (or bang-bang) control, 257, 564, 976, 983
voltage-mode control, 246, 256, 615, 617
Controllable displacement factor frequency changer, 503
Controller, 665, 667, 670, 671, 677, 684, 686, 687, 705, 741,
760, 888, 901, 965, 968, 993, 994, 1005, 1134
Controller area network (CAN) IC, 644, 645
Conventional approximator, 1016
Converter arrangements, 4, 5
Converter group selection and blanking circuit, 501
Converters, resonant, soft-switching, 405–447
classification, 407
converter, active-clamp flyback, 421, 424
ZVS-MRC, clamp mode, 421
converters, power width modulated (PWM), 405
DC–AC power inverters, soft-switching, 436–447
control techniques, 628
digital signal processor (DSP), 444, 445
intensity pulse density modulation (IPDM), 437
inverter, quasi-resonant soft-switched, 442–445
inverter, resonant dc link, 438, 439
inverter, resonant dc link, active clamped, 439
inverter, resonant dc link, low voltage stress, 440–442
resonant pole inverter (RPI), 445–447
uninterrupted power supplies (UPS), 438
ZACE concept, 444
electromagnetic interference (EMI), 406
EMI suppression, soft-switching, 434, 435
extended-period quasi-resonant (EP-QR) converters,
427–434
DC–DC bidirectional flyback converter, 434, 435
DC–DC flyback converter, soft-switched, 434, 435
EP-QR boost type, 427, 429, 431, 432
PFC converter, hard-switched boost type, 427, 431
frequency modulation (FM), 355, 406, 573
high power devices, soft-switching, snubbers, 435, 436
safe operating area (SOA), 435
snubber circuits, Mcmurray, 435–437
snubber, Undeland, 435, 437
ICs, customized control, 406
load resonant converters (LRCS), 421–425
parallel resonant converters (PRCS), 425, 427
series resonant converters (SRC), 421, 426
series-parallel resonant converters (SPRC), 425, 429
Index 1161
multi-resonant converters (MRC), 415–421, 425
constant-frequency multi-resonant (CF-MR), 420, 421
zero-current multi-resonant (ZC-MR), 418
zero-voltage multi-resonant (ZV-MR), 418
ZVS-MRC, buck, 418–420
power switches, 405, 406
quasi-resonant converters (QRC), 408–415, 425
ZCS-QRCs, 408–411
ZVS-QRC, 409
resonant converters, control circuits, 425–427
UCC3895, PWM controller, 427, 431
ZVS-MR forward converter, 427, 430
resonant switch, 407, 408
gate turn-off (GTO), 407
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 407
zero current (ZC), 407
switching trajectory, 405, 406
zero-current switching (ZCS), 406, 407
zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 406, 407
ZVS, high frequency, applications, 412–415
clamped voltage, 412
full-bridge (FB), 412, 417
half-bridge (HB), 412, 416
zero voltage transition, 414, 418
ZVT converters, 421, 422
ZVT-PWM, 421, 422
Convertible static converter (CSC), 792, 805, 816, 817, 819
topologies, 819
Correlated color temperature (CCT), 569, 789
Cost-driven partitioning, 1153
Coupling transformers, 807, 1085–1087, 1090
Cross-over points method, 497, 503
CSI-driven synchronous motor, 880, 883, 884
brushless dc operation of, 881
Cu plated on ceramic (CuPC), 1151
Cuk converter, 246, 252, 523, 534
Current control loops, 630, 781, 884, 903, 904, 931, 969, 976
Current distortion limits – subtransmission systems, 1065
Current distortion limits – transmission systems, 1065
Current mode control techniques, 526–529
Current modulator, 977, 978, 1080–1082, 1084, 1087
Current rating of active devices, 3, 18, 27, 29, 48, 177, 443,
453, 473, 1112
Current source inverter (CSI), 353, 354, 371–373, 376, 390,
690, 819, 833, 857, 885
carrier-based PWM techniques in CSIs, 355, 372, 459
normalized sampling frequency, 369, 379
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) in three-phase CSIs,
376, 452
space-vector-based modulating techniques in CSIs, 376,
379, 382, 397, 403, 978, 1047, 1114
square-wave operation of three-phase CSIs, 364, 376, 379
Current-based maximum power point tracker (CMPPT), 666
Customer generation, 717
Cycloconverter, 752, 831, 844, 870, 1058, 1061
application of, 493, 510
circulating current-free mode operation, 496, 497, 499,
501–503, 511, 512
circulating-current mode operation, 496
limitations of, 493
operation with RL load, 494
operation with R-load, 493
principle, 493
single-phase to single-phase, 493
three-phase, 495
three-phase six-pulse, 498
three-phase twelve-pulse, 499
Cycloconverter drive, 870
Darlington pair output stage, 596
Days of autonomy, 670
DC choppers, 246, 247, 258
DC controls, 778, 779, 783, 784
