Pounds N. The medieval city
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THE MEDIEVAL CITY
Norman Pounds
GREENWOOD PRESS
THE MEDIEVAL CITY
Titles in the Series
Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World
The Black Death
The Crusades
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours
Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War
Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule
Magna Carta
Medieval Castles
Medieval Cathedrals
The Medieval City
Medieval Science and Technology
The Rise of Islam
The Puebloan Society of Chaco Canyon
THE MEDIEVAL CITY
Norman Pounds
Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World
Jane Chance, Series Editor
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut • London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pounds, Norman John Greville.
The medieval city / Norman Pounds.
p. cm.—(Greenwood guides to historic events of the medieval world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–313–32498–0 (alk. paper)
1. Cities and towns, Medieval—Europe. I. Title. II. Series.
HT115.P68 2005
307.76'094'0902—dc22 2004028021
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2005 by Norman Pounds
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004028021
ISBN: 0–313–32498–0
First published in 2005
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10987654321
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in
this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The author and publisher
will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in sub-
sequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any
omissions.
TM
Illustrations vii
Series Foreword ix
Advisory Board xxi
Preface xxiii
Chapter 1. Origins 1
Chapter 2. The Urban Plan: Streets and Structures 21
Chapter 3. The Urban Way of Life 55
Chapter 4. The Church in the City 85
Chapter 5. City Government 99
Chapter 6. Urban Crafts and Trade 119
Chapter 7. Health, Wealth, and Welfare 137
Chapter 8. Conclusion: The City in History 151
Biographies and Places 165
Augsburg and the Fuggers 165
The Cinque Ports 167
The Fair Towns of Champagne 169
The Hanseatic League 171
CONTENTS
The Laws of Breteuil 174
Ludlow, England, and Kalisz, Poland: A Contrast 175
The Most Highly Urbanized Region of Europe 179
Penryn, Cornwall, a Bishop’s Town 182
Sir Richard “Dick” Whittington 184
Primary Documents 187
1. “The Ruin” 187
2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 188
3. Domesday Book 189
4. Urban Charters 191
5. Fairs and Markets 193
6. Gilds and Gild Regulations 194
7. Apprenticeship Contract 197
8. Urban Conditions 197
9. Sanitary Conditions 200
10. Street Life 203
11. Urban Finances 205
12. Citizenship 207
13. Urban Description and Illustration 207
14. The Visual Arts 208
15. Literary Descriptions 208
16. FitzStephen’s Description of London 209
17. Two English Towns: Lincoln and Nottingham 212
Glossary 215
Annotated Bibliography 221
Index 227
Contents
vi
Figures
1. Danebury, an Iron Age (c. 800 to 400 b.c.e.) hillfort in
southern England 3
2. Totnes (Devon) and its abortive or unsuccessful satellites 13
3. The expansion of Florence 26
4. The expansion of Paris 27
5. Cologne 28
6. Krakow in the late Middle Ages 32
7. Arras, a binary town 33
8. Prague in the late Middle Ages 37
9. A row of townhouses, based on the surviving evidence of
Tackley’s Inn, Oxford 42
10. Arnhem, a late medieval walled town, relatively lightly
built up within its walled perimeter 44
11. A domestic cesspit, excavated within a house in Basing
Lane in the City of London 48
12. At both Volterra and San Gimignano in central Italy the
number of hearths (or households) increased until c. 1340 57
ILLUSTRATIONS
13. The number of hearths in the town of Millau in
southern France at various dates 57
14. The source of the population of Toulouse, France, based
on locative personal names 60
15. The known sources of migrants to Beauvais, France,
based on locative personal names 61
16. Theory 72
17. Reality 73
18. The service area of the small Swiss town of Rheinfelden 74
19. The distribution of large and intermediate cities in late
medieval Europe 76
20. Locations of French friaries 94
21. Locations of English friaries 95
22. Memorials of prominent citizens 110
23. A late medieval wall painting showing “Christ of the
Trades” 124
24. Amiens, northern France 148
25. The Cinque Ports 168
26. Ludlow, England 177
27. Kalisz, Poland 178
28. Flanders, the most highly urbanized and industrialized
region in late medieval Europe 180
Tables
1. The Size of Towns in Northern Europe 79
2. Urban Population of England as Percentage of Total 80
3. European Urban Population 81
Illustrations
viii
The Middle Ages are no longer considered the “Dark Ages” (as Petrarch
termed them), sandwiched between the two enlightened periods of clas-
sical antiquity and the Renaissance. Often defined as a historical period
lasting, roughly, from 500 to 1500 c.e., the Middle Ages span an enor-
mous amount of time (if we consider the way other time periods have
been constructed by historians) as well as an astonishing range of coun-
tries and regions very different from one another. That is, we call the
“Middle” Ages the period beginning with the fall of the Roman Empire
as a result of raids by northern European tribes of “barbarians” in the late
antiquity of the fifth and sixth centuries and continuing until the advent
of the so-called Italian and English renaissances, or rebirths of classical
learning, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. How this age could be
termed either “Middle” or “Dark” is a mystery to those who study it. Cer-
tainly it is no longer understood as embracing merely the classical in-
heritance in the west or excluding eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia,
or even, as I would argue, North and Central America.
Whatever the arbitrary, archaic, and hegemonic limitations of these
temporal parameters—the old-fashioned approach to them was that they
were mainly not classical antiquity, and therefore not important—the
Middle Ages represent a time when certain events occurred that have
continued to affect modern cultures and that also, inevitably, catalyzed
other medieval events. Among other important events, the Middle Ages
saw the birth of Muhammad (c. 570–632) and his foundation of Islam in
the seventh century as a rejection of Christianity which led to the im-
perial conflict between East and West in the eleventh and twelfth cen-
turies. In western Europe in the Middle Ages the foundations for modern
SERIES
FOREWORD