Potter David. Henry VIII and Francis I
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Henry VIII and Francis I
History of Warfare
Editors
Kelly DeVries
Loyola College, Maryland
John France
University of Wales, Swansea
Michael S. Neiberg
University of Southern Mississippi
Frederick Schneid
High Point University, North Carolina
VOLUME 66
Henry VIII and Francis I
e Final Conict, 1540–1547
By
David Potter
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2011
On the cover: Detail from e Siege of Boulogne by King Henry VIII. MDXLIV. Engraved
from a Coeval Painting, at Cowdray in Sussex, the Seat of Lord Viscount Montague.
Drawn from the Original, by S.H. Grimm. Engraved by James Basire, 1788. Sumpti-
bus Societatis Antiquariorum Londini. Published according to Act of Parliament, 23rd
April, 1788.
is book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Potter, David, 1948–
Henry VIII and Francis I : the nal conict, 1540–1547 / by David Potter.
p. cm. — (History of warfare ; v. 66)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-20431-7 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. Great Britain—History,
Military—1485–1603. 2. France—History, Military—1328–1589. 3. Henry VIII,
King of England, 1491–1547. 4. Francis I, King of France, 1494–1547. 5. Great
Britain—Foreign relations—France. 6. France—Foreign relations—Great Britain.
7. Great Britain—History—Henry VIII, 1509–1547. 8. France—History—Francis I,
1515–1547. I. Title. II. Series.
DA339.P68 2011
942.05’2—dc22
2011007356
ISSN 1385-7827
ISBN 978 90 04 20431 7
Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, e Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijho Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to e Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
CONTENTS
List of Maps ........................................................................................ ix
List of Illustrations ............................................................................ xi
Abbreviations ..................................................................................... xiii
Notes .................................................................................................... xv
Note on Presentation .................................................................... xv
Note on Money .............................................................................. xv
Preface ................................................................................................. xvii
Maps ..................................................................................................... xix
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
Ι. ‘Whomever I join will (God willing) be the victor’: e
Road to War ................................................................................ 33
Henry and Francis: Perpetual Allies or Wary
Opponents? ............................................................................. 33
Henry, Francis and the German Princes ................................ 48
Pulling Back from the Brink (1541–1542) ............................. 55
‘To make the worlde newe again’: Henry and
the Emperor ............................................................................ 66
e French Rearguard Action for Peace with England ....... 79
ΙΙ. ‘Dancing to the French Tune?:’ Scotland between England
and France ................................................................................... 86
Scotland and Henry VIII .......................................................... 86
e Anglo-Scottish War, 1542–1543 ...................................... 93
French Intervention, 1543 ........................................................ 100
e English Invasion of 1544 ................................................... 107
Scottish Revenge, French Intervention, 1545 ........................ 111
ΙΙΙ. England and the Wars in Flanders, 1542–1543 .................... 120
Border Tensions ......................................................................... 121
Watching from the Sidelines (June 1542–June 1543) .......... 124
Open War: Border Conict and Wallop’s March to
Landrecies (June–December 1543) ..................................... 136
vi contents
IV. ‘Fighting over the Bear’s Skin’: e Invasion of
France (1544) ........................................................................... 153
e Anglo-Imperial Plan of Campaign ............................... 153
e French Attempt to Divide eir Enemies .................. 160
A Strategy in Dispute ............................................................. 166
Invasion: Montreuil ................................................................ 172
Invasion: Boulogne ................................................................. 184
French Defence Strategy ........................................................ 189
e Fall of Boulogne and French Attempts at
Recapture ............................................................................. 197
V. An Unequal Contest? English Military Organisation,
1542–1547 ................................................................................ 205
Command and Control .......................................................... 209
Recruitment and Organisation ............................................. 214
e Flanders Campaign ......................................................... 218
By Land and Sea: e Expedition to Scotland, 1544 ........ 220
e Army Royal in France, 1544 ......................................... 223
