Potter David. Henry VIII and Francis I
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. e Departure of Henry VIII from Calais, July XXV.
MDXLIV ........................................................................................ 181
2. e Encampment of King Henry VIII at Marquison,
July MDXLIV ................................................................................ 182
3. e Siege of Boulogne by King Henry VIII. MDXLIV ......... 183
4. e King’s artillery (three details from 2 and 3) .................... 256
5. e King’s tents (two details from 2 and 3) ............................ 261
6. Map of the Boulonnais by Nicolas Nicolai (1558),
Caletensium et Bononiensium ditionis accurata delineatio
descripta et edita a Nicolao Nicolai ........................................... 285
7. e Encampment of the English Forces near Portsmouth
together with a View of the English and French eets at
the commencement of the action between them on the
XXXth July MCXLV (e sinking of the Mary Rose) ........... 378
ABBREVIATIONS
AE Archives du Ministère des Aaires étrangères
AMA Archives municipales, Amiens (Somme)
AMSO Archives municipales, Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais)
AN Archives Nationales de France, Paris
ANG Acta Nuntiaturae Gallicae, correspondance des nonces
en France, 16 vols (Rome/ Paris, 1961–84)
APC Acts of the Privy Council
APS Acts of the Parliament of Scotland
ASF Archivio di Stato, Florence
ASM Archivio di Stato, Modena
ASV Archivio di Stato, Venice
BRB Bibliothèque royale de Belgique
BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
CAF Catalogue des actes de François Ier, ed. P. Marichal et
al., 10 vols (Paris: Académie des Sciences Morales et
Politiques, 1887–1908)
CSPF Calendar of State Papers Foreign
CSP Spain Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating
to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved
in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere (1485–1558),
ed. G.A. Bergenroth, P. de Gayangos, M.A.S. Hume,
R. Tyler, 13 vols. (London, 1862–1954)
CSP Venice Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to
English Aairs in Venice, ed. Rawdon Brown, C. Bentinck
and others, 38 vols (1864–1940)
CUL Cambridge University Library
EHR English Historical Review
Fraisse J. des Monstiers Mérinville, Un évêque ambassadeur
au XVI
e
siecle: Jean des Monstiers, seigneur du Fraisse,
évêque de Bayonne (Limoges, 1895)
GCA Gloucester County Archives
HHSA Vienna, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv
HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission
Kaulek J. Kaulek, Correspondance politique de MM. De Castillon
et de Marillac (Paris, 1885)
xiv abbreviations
L&P Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of
Henry VIII ed. J. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R.S. Brodie, 33
vols.(London, 1862–1932)
MC Musee Condé, Chantilly
MM Mariners’ Mirror
NA National Archives, Kew
NA A. Hasenclever, ‘Neue Aktenstücke zur Friedensver-
mittlung der Schmalkaldener zwischen Frankreich und
England im Jahre 1545,’ in Zeitschri für die Geschichte
des Oberrheins, Neue Folge, 20 (1905), 224–51
Pol. Corr. O. Winckelmann, Politische Correspondenz der Stadt
Strassburg im Zeitalter der Reformation (Strassburg,
1882–1892)
RPCS Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1545–1625 ed.
J. Hill and D. Masson, 14 vols (Edinburgh, 1877–1898)
SAD [Haupt]staatsarchiv Düsseldorf, (Landesarchiv NRW)
SAP Société des Antiquaires de Picardie
SAM Hessisches Staatsarchiv, Marburg
SHC Surrey History Centre (incorporating Surrey County
Record Oce)
St.P State papers Published under the Authority of His Majesty’s
Commission. King Henry VIII 11 vols. (London, 1850–
1852)
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
NOTES
Note on Presentation
Most quotations from sources in French, Italian and German have
been translated in the text to help readability but the original wording
is always given in the footnotes.
Note on Money
In money of account the pound sterling (£) was worth between 8 and
9 livres tournois (lt.), depending on the intrinsic value of the coins in
circulation and their ocially declared value. Both the £ and lt. were
divided into 240 units (12d = 1 sol/shilling. 20 sol/shilling = 1 £ or 1 lt.).
e value of the lt. tended to fall steadily so that it was worth 2/2d
sterling in 1568. e main gold coin in France in the 1540s was the
écu d’or au soleil (so named for the sunburst placed usually above the
royal arms on the reverse), oen referred to in England as a ‘crown’
which was worth 40–45 sols tournois in that period and so about 4–5
shillings sterling according to the prevailing rate. e Netherlands o-
rin was exchanged at 3/2d sterling in 1544. e Venetian gold ducat
was worth about 5 shillings. In England the gold angel was xed in the
1520s at 7/6d and the sovereign at 22/6d. and in 1542 the latter was
worth four crowns but a re-minting of 1544 was set at £1. e marginal
exchange rates were, of course, crucial for nanciers and governments
borrowing money. e main silver coins were the shilling in England
and the teston in France (both of which bore the king’s image).
PREFACE
e research for this book began many years ago for a Cambridge
Ph.D. thesis on Anglo-French diplomacy. Since then, I put it aside to
concentrate on research and publication on French history in the six-
teenth century and later middle ages. Over the last few years, though,
my thoughts have returned to my original subject and this book is
the rst fruit of that process. I have completely rewritten the original
research and shied the focus substantially to place diplomacy in the
context of the last war between Henry VIII and Francis I. e perspec-
tive partly emerged from my work on the French armies and the cul-
ture of war in the Renaissance period. My intention throughout was to
analyse the war equally from the points of view of the English and the
French, though the well-known physical weight of surviving English
sources sometimes makes this dicult. Nor did I wish to repeat the
arguments deployed in my Renaissance France at War. As a result,
the analysis of military operations concerns the English more than the
French armies, though I have treated the naval campaigns equally. I
have also now come to see the argument of this book as the rst part
of a trilogy which I envisage as a study of the last phase of the Anglo-
French conicts which began in or before 1340, the themes of which
dominated Anglo-French relations until the few years aer the fall of
Calais in 1558. At the same time, new developments were displacing
old obsessions. In particular armies and navies were deployed in war
on a much greater scale and with more profound consequences. While
this book is self-contained as a study of the last years of the relation-
ship between Henry and Francis, I hope in subsequent books to study
the French attempt at establishing an hegemony over the British Isles
(1547–53) and the involvement in the Franco-Imperial war that led to
the loss of Calais and the debacle of Le Havre (1553–62).
I must express my formal thanks to the Arts and Humanities
Research Council of Great Britain for the grant a research leave for
the writing of this book. Without this, it would have taken much lon-
ger to write.
Dover
Calais
Gravelines
St. Omer
érouanne
Montreuil
Abbeville
A – Ardres
G – Guînes
Under English
control, 1544–9
Amiens
Péronne
Arras
Lille
Hesdin
Hesdin
Dunkirk
A
G
Boulogne
Etaples
Map 1 Strategic map of Anglo-French campaigns
MAPS