DC link capacitor specifications, 226, 227, 354, 466, 477, 819,
924, 1032
DC motor drives, 262, 837
applications of, 859
converter-dc drive system considerations, 865
converters for, 861
representation and characteristics of, 859
DC ripple reinjection, 214
DC–DC converters, 1, 247, 248, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259, 418,
553, 678, 862
applications of, 258, 343
control principles, 255
converter family tree, 264
converter topologies, 247–253
generations of, 262, 263
hard-switching PWM converters, 245
resonant and soft-switching converters, 245
seven self-lift dc/dc converters, 269, 270
synchronous and bidirectional converters, 254
DCM input technique, 247, 524, 530, 532, 535, 537, 538
Dead time, 219, 255, 427, 550, 898, 901, 953, 975, 982, 997,
1032, 1035
Defuzzification, 956, 993, 995, 997, 1000, 1005
Delta modulation control, 530
Device static ratings, 29
De-queing circuit, 561
Digital signal processors (DSP), 444, 508, 891, 1018, 1031,
1032, 1036, 1037, 1040, 1044, 1046, 1076, 1078, 1152
definition, 1031
DSP controller requirements, 1044, 1048
DSP-based control of permanent magnet synchronous
machines, 1041
DSP-based vector control of induction motors, 1046
Diode clamp converter (DCC), 757, 758, 789
1162 Index
Diode-clamped multilevel inverter, 454, 980
advantages and disadvantages of, 455
Diodes, 919, 1104, 1126, 1141
ac diode parameters, 16
applications, 22, 23
characteristics, 15, 16, 24
circuit symbol, 15, 16
forward bias, 15
reverse bias, 15, 16
dc diode parameters, 15
PSPICE simulation, 22
ratings
current ratings, 18
voltage ratings, 17
series and parallel connection, 19
snubber circuits, 19
standard datasheet for selection, 24
types, 17
Direct bonded aluminum (DBA), 1151
Direct bonded copper (DBC), 1151
Direct transfer function (DTF) approach, 507
Direct vector control method, 876, 877
Direct vector control with airgap flux sensing, 877
Discharge lamps, 565, 567–570
Discretely variable speed systems, 709, 710
Distributed energy resource (DER), 717, 718
Distributed generation/power generation, 694, 705, 717
applications, 717
DMOS, 72, 140, 141
Doping technique, 29, 73, 91, 662, 674
Double output Luo-converters, 263, 284, 301
five circuits of, 284–288
Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG), 703, 704, 711
Drive circuits for bifilar wound motors, 912, 914
Dual converters, 218
Dual-voltage electrical systems, 324, 327, 654
Duty ratio, 246, 536, 648, 1114
Ebers–Moll model, 36
Electric machine operation, 892, 893
Electric power conversion, 2
Electric power steering (EPS) system, 643
Electrohydraulic power steering (EHPS) system, 643
Electromagnetic actuators, 642
Electromagnetic ballasts, 570, 571
classification of, 573–575
factors influencing design, 572
merits and demerits, 571
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 194, 262, 324, 636,
637, 829, 848, 1103, 1106, 1117
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 81, 86, 87, 95, 262, 307,
327, 336, 434, 445, 522, 1103, 1105, 1108
Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP), 793, 794
Electromechanical power conversion system, 646
Electronic converters, 543–545, 565, 673, 743, 1103
applications of, 543
Electronic gate drivers, 553
Electronic power supplies
high ends, 4
low ends, 4
switch-mode power supply, 4
EMC standards, 1103, 1117, 1118
Emission standards for low frequency harmonics, 1118
Energy factor, 263, 345–347
Energy storage devices, 630, 631
EnergyStar® program, 4
Equivalent series resistance (ESR), 162, 253, 942, 975
EUPEC EICE-driver, 555
Eupec semiconductor, 555
European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI),
1118
FACTS devices, 802, 803, 806, 809, 815
Fault diagnosis system, 478, 480
Ferroresonant standby UPS system, 621
Fiber optic links, 548
Field-orientated control (FOC), 1036, 1047, 1049, 1052,
1131, 1132
implementation of field-oriented speed control of
induction motor, 1048
Filtering systems, 145, 151, 158
capacitive-input dc filters, 160–162
inductive-input dc filters, 158–159
Finite element models, 83–85
Fixed-frequency PWM controllers, 615, 617
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), 764, 774, 792–794,
797, 802, 803, 806, 809, 815
Floating supply, 545, 550, 551, 553
methods of generation, 546
Fluorescent lamps, 197, 543, 565, 568, 569, 572, 574, 576,
585, 590, 1053, 1057, 1061
Flyback converter, 37, 162, 172, 251, 252, 258, 421, 434, 533,
