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chalice, silver, Novgorod 198

chamber graves

Denmark 59

Middle Dnieper 58

see also burial grounds

chancelleries (prikazy) 453–8

after Time of Troubles 435

Alexis’s introduction of ‘new men’ 445–6

and control over town administration 464,

466, 484

development of bureaucracy in 11, 268,

454, 457

expansion of 454–5

hierarchy within 454

improved and reformed under Boris

Godunov 269

jurisdictions 566, 568

membership of 439, 453

Muscovy 254, 268

promotion in 453

and role of governors in judicial system 559

and rules of legal process 379

and Ulozhenie (1649) 551

see also Ambassadorial Chancellery;

Military Service Chancellery; Privy

Chancellery; Service Land

Chancellery

Chancellor, Richard, merchant captain 315

description of Moscow 298, 395

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 319

Cheboksary, new town 301

Chechens, north Caucasus 530, 537

Chelnavsk, garrison town 497

Cherdyn’, new town 318

Cherkassk, taken by Muscovy (1674) 510

Cherkasskii family, Kabardinians from north

Caucasus 530

supporters of Romanovs 281

Cherkasskii, I.B. 469

Cherkasskii, Prince Ia.K. 608

Cherkasskii, Prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich 530

Cherkasskii, Prince Mutsal Sunchaleev 530

Cherkasskii, Prince Sunchalei Ianglychev,

Kabardinian chief 530

Chernavsk, garrison town 494

Chernigov 55, 118, 300

buildings

by Mstislav Vladimirovich 94

by Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich 115

church of the Annunciation 116

church of St Michael 116

church of Transﬁguration of the Saviour

94

Mstislav as prince of 77

as patrimonial possession 78

razed by Tatars (1239) 123

relations with steppe 90

size of 116, 116n. 66

surrender to False Dmitrii 411

trade agreements with Novgorod 121

trade with Germany 122

Vsevolod Big Nest’s attack on 119

Chernigov, bishopric of 93

Chernigov, principality of 113, 123, 126

ceded to Poland (1618) 488

demoted 99

Lithuanian control over 148

regained (1667) 506, 514

Cherson, Vladimir Sviatoslavich’s expedition

to 66, 67

Chertoprud, Anisim, cossack 601

Cherven 64

chess sets, from Armoury workshops 650

chickens 288, 289n. 12

children

Domostroi advice on raising 354

education of elite 69

China

contact with 30, 130

Great Silk Route to 10

inﬂuence on Muscovy 219

Ming dynasty 159, 327

Russian encroachment on 528

Chingisid Tatars 319

and fragmentation of Golden Horde 321

inﬂuence in Muscovy 260

and khanate of Siberia 328, 329

Chistyi, Nazarii, conciliar secretary 612

Chocim, battle of (1621) 488

Chocim, battle of (1673) 510

Chodkiewicz, Jan Karol, Lithuanian

hetman 426, 428, 429, 487

advance on Moscow 487

Christianisation

in annexed territories of Muscovy 256, 537

conversions 169, 530

among fugitive natives 537

of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity

319, 325, 335

process of 93, 339

Christianity

effect on legal process in Rus’ 70

and ﬁrst churches, Novgorod 192

humanist (heretical) 349

legal protection of 361

mass conversion of Rus’ to 66–8, 93

728

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Middle Dnieper 69

and popular religiosity 340–8

Rus’ contacts with 60

Vladimir’s policy of education of elite

children 69

see also Orthodox Church

Christians, and pagans in Kiev 64

Christina, queen of Sweden 492

chronicles 14

1305 codex of Tver’ 182

Kazan’ Chronicle 322

and knowledge of river systems 32

and miracle tales 344

Paterik (Paterikon) 97

in reign of Vsevolod (‘Big Nest’) 118

Soﬁia Chronicle 217n. 1

Trinity Chronicle (Kiprian’s) 182

Typography Chronicle 229

Voskresenie Chronicle 226

see also Nikon Chronicle; Primary

Chronicle

Chrysopolis, battle at (989) 65

Chud’, Finno-Ugrian tribe 189

Chud’, Lake, battle of (1242) 199

Chudnov, battle of (1660) 505

Chukchi peoples 527

Church law 362

canon law 84, 85–6, 561

Vassian’s 352

Kormchaia kniga (Rudder or Pilot’s Book)

