Perrie M. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689
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Paul of Aleppo, visitor to Moscow 598
Pavel, bishop of Kolomna 633
peasant migration
and colonisation process 287, 549, 557
into steppe lands 6
as result of oprichnina 294
on southern frontier 7, 549
peasants 11, 21, 286
area of settlement 286
autonomy of self-governing communes
563, 566
clothing 291
diet 289, 290
huts 286, 288, 289–90, 545–6
and Ivan IV’s reign of terror 262, 293
literacy (in Novgorod) 207
in permanent military units 498
as proportion of population 294, 546
registered (tepter) (on Bashkir lands) 534
rents
extortions under oprichnina 293
restrictions on movement 7, 38, 219, 230
and ‘forbidden years’ 273, 294, 296, 376,
546
‘obedience charter’ (1607) 297
under Boris Godunov 273–4, 282, 383,
546
‘right of departure’ on St George’s Day
273, 282, 293, 295, 296, 382, 383,
547
rights to ownership of 561
subsistence economy (agriculture) 39,
287–8, 309
taxation
collective 291
effect of changes on household size
558
and Time of Troubles 430
tools and implements 291–2
unregistered migrant (later bobyl’ state
peasants) 534
vegetable gardens 288
see also serfdom; tenant farmers; villages
Pecheneg peoples 30, 58, 89
ambush on Sviatoslav (972) 62
attack on Kiev (960s) 61
Iaroslav’s campaign against 90
siege of Belgorod 68
Pechora, river 301
Pereiaslav (Pereiaslavl’), Treaty of (1654) 500,
504, 532
Articles (1659) 504
Pereiaslavets, Sviatoslav’s centre at 61
Pereiaslavl’ 68, 95
Polovtsy raids on 115
razed by Tatars (1239) 123
see also Pereiaslav
Pereiaslavl’, bishopric of 93
Pereiaslavl’, principality of 78, 123
Vsevolod Big Nest and 118
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii, battle of (1252) 142
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii (Pereslavl’-Zalesskii)
church of the Transfiguration 104
control of 138, 143
founded by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
Perekop, Muscovite offensive against 516
Peremyshl’ (Przemy
´
sl) 64, 80, 92
earliest masonry church 95
Perm’ 317–19, 329, 337
annexed by Moscow (1472) 213, 317
tribute collection 169
Persia 51, 270, 488
Ilkhans of 140, 146
and north Caucasus 529
and Ottoman Empire 325, 326, 529
trade with 256, 316
Perun, Slavic god of lightning and power 64,
66
Peter I, Tsar (the Great) (1682–1725) 3, 295, 451
and Baltic coast 531
Great Embassy to Western Europe
(1697–8) 661
and Holy League 516
and laws on fugitive serfs 557
minority of 607, 615
and Orthodox Church 639
poll tax 557, 558
review of law codes 573, 578
view of state 463
and Westernisation 661
Peter Ibraimov, Tsarevich (Kudai Kul) 221,
222, 224
Peter, ‘Tsarevich’, impostor 417, 419
execution 418
reign of terror in Putivl’ 417
in Tula 417, 418
petition, ritual of 388
petitions
against Morozov 550, 601
to chancelleries 484
to tsar 485
from towns 467, 469, 476, 478
Petr Dmitr’evich, prince of Dmitrov
(d.1428) 172
Petr, Metropolitan 149, 151
canonised 152, 153
758
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Petr Mikhalkovich, and Mariia (Marena) his
wife, Novgorod 198
Petrov, Simon, master carpenter 646
Philip II, king of Spain 319
Photios see Fotii
Piatigorsk region, north Caucasus 324
pilgrimages 593
to monasteries 346, 626
Pimen, Metropolitan 29, 181
Pisa, merchants in Kiev 122
Pitirim, Metropolitan of Krutitsy 634
plague
15th century Muscovy 183
1709–13 43
Daniilovich family victims of 171, 172
Moscow (1654) 42, 588
see also Black Death
Plakun, great hall 53
Pleshcheev, L.S., head of Moscow zemskii
chancellery 602, 612
Pleshcheevo, Lake 54
Plesko see Pskov
pod’iachii (administrative rank in
chancelleries) 453, 454
Podol’ia, ceded to Ottoman Empire
(1672) 509, 510, 512
poetry 657
‘Lay of Igor’’s campaign’ 115
poison, used against dynastic rivals of Ivan
IV 242, 251, 252
Pokrov monastery, Suzdal’ 222
Poland 31, 314
alliance with Sviatopolk 77, 92
relations with Galicia 114, 123