535, 536, 563, 641, 693
Flyback regulators, 603, 607, 610, 617
continuous mode, 605
discontinuous mode, 603
operating properties, 607
Flyback transformer, 251, 252, 255, 258, 434, 607
Flying-capacitor multilevel inverter, 455, 456
advantages and disadvantages, 456
Flywheel, 38, 162, 163, 167, 623, 630, 631, 649, 656, 678,
689, 1133
Force commutated cycloconverters (FCC), 483, 503, 861, 865,
867, 1117, 1118
Force-commutated pulse width modulated (PWM)
rectifiers, 201
Index 1163
Force-commutated rectifiers, 221, 223, 233, 237
new technologies, 233
active power filter, 233
frequency link systems, 233
topologies for high power applications, 233
three-phased, 221
Forced commutated inverter (FCI), 833, 834, 852
Fortescue transformation, 1092, 1093
Forward two-quadrant (F 2Q) Luo-converter, 302
Four-quadrant dc/dc Luo-converter, 305, 322
four modes of operation, 310–315
Four-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converter, 327,
331
Freewheeling diode, 19, 76, 78, 125, 126, 160, 441, 446, 488,
508, 912, 918, 924, 1040
Front end converter (FEC), 389, 391, 393, 704, 852
Fuel cell, 2, 258, 259, 451, 453, 478, 480, 630–632, 655, 714,
718–721, 729, 730–734
Fuel-cell based energy systems for DG, 719, 731
Full cost, 1148, 1153–1155
Full-bridge based topology, 720
Full-bridge regulators, 613, 615
Full-bridge resonant inverter, 574
Functional integration, 1147, 1148
Fuzzification, 993, 1000–1003
Fuzzy and linguistic variables, 1000
Fuzzy inference engine, 1000, 1003–1005, 1008
Fuzzy inference system (FIS), 1000
classification, 1000
steps in development of, 1000
Fuzzy logic, 1011, 1012, 1015, 1016
Fuzzy logic control of switching converters, 764, 993, 996,
997, 1000, 1005, 1011, 1012
fuzzy logic controller synthesis, 993
Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), 996, 997, 1000, 1005, 1011, 1012
Fuzzy logic-based microprocessor controller, 1005
Fuzzy logic-based speed controller, 1005
Gamma control loop, 782
Gas atom excitation, 567
Gas atom ionization, 567
Gate control Luo-resonator, 342
Gate drive circuit, 80–82, 93, 101, 105, 196, 412, 452, 543,
546, 547, 549, 550, 553, 558, 729, 1048, 1122, 1123,
1126, 1148
conventional model, 80
new gate drive circuits, 81
significance of, 79–81
Gate drive requirements, 71, 80, 90, 106
gate circuits, 106
snubber circuits, 106
Gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor, 10, 11, 13, 82, 85, 90, 92, 93,
96, 99, 101–103, 109, 118, 119, 126, 483, 544, 744,
816, 830, 858, 978
applications of, 121
basic structure and operation, 115, 116
definition, 115
GTO thyristor model, 116
power devices used in the VSD converters, 831
process of, 120
PSPICE model, 109
SPICE GTO model, 120
SPICE sub-circuit model, 121
static characteristics
gate triggering characteristics, 118
off-state characteristics, 118
on-state characteristics, 117
rate of rise of off-state voltage, 118
structure, 116
switching phases, 118–120
thyristor models, 116, 117
turn-off circuit arrangement, 120
types, 115
Gate-controlled series capacitor, 816
Gating signals, 1010, 1040, 1044, 1081, 1093
control scheme, 1070
generator, 1093
Gearbox, 706, 708, 710, 711, 737–739, 829, 852
General structure of a three-phase ac motor controller, 1032
General Trade Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1117
Generators, 704, 705, 711, 739
analog tachogenerators, 904, 905
asynchronous generators, 739, 744–746
constant frequency generators, 240
conventional fuel generators, 673
diesel generators, 511, 627, 673, 676, 705, 706
high slip induction generator, 711
induction generator, 240, 703, 706, 707, 712, 739
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), 712
PV generators, 690
squirrel-cage induction generator, 712
synchronous generator, 703, 708–712, 739, 746, 747
tandem induction generator, 711
wind generators, 674, 700, 703, 713
wound rotor induction generator (WRIG), 704, 712
Glass-epoxy with plated through holes (FR-4, PTH), 1151
Glass-epoxy with surface mount pads (FR-4, SMT), 1151
Graetz bridge, 206, 208
Green power, 717, 718
Grid-compatible inverters, 698
Grid-connected PV systems, 676, 681, 689, 690, 692, 697
Grid-controlled mercury-arc rectifiers, 493
Grounding, 33, 613, 640, 690, 762, 1053, 1054, 1056, 1057,
1066, 1115, 1116
GTO thyristor-controlled series capacitor (GCSC), 816, 817
1164 Index
H-bridge, 8, 236, 241, 242, 452–454, 457, 509, 641, 642, 844,