86, 362

Nomocanon (Byzantine) 86, 362, 561

‘Church people’, jurisdiction over 362, 560–1

churches and church building 94–5, 96, 125

architectural styles 111, 343–4, 644, 645

national 343

belfries 343

effect of Mongol invasions on 132

foreign 594

icon screens 343

by Iurii Dolgorukii 104, 111

Moscow 132

in rural settlements 345

in towns 344

by Vladimir 69

in Vladimir-in-Suzdalia 111

Chuvash peoples, in Middle Volga region 330,

334, 336, 533

pagan 320

and Razin revolt 606, 610

Chyhyryn 505

campaigns against 510, 517, 518

Ottoman sieges of 511, 512

Circassians, north Caucasus 530

civil wars, dynastic 11, 125–6

and ascendancy of Vasilii II 170–8

see also social disorder; Time of Troubles

clergy (priests) 339, 355, 623

education of 623, 639

funding for 95

incorporation of folkways into liturgy 342

as landowners 624

rules of ecclesiastical discipline 227, 355,

624

in towns 11, 307, 583

clerks

as closed hereditary corporation 468

in town administration 468

training 468n. 7

climate

continental 23, 24

deterioration (15th century) 42

effect on agriculture 38, 287, 545

forest-steppe 28

northern boreal forest zone 26

Novgorod (preservation of archaeology)

188

clock, Moscow Kremlin 643

clothing (and dress) 25

courtiers and boyars 395

peasants’ 291

coins 14

of Dmitrii Donskoi 163

eastern silver dirhams 51, 52, 54, 59, 191

European denarii 192

of Ivan IV 249

Novgorod 204, 208

showered on tsar 400

of Vasilii I 163

of Vasilii II 178

Vladimir’s 69

see also currency

Collins, Samuel, English doctor 646

colonisation 535–8, 580

in Middle Volga region 533

military

rules relaxed 495

southern frontier regions 494, 497,

517

of north-eastern regions 318

and peasant migration 287, 549, 557

role of state in process of 31–2, 330, 337

Siberia 327, 330

of steppe lands 6, 89

see also cossacks; peasant migration

commemoration, culture of 346

729

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commerce

17th-century 540–3

based on cash or barter 540

in Europe 37

links with Mongol empire 132, 159

Muscovy 218, 226–7

small trading centres (riady) 312–13

towns as centres of 305, 309–11, 587–93

see also Great Silk Route; markets;

merchants; trade; trade routes

commercial law 385, 541

and Novgorod courts 199

Pskov 367

communications

problems of distance 2, 32–6, 41, 313

see also travel

Conon, St 342

Constantine I, emperor 351

Constantine VII, emperor of Byzantium 58

Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor of

Byzantium 91, 390

Constantinople

fall of (1453) 184, 338, 389

merchants in Kiev 122

Rus’ attack (941) 57

Rus’ raid on (860) 53

Contarini, Alvise, Doge of Venice 514

Contarini, Ambrogio

on fur trade 227

on Ivan III 220

contract, law of 541

Pskov 366

convents 348

conversions

in annexed lands 169, 530, 537

of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity 319,

325, 335

of Rus’ to Christianity 66–8, 93

copper mining 545

coronation(s)

of Boris Godunov 279

ceremony for co-emperors 397

of Fedor Ivanovich 357

of Ivan IV 245–6, 357, 398–400

rituals of 397–401

anointing 400

regalia 399

and sacralisation of succession 8, 398

corporal punishment 361, 381, 571

savagery of 381, 577

by serf-owners 576

corruption

investigation of 476, 482, 484

in judicial system 568–9

in local government 480–5

of Morozov 550

under Tsar Michael 548

see also bribery

cossacks 6, 31

advance on Moscow (1618) 487

attacks on Russian settlements 283

autonomy of hetmanate (Left Bank

Ukraine) 564

continuing unrest (1614–15) 429, 487

as leaders of popular revolts 608, 610–11

policy of Muscovy towards 522–4

raid on Voronezh (1590) 41

raids against Tatars and Turks 283, 511

relations with non-Russians 533

relations with Polish-Lithuanian

Commonwealth in Ukraine 503–4, 532

revolt (1648) 498, 532

support for Second False Dmitrii 425

and Third False Dmitrii 427

and unrest during Smolensk war 601

and unrest on southern frontier (1601–3)