and Roman Mstislavich 117
trade with 115, 122, 583
Polianians, near Kiev 75
Polianovka, ‘perpetual’ Peace of (1634) 430,
492, 601
Polish language, elite knowledge of 658
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
(Rzeczpospolita) 2, 265, 270, 531
and 1606 Sudebnik 376
Andrusovo Armistice (1667) 470, 506
army 491
assault on Moscow (1618) 487
and First False Dmitrii 5, 284, 410, 411
and Livonian War 257
occupation of Moscow (Time of Troubles)
358, 424, 425
Orthodox Church in 619
and Ottoman Empire 497, 510, 514
peace with Moscow 429, 442, 488
portrait paintings 651
relations with Russians 6, 233, 245, 264, 486
continuing threat to Romanovs 487, 507
religious reformation in 355
and Second False Dmitrii 419, 422
Thirteen Years War with 445, 470, 500–6
Treaty of Eternal Peace with (1686) 514, 517
truce with (from 1584) 269
and Ukrainian cossacks 503–4, 532
revolt (1648) 498, 532
Ukrainian lands annexed by Muscovy 6
and union of Lublin (1569) 257
political thought
visual representation of ideas 10
see also ‘Agapetus doctrine’; autocracy
politics, nature of (17th century) 439
Polizeistaat, concept of 559, 573
Polotsk 63, 69
bishopric of 93
cathedral of St Sophia 95
Hanseatic League factory 313
original Krivichi inhabitants 47
principality of 71, 75, 101, 123
Polotskii, Simeon 657, 660
didactic poetry 657
Psalter 654, 657
as royal tutor 657, 658
Zhezl pravleniia (1668) 633, 654
Polovtsy peoples (Cumans or Qipchaks) 30,
89, 125
on the Don 118
driven beyond Volga 102
overthrown by Mongols (Tatars) (1223) 120
raids by 108, 112, 117
relations with 90, 105, 115, 117
pomest’e system of landholding 225–6, 230–1,
382
and elite military slaves 219
granted to border troops 562
Pomor’e, cossacks in 487
Poppel, Nicholaus, ambassador from Holy
Roman Emperor 225
population 546
density 292
effect of Mongol invasions on 129–31
expansion (16th century) 292
Moscow 301, 363, 581, 588
peasants as proportion of 294, 546
towns 302, 304, 580–5, 585n. 17
Porkhov, returned to Muscovy 487
ports 10
posadnik (governor), in Novgorod 83n. 20,
194, 203, 204, 206
759
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Posem’e region 115
Possevino, Antonio, papal legate 396
Postal Chancellery 567, 573
postal service 35, 544, 567
potash 40
Potemkin, Spiridon, opposition to Nikon 633
pottery
glazed 68
wheel-thrown 54
Pozharskii, Prince Dmitrii, Muscovite army
commander 427–8, 465
Pozharskii, S.I., Muscovite general 504
Poznanskii, Vasilii, icon-painter 650
Predslava, daughter of Riurik, wife of Roman
Mstislavich 117
Preslav, Bulgarian capital 61
pretenders (royal impostors) 8, 418, 420, 430
and popular revolts 615–16
see also False Dmitrii, First; False Dmitrii,
Second; Peter, ‘Tsarevich’
prices
state control over 540
state monetary manipulation of 539
and transportation costs 542
Primary Chronicle 3, 73, 96
and origins of Rus’ 32, 47–9, 51, 57
on pagan uprisings 89
on Sviatoslav 60
on Vladimir Sviatoslavich 65
printing
introduced (1564) 357, 641
see also written sources
Printing Office (Pechatnyi Dvor) 621, 627, 633,
655
alphabet primers 655
of liturgical texts 621–2, 631, 655
printed copies of 1649 Ulozhenie 552, 573, 655
staff of writers 657
Privy Chancellery (Prikaz tainykh del) (formed
1654) 451, 470, 479
Prokopii (d.1303) ‘holy fool’, cult of 340
property, confiscation of, as legal remedy
361
property laws 565
Pskov Judicial Charter 365, 366
Protestant churches, in Poland 619
Protestants, Filaret’s view of 621
Provincial Felony Administration
literacy of 379
see also Felony Chancellery
Prozorovskii, Prince I.S., governor of
Astrakhan’ 606
Prussia 503
Psalter
Polotskii’s 654
printed 655
on waxed tablets 14, 193
Pskov 71, 152, 215, 252, 597
A.M. Shuiskii as vicegerent 244
annexed by Moscow (1510) 213
Black Death in (1352) 131
church builders 343
eparchy of 338
gospoda (ruling council), judicial
responsibilities of 367
governor’s clerical staff 468
legal process 363, 365, 366, 367