853, 861, 893, 895–897, 901
high efficiency method, 897
Half controlled bridge converter, 181, 186, 208, 209, 861
Half-bridge regulator, 610, 613
Hall effect (HE) sensors, 37, 887, 895, 897, 899, 901, 1008,
1040, 1041
operation of, 899
Handheld voltmeter, 1060
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), 513
Harmonic distortion, 758, 866, 1067, 1074, 1077, 1079
recommended practices, 1065
special configurations, 213
standards, 219
Harmonic filters, 233, 521, 790, 808, 826, 827, 1053, 1062
Harmonics, 1069–1071, 1074, 1078, 1083, 1085–1088, 1090,
1093, 1095, 1097, 1104, 1113, 1114
Harris PMCT, 127
Harris semiconductors (Intersil), 124, 127
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 568, 570, 590, 641
High power factor electronic ballasts, 586, 588
High temperature (HT) packaging, 1157
High voltage dc power supply, 560
advantages of, 560
disadvantages of, 560
High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, 706, 765, 769,
770, 773–776, 778, 781, 785, 787, 789, 792, 794, 795,
807, 819
High-frequency current-ripple reduction, 722
High-frequency diode rectifier circuits,
clamping, 162
design consideration, 172
flywheeling, 162
guidelines, selection of diodes, 177
rectifying, 162
High-pressure mercury vapor lamps, 569
High-pressure sodium lamps, 569, 570
Home and industrial lighting, 590
Hot spots, 31, 126
HVAC equipment, 1037
HVDC technology, 769, 794
applications of, 787
main components of HVDC converter station, 775–778
modern trends of, 789–792
types of HVDC systems, 774, 775
HVDC transmission, 769
Hybrid active power filters, 1069, 1094, 1095
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), 635, 655, 656
Hybrid energy systems (HES), 676, 685, 687, 688, 705
classification, 686
Hybrid PV systems, 676
Hybrid static/rotary UPS, 625, 626
Hybrid stepper motor, 908–911
Hybrid topologies, 1085, 1094, 1097, 1098, 1101
compensation performance, 1074–1076, 1079,
1080, 1098
effects of the passive filter quality factor, 1098
effects of the passive filter tuned factor, 1099
influence of the power system equivalent impedance
on, 1098
principles of operation, 1095
Hydrogen-based fuel-cell energy, 719
Hysteresis band, 227, 896, 901, 922, 959, 977, 1080
Hysteresis band current control (HBCC), 896, 901
I down logic signal, 899, 902
I up logic signal, 899
Ideal series compensator, 799, 800
IEEE standards, 826, 829, 893, 1058, 1063, 1064, 1117, 1118,
1158
IGCT vs IGBT, 763
Incremental conductance technique (ICT), 665, 666
Indirect rotor flux oriented control (IFOC) method, 876, 877
Indirect transfer function (ITF) approach, 507
Induction motor (cage), 510–513, 858, 865
Induction motor (slip-ring), 511, 512, 833, 834, 839, 840,
858, 866, 878
Induction motor control, 1027, 1048
Induction motor drive, 86, 197, 510, 685, 838–840
characteristics and methods of control, 866–873
steady-state representation, 865
Input capacitance, 27, 53, 76, 79, 257, 545, 556, 558
components, 53
Input impedance, 27, 123, 257, 522, 523
In-quadrature term, 523
Instantaneous reactive power theory, 749, 1071, 1074, 1077,
1078, 1081, 1090, 1092
Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 10, 11, 13, 27, 28,
41, 71–73, 123, 543–545
applications, 85
basic structure and operation, 72
characteristics, 28
dynamic switching characteristics, 76
turn-off characteristics, 76, 77
turn-on characteristics, 76
forward conduction characteristics, 73, 74
NPT IGBT, 73
operation of, 27
performance parameters, 78–80
clamped inductive load current, 78
collector–emitter blocking voltage, 78
collector–emitter leakage current, 79
collector–emitter saturation voltage, 79
continuous collector current, 78
emitter–collector blocking voltage, 78
fall time, 79, 127, 547, 548, 640, 887, 911, 912, 1122
Index 1165
forward transconductance, 79
gate–emitter threshold voltage, 79
gate–emitter voltage, 27, 73, 76, 78, 79
input capacitance, 27, 51, 53, 76, 79, 257, 545, 556–558
junction temperature, 17, 24, 29, 50, 78, 92, 96, 100,
102–104, 117, 118, 1157
maximum power dissipation, 78, 100
output capacitance, 51, 53, 79, 84, 254, 412, 415, 418,
549, 727, 729
peak collector repetitive current, 78
reverse transfer capacitance, 51, 79
rise time (tr), 32, 76, 79, 104, 126, 493, 556, 847, 848,
912, 922, 943, 962, 969, 970
safe operating area (SOA), 25, 27, 31, 79, 125, 126, 129,
435, 1109
total gate charge, 79
turn-off delay time, 79