Armies for the Defence of Boulogne, 1545–1546 ............. 235
Supply, Provisioning and Transport .................................... 236
Paying for War ........................................................................ 243
e Panoply of War ............................................................... 257
VI. e War in France, 1545–1546 ............................................ 266
e Renewal of War around Boulogne, 1545 .................... 266
Military Confrontation in France ........................................ 272
Final Phase: Surrey and Hertford Face du Biez ................ 286
Digging In: French and English Fortications around
Boulogne .............................................................................. 294
VII. France and England Compete for Troops:
e Mercenary Market, 1543–1546 ..................................... 305
France and the Mercenary Market ...................................... 307
e Landenberg Fiasco: Henry VIII’s Quest for
Mercenaries, 1544 ............................................................... 310
e Anglo-French Duel in Germany, 1545 ........................ 316
Changing Terms of Trade: 1546 .......................................... 336
VIII. e Admirals’ War ................................................................. 347
e French War Eort at Sea ............................................... 347
contents vii
e Navy of Henry VIII ........................................................... 362
e Campaign in the English Channel, 1545 ....................... 375
IX. ‘To entreate with the sworde in hand:’ Imperial and
Protestant Mediation (1544–1546) .......................................... 391
England, France and the Emperor, 1544–1545 ..................... 391
e German Protestants as Mediators ................................... 399
Charles V as Mediator Again, Autumn 1545 ........................ 402
Protestant Mediation at Calais, Autumn 1545 ..................... 410
X. e Admirals’ Peace: e Treaty of Ardres-Guînes
(June 1546) .................................................................................. 427
e Need for Peace .................................................................... 428
A Mediator from Venice .......................................................... 432
Preparations ................................................................................ 438
Haggling over Terms ................................................................. 442
‘He never brake in his hert nor never will’: e Renewal of
Amity ....................................................................................... 456
Conclusion e End of Two Reigns ........................................... 462
Appendices
1. e Battle (1544) .................................................................... 485
2. Planning for Wallop’s army, 1543 ...................................... 486
3. e Fleet for Scotland, 1544 ................................................. 488
4. e Rearguard, 1544 .............................................................. 494
5. e Retinue of omas Cawarden (1 August–15
September 1544) ..................................................................... 498
6. Coat and Conduct Money for the Army,
July–August 1545 ................................................................... 500
7. Hertford’s Army, January 1546 ........................................... 503
8. Expenses of French and Scottish wars,
1542–1550: ‘A Brief declaration wherein are conteyned
the greate and notable chardges of warres’ ....................... 507
9. Estimates for the Cost of the War for ree Months
from the Time of Henry VIII’s Departure from Calais,
1544 (By Richard Rich as Treasurer of the Wars) ........... 514
10. Expenses of the Rearguard, 4 May 1544–
5 November 1544 ................................................................... 516
11. e English Garrison at Boulogne ...................................... 518
viii contents
12. Sir Hugh Paulet’s Account as Treasurer of Boulonnais,
13 September 1544–27 August 1546 ................................... 519
13. France, Summary State Budgets 1515–1549 ..................... 520
14. Annebault’s Embassy in August 1546 ................................ 522
15. French Military Resources in Royal
Propaganda: 1542 ................................................................... 524
Bibliography ........................................................................................ 527
Index .................................................................................................... 545
LIST OF MAPS
1. Strategic map of Anglo-French campaigns ........................ xix
2. e Anglo-French-Flemish frontiers, 1537–1551 .............. xx
3. e Anglo-French border, 1544–1547 ................................. xxi
4. e march to Landrecies, 1543 ............................................. xxii
5. e Anglo-Imperial Invasion of France, 1544 ................... xxiii
6. Recruiting zones in Germany, 1544–1546 .......................... xxiv
7. e English coast and naval war in Scotland,
1542–1544 ................................................................................. xxv
8. e Siege of Boulogne, 1544 ................................................. xxvi
9. e Siege of Montreuil, 1544 ................................................ xxvii
10. e naval battle on the Solent-Spithead, July 1545 ........... xxviii
11. e Anglo-French naval campaign, July–August 1545 .... xxix