office of police officer, bailiff 365
specialised courts 370
Merchant Charter (1665) 545
populations 300, 302, 363
early 48, 54
sacked (1570) 303
and Second False Dmitrii 422, 423
Swedish siege of 487
and Third False Dmitrii 426, 427
trading centre 59, 313, 314
Trinity cathedral 366, 367
uprisings 421
1650 603–4, 610, 614
Pskov Judicial Charter (1397–1467) 365–70
commercial law 367
criminal law 368
functions of 370
inheritance law 367
labour law 367
land law 365–6
law of contract 366
property law 365–6
rules of evidence 368
and tenant farmers (izorniki) 368
trials by combat 369
written legal decisions 368
Pudozh monastery 637
punishments (and legal remedies) 230,
571–2
damages 230, 571
exile and banishment 36, 361, 381, 571, 577
fines 361, 571
of heretics 350
in Iaroslav’s law code 87
in Pskov 368
purpose of 368
in Russkaia pravda 361
and use of torture 382
witchcraft and magic 577
760
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see also capital punishment; corporal
punishment
Pushkar, colonel of Poltava regiment 503
Pustozersk, new town 300, 318
Putivl’
opposition to Vasilii IV Shuiskii 415, 417
surrender to False Dmitrii 411, 412
on trading route 218
‘Putosviat’ (Nikita Dobrynin) 633
Qipchaq Khanate see Golden Horde
‘Quarrel with Iosif Volotskii’ (anonymous
text) 351
Radziwil
l, Janusz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman
500, 501, 502
Rakovor (Rakver), Estonia, battle of
(1269) 199
ransom, rates set by law 575
Razin, Frol, Don cossack 606
Razin, Sten’ka (Stepan Timofeevich), Don
cossack ataman 499, 605, 610, 612
raids around Caspian 605
speech at Panshin Gorodok 613, 617
Razin revolt (1667–71) 41, 600, 605–6, 610
and pretender-tsarevich 616
relics, religious 111, 344
religion see Christianity; Orthodox Church;
paganism; Protestant Churches;
Roman Catholic Church
religious ceremonial 595
religious practices 9
liturgical 340, 341–2
popular 340–8, 359
religious processions 344, 357, 593, 642, 643
clockwise or counterclockwise 387
Ivan IV’s coronation 399
reliquaries 344
Renaissance, Russia unaffected by 640
resources 25, 37
minerals 545
for subsistence 26
and territorial expansion 38
wild food 25, 288
woodland 25, 39
Revel’ (Tallinn) 136, 315, 507
revolts, cossack
continuing unrest (1614–15) 429, 487
Khmel’nyts’kyi uprising (1648) 498, 532
Razin 41, 600, 605–6
revolts, popular 11, 282
and accusations of treason 613–14
aims of 617
Bolotnikov Revolt (1606–7) 41, 415–18, 546
chronology of 601–8
cruelty and violence of 613
Galich 422
‘in name of tsar’ (against ‘traitor-boyars’)
612–16
Khlopko’s peasant uprising (1603) 282, 409,
546
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7
Moscow 443, 540, 550
non-Russians, uprisings among 538
Novgorod 197, 203, 603–4, 610, 614
uprising (1207) 197
peasant/cossack 600, 608, 610–11
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
cossack revolt (1648) 495, 498, 532
and uprising of False Dmitrii 284, 410,
411
and popular monarchism 616
Pskov 421
religious element in 611, 637
social composition of 608–11
Time of Troubles 421, 464
on southern frontier (1601–3) 283, 411,
417, 419
Volga region 417, 423
Tver’ (1327) 139, 152
urban 587, 600, 602–3, 608–10
rhetoric, treatise on (1623) 657
Rhine region, trade with 122
Rh
¯
os, Byzantine form of Rus’ 49
Riabushkin, Andrei, artist 662
Riazan’ 112, 118, 119, 123
and False Dmitrii 284
independence from Chernigov 116
and Moscow 155, 213
overlordship of Iurii Dolgorukii 104
regional military administration 470, 586
relations with Muscovy 155, 215, 421
and resistance to Polish occupation 425
Tatar raids on 123, 491
Ricoldus of Florence, translation of 354
Riga 502, 503
trade 102, 121, 313, 507
ritual
and architecture 390–4
Blessing of the Waters (Epiphany) 404–5
bride shows 396
coronation 397–401
cyclical Church 401–7, 625
death 345
Fiery Furnace 403–4
foreign diplomatic 395–6
761
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ritual (cont.)