turn-on delay time, 76, 79, 125
saber IGBT model, 84
static characteristics, 15, 29, 74, 92, 117
transfer characteristics, 52, 56, 59, 73, 498, 501, 502, 801
Insulated metal substrate – polymer on metal (IMS-PM),
1151
Insulated metal substrate – steel corded (IMS-PS), 1151
Insulation test bench, 343
Integral cycle control, 484, 487, 488, 511
Integrated motors, 824, 843, 855
Intelligence-based systems
artificial neural networks (ANN), 1015, 1017–1020, 1025,
1030
fuzzy logic systems (FLS), 1015, 1016
Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines, 650, 651
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), 819, 822
Internal combustion engine (ICE) automobiles, 636, 652
International Commission on Illumination, 566
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 1103, 1118
International Special Committee on Radio Interference
(CISPR), 1103, 1107, 1108, 1118
Interphase transformer, 205, 206, 208
INTERSIL’s HIP2500 bridge driver, 556
Inverters, 578, 581, 585, 590, 667, 670, 673, 676, 680, 681,
683, 684, 691, 698–700, 734
battery-less grid-connected PV system configurations, 697
classification, 690
multilevel inverters, 980–982, 986, 1070, 1083, 1114
other PV inverter topologies, 692
types of, 673
Islanding control, 690
ITIC tolerance curves, 1055
Junction field effect transistor (JFET), 75, 133
Kirchhoff laws, 975
Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 8
Kramer, 840
Laminated bus-bar, 1152
Lamp luminous flux, 566, 571
Latching, 10, 50, 76, 81, 89, 92, 93, 98, 107, 125, 126
Lateral punch-through transistor (LPTT), 133, 137
Lead acid batteries, 631, 677
Levels of packaging, 1148, 1150
Level-shifting circuit, 546
Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, 1017
LF2407, 1031–1033, 1035, 1036, 1040–1042, 1044, 1045,
1048, 1049
applications of, 1032
Lighting control circuits, 114
Line commutated rectifiers, 179, 181, 188, 189, 212, 214, 215,
221, 233
Line-commutated controlled rectifiers (thyristor rectifiers),
201
double star, 152–154, 161, 204–206, 208
six-pulse or double star, 201, 204
three-phase half-wave, 151, 201, 202, 495, 967, 968, 970
Line compensation, 773
Line-interactive UPS, 622, 623
Line impedance stabilization network (LISN), 639, 1107
Line regulation, 44, 256, 257
Linear feedback control, 935, 943, 944
types of compensation, 943
compensator selection and design, 944
Linear IC voltage regulators, 600
applications, 602
Linear motors, 830, 842, 854
Linear vs switching regulators, 594, 595
Lithium-ion batteries, 631
LM317 regulator, 601, 602
Load average voltage, 179, 180, 201, 205, 206
Load commutated inverter (LCI), 828, 833
Logic and trigger circuit, 500
Lossless filters, 8, 12, 13
Low drop-out voltage (LDO) regulators, 245
Low-cost fuel-cell inverters, 720
Low-cost fuel-cell power conditioner, 729
Low-pass filter (LPF), 526, 1074, 1077
Low-pressure sodium lamps, 569, 570
Luminous efficacy, 565, 567, 569, 570, 641
Lundell alternator, 637, 646–649, 657
Luo-converter triplelift circuit, 343
Macro models, 83–85
Mader–Horn model, 577, 578
Main converter, 241
1166 Index
Materials cost, 1153
MathCAD®, 1121
Matrix converter motor (MCM), 513
applications of, 512, 513
demerits, 503
merits, 503
Matrix converters, 8, 483, 484, 503–510, 512, 513, 831, 833,
844, 960, 987, 988, 990, 992
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), 664–667, 679, 680,
683–686, 690, 697, 698, 712
Medium voltage PWM-VSI, 844
Metal-halide lamps, 570, 590
Metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET), 3, 4, 10, 12, 13,
27, 28, 41, 48–56, 58–69, 71–76, 78–80, 82–85, 90, 95,
104, 107, 108, 123–130, 232, 246, 255, 306, 307, 332,
343, 347, 412, 427, 472, 504, 543–546, 549, 551, 553,
556–558, 562–565, 572, 585, 593, 603, 642–646, 654,
669, 678, 680, 681, 685, 691, 830, 831, 858, 861,
897–899, 904, 912, 971, 974, 975, 1010, 1032,
1122–1127, 1152
advantages of, 123
current MOSFET performance, 66
levels, 62
MOSFET large-signal model, 65
MOSFET PSPICE model, 62
operation of, 27
regions of operation, 48, 51
SOA for, 61
structure of, 48, 90, 104
turn-off characteristic of, 55, 61
types, 48, 49, 62
Method of energy balance, 6, 7
Micro stepping, 913–915
Miller capacitance, 79, 83, 545
Miller effect, 53, 81, 138, 544
MIMO, 956, 975, 976, 986, 997
Mine hoist systems, 851
Mixed-level hybrid multilevel converter, 457
Mixed mode circuit simulators, 72