283, 417, 419

uprisings 41

see also Bolotnikov Revolt; Don cossacks;

Razin revolt; Zaporozhian cossacks

Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav)

(1551) 247, 338, 340, 636

on liturgy 342

reforms 355–6

court, royal 81, 395

administrators (in chancelleries) 439

bride shows 396

ceremonial 642

duma ranks 438, 441

factions under Ivan IV 242, 243, 265

as institution of government 436–42

ritual etiquette for diplomats 395–6

rules of precedence 254–5, 262, 267, 437–9

sovereign’s court (gosudarev dvor) 438–9

sub-duma ranks 439, 441

surrender-by-the-head ritual 397

see also Gorodishche; Moscow, Kremlin

courts, law 378

access to 542

of appeal 567, 573

common (obshchii sud) 229

diocesan 624

ecclesiastical 229, 339

governors’ 469

of the grand prince 230, 374

native 563

730

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Novgorod 195, 199

presided over by boyar (or okol’nichii) 230,

459

Pskov 370

tsar’s 565

of the vicegerent 229

crafts 54, 59, 82

for court and government 589–90

for market 590

at Novgorod 196

in towns 310–11

craftsmen

Byzantine, in Kiev 91

and church decorative styles 645

moved to Moscow 310

in Novgorod 208

recruited by Mongols 130, 132

Slav 54, 59

see also Moscow, Armoury workshops

credit see loans and credit

crime

1520s outbreak 363

felonies described (Novgorod) 372

guba responsibility for investigation 466

Iaroslav’s law code 87

principles of responsibility for 577

see also criminal law; law codes; murder;

punishments

Crimea, khanate of 160, 178, 224, 234

attack on Moscow (1571) 41, 256, 260, 303

attack on Moscow (1591) 270

attacks on Polish-Lithuanian

Commonwealth 496

dissension within 493

Ivan IV and 256

Muscovy and 235, 236, 238, 318, 321–3, 486,

492–493, 517

and Ottoman Empire 493

and relations between Muscovy and

Ottoman Empire 235

slaves from north Caucasus 324

war against (1687–9) 514–16

Crimean Tatars

defences against 470

as enemy of Russians 6, 41

and Nogais 522

raids on Muscovy (1630s) 491, 496

raids on Muscovy (1644–5) 497

raids in Ukraine 503

relations with Muscovy (1667–89) 507–16

slave raids on Muscovy 548

and Ukraine 501

Criminal Articles (1669) 466, 571, 573

criminal law 565

changes due to move to triadic process

380–2

defence and mitigation 577

increased severity of 577

and intent 381

jurisdictions 561, 567

out of court settlements 570

Pskov 368

in Russkaia pravda 361

trials 570–1

see also capital punishment; crime

cults

pagan 64

popular 258, 340, 346, 639

cultural transmission 36

in East Slav high culture 96

technology transfer 544–5

see also European culture; trade;

Westernisation

culture

Byzantine inﬂuence on 37, 96, 648, 658

classical inﬂuences 657, 661

concept of ‘transitional period’ (17th

century) 640

conservatism after Time of Troubles 641–3

contacts with Europe 37, 272, 645, 659

ﬂowering of 125

Golden Age of Rus’ 73, 97

inﬂuence of Orthodox Church on 9, 659

religious art 95–6

secularisation of 9, 658

taste for novelty 643, 659

see also art; literature; music

currency

common 35

copper coinage (1650s) 539, 604

reforms in Muscovy (1530s) 253

rouble (origins in Novgorod) 201

silver content (debasements) 445, 470,

539–40

see also coins

custom (folk)

adapted to liturgical rites 341–2, 626

ceremonial 642

effect of canon law on 86

in liturgy 341–2, 626

suppression of 627

wedding rituals 342

customs duties

administration in towns 465

internal 542

Muscovite control of 218

731

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customs posts, on trade routes 34