kissing the cross 372, 388
Last Judgement 402–3
name-days 642
New Year 401–2
Palm Sunday 405–7, 625, 642
of petition 388
political 387
and repentance after Time of Troubles 641
royal progresses 396
showering coins on new tsar 400
significance of 387–8
surrender-by-the-head 397
transformation 387, 404, 405
typology of 407–8
wedding 342
see also feast days; religious practices
Riurik (legendary founder of Rus’, c.862) 47,
190
descendants of 49
Riurik Rostislavich (d.1208) 111, 113, 114,
116–18, 125
sack of Kiev (1203) 117
and Vsevolod the Red 118, 119
Riurikid dynasty 390
end of (1598) 3, 8, 277
and Orthodox Church 9–10
and territorial definition of Rus’ 2,
127–8
river systems
and maps 32
as trade routes 2, 10, 48, 55, 313
river valleys, settlement in 26, 28, 29
rivers 25, 32
travel by 32–4
roads 34–5
attempts to improve 35
customs posts 34
and government courier routes 35
into Siberia 34
Moscow to Archangel 34
Novgorod 34
relay stations 35
Tatar tracks (shliakhi) 34
to Lithuania 34
Robbery Chancellery see Felony Chancellery
Rodhen, Sweden 52
Rogneda, daughter of Rogvolod 71
Rogvolod, attempt to seize power at
Polotsk 63
Roman, Metropolitan of Lithuania 151, 180
Roman Catholic Church
in Europe 37
relations with Orthodox Church in
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
619
and schism with Constantinople (1054) 91,
183, 338, 389
in Sweden 318
Roman Glebovich, of Riazan’ 112
Roman Mstislavich (d.1205), of
Vladimir-in-Volynia 114, 116
prince in Novgorod 108
, 114
and Riurik 117
seized Galich (1198) 117
Roman Rostislavich (d.1180), of Smolensk 112
Romanov, Fedor Nikitich see Filaret
Romanov, N.I., boyar 580, 602, 608
popular support for 612
Romanov, private town 580
Romanovs 2, 3, 246
and False Dmitriis 411, 421
and Godunovs 265, 277, 280–1
as heirs of Riurikids 437
see also Michael Romanov, Tsar
Romodanovskii, Prince G.G. 612, 614
and destruction of Chyhyryn 512
Muscovite general 503, 504, 505, 510
and Russo-Turkish war 511–12
rope-works, Dutch 544
Rostislav, son of Mikhail 122
Rostislav, son of Mstislav (d.1167) 105, 125
House of Smolensk 107, 109
as prince of Kiev 105, 107
Rostislavichi
and battle for Kiev 111, 117
power of (1220s) 120, 121
and Vsevolod the Red 119
Rostov (Rostov Velikii) 71, 75, 112, 131, 135
bishopric 93, 128
cathedral of the Dormition 343
church styles 644
Konstantin as ruler of 127, 128
and Mongol khans 129, 136, 137
Moscow and 144, 167, 213, 215
as outpost 80, 89
tribute collection 169
see also Vladimir-Suzdal’
R
¯
otsi, Finnic name for Rus’ 52
R
´
o
ˇ
zy
´
nski, Prince Roman, commander of
army of Second False Dmitrii 420, 423
Rtishchev, Fedor Mikhailovich,
mercantilist 545, 612
Ruffo, Marco, architect 233, 393
Rus’
Arab description of Gorodishche 56
762
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early political formations 49–56, 79
origins of 3, 19, 48
Orthodox Church and 9–10, 148
political turbulence (c.860-c.871) 52–6
Primary Chronicle’s account of origins
47–9
territorial definition of 1–2, 127–8
see also dynastic succession; Kiev, Grand
Princes of; Rus’, Kievan; Rus’ peoples
Rus’, Kievan
administration 87
Church and 127, 149–52, 179
conversion to Christianity 66–8
dynastic politics of 74–81
dynastic rivalries 125–6, 197
economic growth 82
establishment of new principalities
(1125–1264) 123
fortification of frontiers 523
Golden Age of 73, 97
nature of power and government 70–2,
81–8
north-eastern settlements 89
northern regions 88
political legitimacy of succession 7, 74