Modulating techniques, 353–355, 357, 359, 360, 364, 368,
372, 376, 380, 382, 390, 391, 394, 396–398, 400, 401
Molded interconnect device (MID), 1151, 1152, 1154,
1156, 1157
MOS controlled thyristor (MCT)
applications of, 128, 129
C-MCT, 124
comparison of MCT with other power devices, 125
gate drive for, 126
generation-1 MCTs, 125, 127, 129, 130
generation-2 MCTs, 125, 127, 129, 130
MCT chopper, 126
NMCT, 126, 127, 130
paralleling of, 126
P-channel MCT, 124, 447
simulation model of, 127
snubbers of, 126
MOS turn-off (MTO) thyristor, 128, 831
Motor drive duty, 835
Motorola MC68HC11E9 microprocessor, 1005, 1010
MPPT controller algorithm, 665
Multi stack variable-reluctance motor, 909
Multicell topologies, 391
Multichip modules (MCMs), 1147
Multi-element resonant power converters, 262, 263, 335
bipolar current voltage sources, 341, 342
four energy-storage elements resonant power converters,
336
three energy-storage elements resonant power converters,
336
two energy-storage elements resonant power converters,
335
two groups, 193, 496, 830
Multifunction ceramic (MFC) capacitors, 1108
Multilayer feedforward ANN, 1020
Multilevel cascaded H-bridge converters
advantages and disadvantages of, 453, 454
Multilevel converter design example, 470
Multilevel converter PWM modulation strategies, 459
Multilevel converters, 451, 452, 456–459, 470, 478, 480, 692,
758, 978–982, 997
Multilevel inverter drive (MLID), 478
Multilevel topologies, 240, 391, 394, 398, 456, 732, 757
Multilevel universal power conditioner (MUPC), 470, 473,
474, 478
Multi-quadrant operation, 262, 307, 318, 324, 837
Multi-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converters, 263,
323, 324
four-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter, 327
two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter in
forward operation, 324
two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter in
Reverse Operation, 325
Multi-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant Luo-converters, 263, 327
two-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant DC/DC Luo-converter
in forward operation, 327, 328
Multistage inverters, 390
Multiterminal dc system (MTDC), 774, 786, 787
Multiple-lift push–pull switched-capacitor Luo-converters
P/O multiple-lift (ML) push–pull (PP) switched capacitor
(SC) DC/DC Luo-converter, 315–317
N/O multiple-lift push–pull switched-capacitor DC/DC
Luo-converter, 317, 318
Multiple-quadrant operating Luo-converters, 301
NARMAX model, 1027
National electric code (NEC), 1056
Naturally commutated cycloconverter (NCC), 502, 503, 512
Index 1167
Near unity power factor, 825, 839, 851, 960, 975, 978, 996
Necessary distortion terms, 501, 502
Neodymium–iron–boron magnetic materials, 885, 891
Net metering, 718
Neural function approximator, 1016
Neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, 733, 844, 845,
1070, 1072
Neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter (NPC-PWM), 757
NMOSFET, 124, 125, 127
Non-isolated electronic level shifted drivers, 543,
555–556
Off-line trained ANN, 1019
On-line output current control in multilevel inverters,
986
On-line trained ANN, 1019, 1020
On-line UPS systems, 621–623
Operational amplifiers (OA), 36, 342, 905, 943, 969
Opto–couplers, 546–549, 553, 901
Overlap angle, 210, 211, 782, 784
Overlap time, 210
Overmodulation, 231, 355, 357, 360, 364, 375, 376, 396,
399, 462, 464, 512, 1030
P2 topology, 456
Pancake ironless armature, 885, 903
Parallel hybrid energy systems, 686, 688
Parallel inverter power rating, 474
PARAM symbols, 1132
Parasitic capacitance, 50, 51, 65, 137, 140, 162, 167, 418,
570, 1104, 1112
Parasitic thyristor, 77–79, 545
Paschen curves, 568
Passive power factor corrector, 521
Peak current-mode control, 617
Peak inverse voltage (PIV), 17, 146
Peak rating, 1035
Peak shaving, 718
Penning mixtures, 568
Performance evaluation, 626
Periodical sampling (PS), 227, 1080
Permanent dc magnet motors without brushes, 683
Permanent-magnet ac synchronous motor drives, 885, 993
Permanent magnet alternating current (PMAC) motors, 1037
Permanent-magnet brushless dc (PM BLDC) motor, 887,
891, 892, 993
machine background, 891
permanent-magnet ac machines, 891
sensorless operation of, 888
Permanent magnet dc motors with brushes, 683
Permanent-magnet stepper motors, 910
Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), 650, 651,
703, 708, 711, 712, 740, 841, 891, 926, 1031, 1041