Czarniecki, Stefan, Polish commander 505

Daghestan 324, 332, 529

Daichin, tayishi of Kalmyks 524

Dalai Lama 521

damages, legal 230, 571

Daniil Aleksandrovich (d.1303)

deﬁance of Mongol khans 137

and Grand Principality of Moscow 7, 128,

138, 143, 144

see also Daniilovichi

Daniil (Danylo), son of Roman Mstislavich

(d.1264) 117, 121–3

and Andrei of Vladimir 141–2

appointed to Volyn’ and Galicia by khan of

the Mongols 123

Daniil, Metropolitan 228, 344, 353

hegumen of Iosifo-Volokolamskii

monastery 347

sermons on Christian life 354

Daniilovichi

civil war among 170–8

consolidation of territorial inﬂuence 141,

142, 147–8, 158

and the Golden Horde 159–65

control of tribute collection for 146, 156

and Novgorod 147

as princes of Vladimir-Moscow 140, 142,

154, 156, 158, 182

relations with Kievan dynasties 165–78

relations with Orthodox Church 178–86

Danyar Kasimovich, Tatar service prince

224

Daur peoples, Amur river 528

David Igorevich (d.1112) 92

David Rostislavich (d.1197), of Vyshgorod 113,

116

church building in Smolensk 116

David, son of Sviatoslav (d.1123)

expelled from Novgorod 194

joint ruler of Chernigov with Oleg 99, 101

Davidovichi, in Chernigov 104, 107

and war between Iurii and Iziaslav 105

de la Gardie, Jacob Pontus, Swedish

commander 422, 424, 426

death rituals 345

Denis, heretical priest 349

Denmark 59, 488, 503

agreement with Ivan III 233

possible alliance with Iaroslav 88

possible alliance with Tsar Michael 492

and Sweden 492, 507

Derbent, Caspian Sea 529

Derevlian tribe 57, 62

Oleg Sviatoslavich as prince of 61

son of Vladimir as prince of 75

Dervish Ali, khan in Astrakhan’ 323

Deters (Deterson), Hans, Dutch painter 643

Deulino, Truce of (1618) 429, 442, 488,

600

Devlet Girey, khan of Crimea, and Ottoman

expedition against Astrakhan’ 326

d’iaki (higher administrative rank in

chancelleries) 453, 454

promotion to court rank 455

Diakovo, church of St John the Baptist 343

diet

deﬁciencies 42, 290

foods 25, 27

peasant 289

see also famine

Diletskii, Nikolai, Ukrainian composer 654

Dionisii, artist 197

Dionisii, Metropolitan 266

Dionysii, Abbot of Trinity-Sergius (Holy

Trinity) monastery 622

Dir, non-princely Varangian 47

disease 42

of animals (and crops) 43

see also plague

dishonour

concept of 380, 571

and graduated compensation 573

divorce, Church jurisdiction over 560

Dmitrii Borisovich, prince of Dmitrov 165

Dmitrii Ivanovich (Donskoi), prince of

Moscow (d.1389) 144, 157, 159, 160–3,

171, 172

and battle of Kulikovo (1380) 162, 185

and khan Mamai 161, 162–3, 166

Life of 186

and Metropolitan Aleksei 180

and Metropolitan Kiprian 181

military resources 167

and Novgorod 202, 203

and rivals 165–8, 170

and Suzdal’ 165

and Tver’ 166–7

Dmitrii Ivanovich, grandson of Ivan III

(d.1509) 221, 350

Dmitrii Konstantinovich, prince of Suzdal’

and Nizhnii Novgorod 161, 162, 165,

167, 180

Dmitrii Krasnoi (d.1440) 174

Dmitrii Mikhailovich (d.1325) 139, 142

732

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marriage to daughter of Gedimin of

Lithuania 142, 148

and Novgorod 146

Dmitrii Shemiaka (d.1453), of Galich 173, 174,

175, 177, 205

and war against Vasilii II 174–5

Dmitrii, son of Aleksandr Nevskii (d.1294) 143

and khan Nogai 137–8

in Novgorod 136, 145

prince of Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii, and of

Vladimir 143

Dmitrii, son of Ivan III, of Uglich (d.1521) 221

Dmitrii, son of Sviatoslav (d.1268/9) 143

Dmitrii, Tsarevich, son of Ivan IV

(d.1553) 248, 251

Dmitrii, Tsarevich, of Uglich, son of Ivan IV

(d.1591)

banished 264

death (or murder) of 275–7

see also False Dmitrii(s)