relation to Muscovy 2
relations with Byzantium 90–2
relations with neighbours 88–93
relations with western Europe 91–2
southern regions (steppe) 89–90
subservience to Mongols 123, 128–9
territorial definition of 127–8
Rus’ peoples 19
baptised in Constantinople 60
expansion of territory 30–1, 43, 79
move into mixed forest zone 23, 36
raids on Constantinople 53, 57
relations with Khazars 56, 57
settlement in forest-steppe 28
settlement on Middle Dnieper (Kiev) 55–6
Russia
development model 16
and territorial definition of Rus’ 1–2
territorial expansion 30–1, 38, 43
Russia, north-eastern 89
14th century 154–7
colonisation of 318
effect of Mongol invasions on 128, 134–40,
143
see also Moscow; Novgorod; Rostov;
Vladimir-Moscow; Vladimir-Suzdal’
Russia, northern
new towns 318
tribute payments to khans 146, 161–2
see also Novgorod
Russian Federation (modern), extent of 19
Russian identity
and national consciousness 359
Orthodox Church and 9
post-Soviet reconstruction 1
Russkaia pravda (11th-century law code) 9,
84–5, 360–5, 572
accretions 360
and Church law 362
functions of 361
as fundamental law 360
and property law 365
sources of 361
on tax collection 190
Russo-Turkish War, First (1676–81) 470, 511–13
Ruthenia, Grand Duchy of see Ukraine
Ryl’sk, surrender to False Dmitrii 411
Rzeczpospolita see Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth
Rzhev 488
Sahaidachnyi, Ukrainian cossack
commander 487
Sahip Girey, as khan in Kazan’ 322
St Cyril monastery, in Kiev 103
saints
Lives of 73, 340
local 96, 125, 340, 341
Sakha (Iakut) peoples 527
salt 40, 318
brine 40
from Galicia 114
Morozov’s tax on 550, 601
salt industry 27, 592
salt trade 313
Saltanov, Ivan, icon-painter 648
portraits by 651
Saltykov, L., army commander 501
Saltykov, M.G., boyar 421
Samanids, in Transoxiana 54
Samara 40, 270, 301, 606
Samarkand 160
Sambatas, Khazar name for Kiev 56
Sambor, Poland 416
Samoilovich, Ivan, Ukrainian hetman 470,
509, 510
and Church in Ukraine 639
deposed 516
and destruction of Chyhyryn 512
and Russo-Turkish war 511
and Treaty of Eternal Peace (1686) 514
763
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Samonas, St 342
San, river 64
Sapieha, Jan-Piotr 421, 423, 424
Sapieha, Leo, chancellor of Lithuania 421
Sarai
Black Death in 159
as capital of Golden Horde 123, 130, 321
as commercial centre 132, 133
metropolitanate at 149
see also New Sarai
Saratov 270, 301, 606
Sarskoe, early Scandinavian settlement at 48,
54
Sauer, Carl, and ‘cultural environment’ 19, 20
Savva Krypetskii, of Pskov, St, Life of 341
Savva Visherskii, cult of 340
Saxons, silver mines in Central Europe 61
Saxony, trade with 122
Scandinavians 51, 60
archaeological evidence of 53 , 54, 59
and origins of Rus’ 15, 19, 48, 55, 189
relations with Iaroslav 77, 88
schools 658
science
Church view of 354
and lack of formal education 655
promoted by False Dmitrii 414
sculpture 641
as ‘graven images’ 646, 660
stone 646
see also wood-carving
seals 14
wooden, Novgorod 190
Seid-Akhmat, khan of Siberia 270
Selim II, Ottoman sultan 326, 327
Selim, Tatar khan 511
Semen Ivanovich (d.1353), prince of
Moscow 140, 153, 154, 155, 171, 172
marriage 154, 155
and Novgorod 156
Semen, son of Ivan Samoilovich 513
Serapion, Archbishop of Novgorod 229, 344
serfdom
costs of 556
decree (1597) 273
geographical limits of 562
investigation procedures 555
and judicial immunities 561–2
on monastic lands 295
and ‘obedience charter’ (1607) issued to
peasants 297, 546