implementation of the PMSM algorithm using the LF2407,
1045
mathematical model, 1042, 1043
PMSM control topology, 1044
Perturb and observe (PAO) method, 665
PES operation, 725
Phase-to-neutral voltages, 207, 223, 224, 1069, 1071, 1075,
1077, 1092, 1094–1096
Photometers, 566
Photopic curve, 565
Photovoltaic arrays, 258, 259, 663, 669, 672, 715
Photovoltaic system, 667, 669–671, 718, 1152
PI regulator, 629, 781–783, 965, 978, 1019, 1036, 1047
Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors, 642, 658
Pittman company, 1008
PM sinewave motors, 888–891
surface-magnet motors, 886
PMOSFET, 124, 125
p–n junctions, 49, 89, 90, 94, 101, 137, 662, 674, 1104,
1122, 1152
Point of common coupling (PCC), 518, 1065
Poisson equation, 135
PolarPAK device, 68
Poly-phase diode rectifiers, 150, 155
poly-phase design parameters, 157
six-phase parallel bridge rectifier, 157, 158
six-phase series bridge rectifier, 156, 157
six-phase star rectifier, 155, 156
Potential saddle, 135
Power conditioning system (PCS), 667, 671, 697, 731, 734,
747, 764
Power conditioning units (PCU), 684
Power devices, 10, 11, 41, 48, 68, 69, 83, 87, 94, 105, 112,
123, 125, 405–407, 412, 435–440, 443, 446, 518, 539,
732, 837, 1035
maximum switching frequency, 917
power devices available, 830
series connection, 844
types, 734
Power electronic building block (PEBB), 86, 87, 512, 1148
Power electronic circuits, 8, 72, 82, 86, 257, 452, 637, 639,
641, 642, 650, 654, 712, 1066, 1128
advancements, 13
classification, 8
key characteristics, 2
method of energy balance, 6
reliability objective, 3, 4
resonant Switch, 407
switching, 42, 44
Power electronic conditioner, 740
Power electronic converter block, 858
1168 Index
Power electronic converters, 16, 543–545, 557, 565, 673, 704,
743, 793, 794, 858, 1066, 1103–1105, 1109, 1112,
1115, 1118
Power electronic system, 2, 3, 8, 13, 36, 42, 72, 82, 85, 86,
518, 519, 538, 543, 544, 637, 640, 657, 682, 726,
1066, 1106, 1109, 1110, 1147
challenges, 8, 9, 11–13
Power electronics, 699, 700, 703, 706, 709, 710, 711, 713,
729, 737, 744, 762, 763, 789, 790, 797, 799, 837,
841, 853, 926, 1108, 1122
applications, 1, 2
characteristics, 2
definitions, 1
Power electronics for photovoltaic power systems
basics of photovoltaics, 674
types of PV power systems, 676
Power electronics laboratory, 499
Power factor (PF), 128, 149, 160, 161, 179, 212, 221, 222, 224,
227, 230, 259, 359, 370, 390, 398, 429, 431, 432, 488,
494, 495, 499, 502, 503, 508, 518, 570, 571
correction stage, 590
definition of, 518
disadvantages of, 521
grid connection conditioning system, 749, 755
harmonic limiting standards, 587
high power factor, 586
improved electrical system power factors, 825, 829
input power factor, 588, 589
power factor and harmonics, 487
unity power factor, 712, 725, 739, 742, 747
universal UPS, 622
Power factor correction (PFC) technique, 179, 190, 196,
259, 427, 429, 431, 518, 520, 521, 523–525,
530, 531, 533, 535, 536, 538, 1156
classification of, 525, 537
Power quality, 622, 626, 669, 691, 699, 700, 717, 718, 737,
755, 756, 764, 777, 987, 1053, 1054, 1056
diagnosis, 1060
power quality analyzers, 1060
power quality problems, 1066, 1067
Power rectifiers using multilevel topologies, 240
Power semiconductors, 544, 653, 734, 959, 964, 971, 975,
1080, 1122, 1147, 1152
categories, 544
diepower semiconductors, 557
features, 10, 13, 27,
power losses in power semiconductors, 193
sliding-mode control, 971
switching law, 958
Power-electronic topologies, 720, 731
POWEREX’s M57959L bridge driver, 512, 556
Power supply, 161, 189, 198, 201, 440, 448, 517, 523, 535,
547, 549, 559, 560, 562, 593, 595, 619, 690, 705, 826
switch-mode, 4, 37, 51, 125
Premium power, 717, 718
Product business cost, 1154, 1157
Production cost, 1153
Programmable logic control (PLC), 777, 828, 842, 845
PSpice®, 1121, 1123, 1124, 1126, 1131, 1135, 1138, 1141,
1144
Public utility board (PUB), 345
Pulse density modulation (PDM), 130, 1079
advantages of, 130
Pulse width modulation (PWM), 23, 353, 355, 357, 359, 360,
364, 365, 379, 395, 1035, 1085–1088, 1090, 1093,
1104, 1105
Pulse width modulator transfer functions, 942
Pumping energy (PE), 346, 347
Punch-through emitter (PTE), 133, 137
Push–pull based topology, 720
PV charge controllers, 677
types of, 677–678
PWM AC chopper, 488
PWM flyback converter, 251
PWM generator, 931, 1035, 1125
PWM phase-to-phase voltages
PWM switching converter drive/choppers, 861, 862
PWM techniques, 369, 372, 396, 399, 439, 440, 459, 462, 464,
507, 628, 690, 792, 846, 1115
PWM-VSI converter, 834, 842, 852
Radio-frequency (RF) filters, 1, 511, 1106, 1108
Rbe, 543
RC snubbers, 733
Rectification, filtering, and regulation in a dc power supply,
593
Regeneration, 124, 128, 196, 240, 354, 386–390, 829
Regeneration in inverters, 386–390
Regenerative braking, 39, 112, 198, 215, 239, 307, 319, 324,
327, 453, 649, 837, 850, 861, 862
Regulator circuits, 596, 601, 638
transistor, 44
voltage divider, 42
zener, 42
Remote area power supplies (RAP), 685, 688
Remote power, 644, 717, 718
Renewable energy, 717, 761
Renewable energy interface, 478
Renewable energy sources (RES), 259, 451, 453, 480, 673,
676, 687
Repetition rate, 559–562, 850
Resonance, 573, 583, 641, 642, 805, 816, 833, 904, 912, 944,
1061–1063, 1067, 1099, 1109
Resonance charging technique, 561
Resonant inverters, 335, 437, 581, 585, 590
types, 578–585
Resonant power converter (RPC), 262, 263, 335, 336, 339
Index 1169
Restricted switches, 11
FCRB, 11
types of, 11
Reverse recovery process, 19
Reverse recovery time, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25, 145,
162, 167
Reverse two-quadrant operating (R 2Q) Luo-converter,
303, 304
Ridethrough module, 513
Ripple-mitigating power conditioner, 720
Root mean square (RMS), 5, 100, 148, 183, 201, 835, 836,
866, 968
Rotary UPS, 623–626,
Rotor connected power conditioner, 750–754
Rotor flux oriented control (RFOC) induction motor drive,
876, 1015
Rotor resistance estimator (RRE), 1021, 1022, 1025
SAE standards J1113/41 and J1113/42, 639
Safe operating area (SOA), 25, 31, 71, 79, 125, 126, 129,
435, 1109
FBSOA, 31
RBSOA, 31, 35
Samarium cobalt, 885, 891
Sawtooth carrier wave, 510
Scalar control methods, 873
Schmitt trigger comparator, 126
Schottky diode, 134, 137, 138, 162, 165, 167, 177,
254, 899
Schottky emitters, 137
Scotopic curve, 565
SCR (thyristor), 543, 830, 848
applications, 110
basic structure and operation, 90
limitations of, 123
major types of, 90
static characteristics, 92–95
structure, 142
thyristor parameters, 99–101
types of, 101–106
Sealed batteries, 677
Secondary ripple filter, 1087
Selective harmonic elimination (SHE), 354, 357, 360, 367,
376, 452, 469, 470, 628
Semi-autogenous (SAG) grinding mills, 511
Semiconductor power integrated circuits, 1151, 1152
Semiconductor-switching network, 42
characteristics, 44, 45
efficiency of, 42
Semiconductors, 10, 899, 918, 919, 936, 952, 956, 958, 959,
962, 964, 971, 975, 982, 1069, 1147, 1152
characteristics of power devices, 10
groups, 10
Semiconductors switches, 27, 798
characteristics of, 27
operating regions, 27, 28
Semiconverter, 209
Semikron Corporation, 554, 555
SEPDIS, 853, 854
Sepic converter, 534
Series active power filters, 1068, 1069, 1085, 1089, 1090
advantages of, 1090
characteristics, 1086
compensation characteristics, 1090
power circuit structure, 1085
power circuit topology, 1086
principles of operation, 1085
Series hybrid energy systems, 686
Series-parallel/delta conversion UPS, 622
Servo drives, 511, 830, 902, 904
Shoot through, 81, 550, 893, 916, 1126
Silicon carbide technology, 544
Silicon control rectifier (SCR), 142, 483–487, 489, 491, 493,
496, 497, 503, 510, 543, 544, 651, 830
Silicon Power Corporation (SPCO), 124, 128, 130
Silicon semiconductor material, 675
Simplorer®, 1141
Simulation of sensorless vector control using PSpice®,
1135
Simulation tools for design and analysis, 1121
Simulations of power electronic circuits, 1128–1131
Simulations using Simplorer®, 1141
Single-ended isolated flyback regulator, 603
Single-ended isolated forward regulators, 607
Single-phase ac–ac voltage controller, 484, 487
phase-controlled, 485
with on/off control, 487
Single-phase diode rectifiers, 145
design parameters, 150
full-wave rectifiers, 145
bridge rectifiers, 146
half-wave rectifiers, 146
performance parameters
current relationships, 148
form factor, 148
harmonics, 149
rectification ratio, 148
ripple factor, 149
transformer utilization factor, 149
voltage relationships, 147
Single-phase rectifiers, 179, 186, 188, 189, 198
bridge rectifier, 189, 262, 331
classification, 179
Single-phase voltage source inverters, 355
Single-pulse mode of operation, 922, 925
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation, 229
Sinusoidal wave PWM, 452, 952