process of enserfment (1613–49) 7, 11, 38,
230, 295–7, 545–51
restrictions on movement 553
Ulozhenie (1649)and 469, 554–5, 576
under Boris Godunov 273, 282, 296
serfs
abasement of person of 554–5
choice of slavery for 557
legislation on fugitives 282, 296, 376, 469,
547
marriage 554
and receivers of fugitives 554, 557
town amnesties 556
use of mass dragnet and inquisitions
555–6, 576
linked with slaves 296, 555
manumission of 554
non-Christian 537
rights to ownership of 561
statute of limitations (on return of ) 547,
548, 553
repealed 549, 576
Sergius of Radonezh, St 181, 185, 352
women’s cult of 346
sermons
printed 657
as written sources 73
Serpukhov 172, 177, 222, 304
monastery 170
Tatar raids on 491
Service Land Chancellery (Pomestnyi
prikaz) 446, 549n. 33, 573
jurisdiction over land disputes 567
services (to state) 38, 574
labour (southern lands) 283
and provincial governorships 473, 474
as source of revenues 38
urban 305
servitors and service classes
Boris Godunov’s policy on 272–4
grants of pomest’e lands to 230–1, 382, 384
and interests of state 435, 460
and Ivan IV 254–5, 262
hereditary princes as faction 265
mass exile to Kazan’ 259
power struggle on death of 264–5
‘middle classes’
and southern frontier colonisation 495
and Time of Troubles 430
in Moscow 307
as object of popular revolts 612–13
oprichnina (court) magnates 265
defeated by Boris Godunov 266–7
political power of 430, 440
provincial 268
764
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and provincial governorships 472
role in popular uprisings 608
rules of precedence at court 254–5, 262
Boris Godunov’s reforms (1587) 267
hierarchy of ranks 438–40
support for Second False Dmitrii 421
zemshchina boyars and princes 265
see also boyars; governors; military
servitors; vicegerent
Severians (Slavs on Middle Dnieper), and
Khazars 56
Seversk lands 281, 411
ceded to Poland (1618) 488
regained (1667) 486, 506, 514
Sevsk 411, 470, 583, 586
Shah Ali, khan of Kazan’ 321
Shakhovskoi, Prince Grigorii 415, 416, 417,
418
Shakhovskoi, S.I., intellectual 621
Shchelkalov, A.Ia. 269
Shchelkalov, V.Ia. 280
Shcherbatyi, Prince O.I., governor of
Tomsk 603, 614
Shein, M.B., Muscovite commander 491, 600,
601
Shelon’, river, battle of (1471) 205
Shemakha, Caspian Sea 529
Sheremetev, Fedor Ivanovich. 418, 423, 469
Sheremetev, V.B., army commander 505
Sheremetev, V.P., army commander 501
shert’ (oath of allegiance), Turkic concept
of 331, 333, 521, 525, 535
Shestokril (‘The Six Wings’), text 349, 350
Shestovitsa, Rus’ settlement 55, 58
ship building 544
Shorin, B.V. 612
Shorin, Vasilii Grigor’evich, Moscow
merchant 604, 612
shrines 125
Shuiskii, Prince A.M., murder of 244
Shuiskii, Prince Andrei Ivanovich, killed in
prison 266, 275
Shuiskii, Prince Dmitrii, commander of
Vasilii’s army 281, 420, 424
Shuiskii, Prince Ivan Petrovich, killed in
prison 266, 275
Shuiskii, Prince Vasilii see Vasilii IV Shuiskii,
Tsar
Shuiskii princes 280
court faction under Ivan IV 242, 243, 265
and False Dmitrii 413, 414, 416
removed and banished by Boris Godunov
266–7
Shvarz, Viacheslav, artist 662
Siberia 2, 27, 30
colonisation 527, 563
charter granted to Stroganovs 327
new towns 329, 580
expansion of Muscovy into 256, 329, 527–8
conquest of 270, 327–30
governorships 474n.11, 476
and judicial authority 563
native fugitives 536
purchase of non-Christian serfs 537
salt production 40
trade 34, 313, 316
use of ransom (embracery) 483
Siberia Chancellery, legal jurisdiction 566
Siberia, khanate of 234, 321, 328–9
Sibir’ (Kashlyk), centre of khanate of
Siberia 234, 328, 329
Sidorka (or Matiushka), Third False
Dmitrii 426
Sigismund II, king of Poland and
Lithuania 245
Sigismund III, king of Poland 359
ambitions in Russia 424, 428, 487
death 429, 491, 600
and First False Dmitrii 410
intervention in civil war (1609) 423
siege of Smolensk 423, 424, 426
and Second False Dmitrii 420
Silistria, pasha of 496
silks, Byzantine 59
silver coinage
eastern dirhams 51, 52, 54, 59, 191
Rus’ 69, 204, 208
see also currency
silver supplies 146, 161
from Central Europe 61
from Samanid mints 61
through Novgorod 54, 201
silver treasures 69, 198, 392
Sil’vestr, priest
advisor to Ivan IV 247, 354
Domostroi (attributed to) 342, 354
Simbirsk
extension of Belgorod fortified line 524, 580
Razin defeated at 606
Simeon Alekseevich, Tsarevich 614, 616
Simeon Bekbulatovich, created ‘tsar’ by Ivan
IV 260–1
Simeon, son of Ivan III, of Kaluga (d.1518) 221
Simon, Metropolitan 229, 339, 350, 351
Simonovskii monastery 347
sinodiki (commemoration lists) 250, 346
765
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Sitskii, Prince A.Iu. 421
Skopin-Shuiskii, Prince Michael 422, 423, 650
and liberation of Moscow 422–3
Skrizhal, treatise on liturgy 632, 633
Skuratov, Maliuta, oprichnina leader 267
slavery 294–5
abolished (slaves made into serfs, 1724) 295,
297
and Novgorod judicial process 373n.53,
372–4
and Ulozhenie (1649) 553, 576
Slavery Chancellery 294, 549, 573
jurisdiction over ownership disputes 567
and registration of slaves 541, 553
and Ulozhenie (1649) 553
slaves 11, 294n.33, 546
agricultural, transformed to serfs (1679)
557, 576
bond-slaves 274
categories of 219, 274
as cavalrymen 383
as commercial agents 542
contract 295, 383
debt-slaves 274, 295, 384
fugitive 549, 553
household, subject to poll tax 557
judicial duties 370, 377, 555
legal recognition of humanity of 360, 373
legislation on
by False Dmitrii (1606) 413
ulozhenie of 1597 274, 295, 383
as litigants 568
and Moscow riots 609
in Muscovy 219, 383n.94
non-Russians as 534
ownership of 219, 561
perpetual 295
raids by Crimean Tatars to take 324 , 548
registration of purchase of 541
state control over price of 540–1
traded by early Rus’ 55, 57, 58
Slavinetskii, Epifanii, Ukrainian scholar
657
Slavophiles, and reconstruction of Muscovite
past (19th century) 1
Slavs 19, 189
as craftsmen 54, 59
Eastern 23, 28
on Middle Dnieper 56, 57, 68, 189
Sloboda Ukraine 512, 533
Left Bank refugees settled in 513
legal jurisdictions 565
military colonisation in 495
Slovenes, as original inhabitants of
Novgorod 47, 189
Smolensk 300, 488
annexed by Moscow (1514) 213, 236
besieged
by Sigismund of Poland 423, 424,
426
‘Smolensk war’ (1632–4) 491 , 539, 545,
548, 600, 601
ceded to Poland (1618) 2, 429, 486, 488
earliest masonry church 69, 95
fortress, cost of 541
legal jurisdictions 565
Lithuanian control over 148, 168, 202
Mstislavichi princes of 107–8
population 302, 581
principality of 107–8, 123, 126
prospects for reconquest (1650s) 488, 490,
500
regained 486, 502, 506, 514
regional military administration 470, 586
Rus’ origins of 59
Second False Dmitrii’s proclamation 420
succession war (1230s) 123
support for Vasilii Shuiskii 422
trade 314
agreement with Riga (1229) 102, 121
Smotritskii (Smotryts’kyi), Meletii,
Grammar 627, 655
smuta, smutnoe vremia see Time of Troubles
(c.1603–13)
Sobieski see Jan Sobieski
social disorder 11
and destruction by fire 41
early 16th century 282
see also revolts; Time of Troubles
social structure 87, 216
and court hierarchies 438–40
legislation on 384, 565, 573, 576
stratification of (ranks) 11, 86, 386
towns 11, 305–7
society
concept of, and crime 380
and jurisdiction of Church 86
Sofiia Chronicle 217n. 1
soils
black earth chernozems 28, 549
boreal forest zone 26
clays 26
in forest-steppe 28
glacial depositions 24
loams 24, 26
low fertility 38, 287, 292, 545
766
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permafrost 26
podzols 24, 26, 287
Solario, Pietro Antonio, architect 233, 393
Solikamsk, Perm’, new town 318
Solomoniia, wife of Vasilii III 222, 223
Solovetskii (Solovki) monastery 624, 630
siege of (1668–76) 611, 637
Sol’vychegodsk 596
uprising (1648–9) 603, 609
Sophia (Sofiia) Palaeologa, second wife of
Ivan III 221, 233, 346, 387
Sophia, Tsarevna, Regent (1682–9) 3, 451, 516,
607, 609
cultural interests 645, 652, 653, 658
suppression of Old Believers 637
Soviet Russia
end of USSR 12
historiography 1, 12, 409–10
Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics 12
and Novgorod 210
Spain, Reconquista 319, 337
spoons, silver tribute 69
Staraia Ladoga
citadel 53
excavations 48
razed (c.863–71) 53
trading post 52, 59
Viking raids on 71
Staraia Rusa 487
birch bark documents 188
brine production 40
Staritsa, church of SS Boris and Gleb 343
Staritsa princes, Ivan IV and 250–1
Starodub
principality of 134
Second False Dmitrii at 418, 419
under control of Moscow 166, 505
state
attempts at integration 35
centralised control over towns 307–9, 477
control over prices 540–1
increasing control over land and labour
382, 552
information-gathering 36, 467, 478–9
purpose of 436, 463
role in colonisation process 31–2
role in dyadic legal process 362
role in triadic legal process 363, 385, 576
state finances
effect of Thirteen Years War on 506
expenditure costs 541
loans from monasteries 540
reforms (1677–80) 471, 518
rudimentary budget (1680) 471
state revenues
accounting systems 474–5
from services and taxation 38
see also tax collection; taxation
state violence 11, 436
reign of terror (oprichnina) 5, 11, 258–60,
303, 613
see also revolts; social disorder
status, and wealth among early Rus’ 55
Stavrovetsky, Kyryl Tranquillon, Ruthenian
monk 622
Stefan, Bishop of Perm’ 169
Stephen, Palatine of Moldavia 220
steppe 23, 29, 30
agriculture 2
Chernigov and 90
colonisation 6, 89, 495
cultural interchange in 36
expansion of Muscovy into 234, 521–7, 562
Khazar peoples of 51
Kiev and 89–90
new settlements 68
problems of frontier 41
see also forest-steppe; frontier, southern
Stoglav see Council of a Hundred Chapters
Stolbovo, Treaty of (1617) 429, 442, 487, 604
Stonework Chancellery 567
stoves, in peasants’ huts 289–90, 545–6
Strel’nikov Hill, assault on (1678) 518
strel’tsy (musketeers)
and Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7,
608
and Moscow riots (1648) 602, 608
Stroganov family, Novgorod merchants 542
and colonisation of Siberia 256, 327
and Kuchum khan 328–9
Stuhmsdorf, Treaty of (1635) 492
Sudak (Surozh, Soldaia), Crimea, trading
colony 133
Sudebnik law code (1497) 9, 224, 229–30, 375,
459, 572
on bribery 482
and pomest’e landholdings 382
provision for bail before trial 380
and slaves 383
statute of limitations on filing of suits 384
Sudebnik law code (1550) 9, 224n.16 , 254, 376,
572
centralisation in 308, 378
and concept of dishonour 380, 571
legal immunities forbidden 375
on monastic lands 355
767
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