Dmitrov 222, 423

founded by Iurii Dolgorukii 104

Dmitrov princes, Ivan IV and 250

Dmitrov, principality, disputed by Iurii 173

Dnieper cossacks see Zaporozhian cossacks

Dnieper lowlands 24

and origins of Rus’ 47, 48, 49

see also Middle Dnieper

Dnieper, river 48

importance as waterway 55, 68, 313

Rapids 55, 57, 62

Dobrynia, uncle to Vladimir

Sviatoslavich 63, 64, 71

Dobrynichi, battle of (1605) 281, 411

Dobrynin, Nikita 636

and Moscow uprising (1682) 637

opposition to Nikon’s reforms 633

documentary sources (from c.1045) 14, 73, 300

Dokuchaev, V.V., soil scientist 21

Dolgorukii, Prince M.Iu. 612

Dolgorukii, Prince Iu.A. 610, 612

Domostroi (‘On the Management of the

Household’) 342, 354

Don cossacks (Don Cossack Host)

attempts to control 499, 517, 522

and False Dmitriis 284, 411, 425

and fugitive peasants 605

occupation of Azov 495–6, 523

and Ottoman Empire 325, 496, 607

raids 493–4, 522

on Azov 503, 523

and Razin revolt 605–6, 610

relations with Moscow 6, 470

Don, river

Ottoman canal to Volga proposed 326

trade route 218, 313

Don Shipment, tribute paid by Muscovy 493,

495, 499

Donets river basin, Polovtsy defeat of Igor’ in

(1185) 115

Dorogobuzh

re-taken (1654) 502

Swedish occupation of 492

Doroshenko, Petro, Ukrainian cossack

hetman 470, 499, 505, 507

and attempt to reunify Ukraine 508,

509–11

Dorostolon, battle of (971) 62

Dorpat (Iur’ev) 503

Hanseatic League factory 313

drinking-horns 60

druzhina (retinue of Kievan princes) 8, 81–2

and law codes for 84

structure of 82

of Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63

see also military servitors

Dublin, Ireland 191

Dubrovitsy, church of the Sign 646

duel, judicial 379

dumnyi dvorianin, rank of (conciliar

courtier) 446

Dunaburg

taken by Muscovy 503

taken by Sweden 502

Dvina, Northern, river

defences 118

expansion around 317

Kholmogory transhipment point 315,

591

Dvina, Western, river 48

dyeing 25

dynastic succession

and ascendancy of Moscow princes 129,

156, 158, 171, 182

dependent on favour of Mongol khans 135,

140, 156, 158

elective principle 8

overruled (from 1327) 140

and patrimonial possessions 78, 79

and political legitimacy 7–8, 74–81

and pretenders (royal impostors) 8

principles of (by 1078) 79, 98

seniority of eldest (surviving) son 78, 79,

83n. 20, 125

and succession to Vasilii I (d.1425) 171

by usurpation 102

733

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dynastic succession (cont.)

vertical and lateral/collateral principles of

7, 74, 98, 171

Easter eggs, from Armoury workshops 650

economy

15th-century Muscovy 226

17th-century Muscovy 539–40, 583

effect of Mongol invasions on 129–31

growth

after Mongol invasions 131–3

in Kievan Rus’ 82

mercantilism 545

technology transfer (mostly from West)

544–5

see also commerce; crafts; currency;

taxation; trade

Edigei, khan of the Golden Horde 160, 185

defeat of Tokhtamysh (1399) 163

education

lack of formal provision 655

literacy equated with Christian study 69

of priests 623, 639

promoted by False Dmitrii 414

Efrem the Syrian, St 627

Efremov, garrison town 494

Efrosin’ia, wife of Andrei Ivanovich 242, 243,

250, 251

Elena, daughter of Ivan III, wife of Alexander,

Grand Duke of Lithuania 221, 236,

349

Elena Glinskaia, second wife of Vasilii III 222,

240–2, 248

and currency reforms 253

death 242

Elena of Moldavia, wife of Ivan

Ivanovich 221, 350

Elets, fortiﬁed town 270, 301, 497

elite culture 641, 651–2, 659

elites, noble see boyars; military servitors;

servitors (service classes)

elites, non-Russian

Bashkir tarkhan 534

Muscovite policy towards 536–7

in service in Muscovy 224, 236, 260, 334,

457, 530

embracery (posuly), form of bribery 482–3

Emel’ianov, Fedor, Pskov merchant 604

enamelling 649

Enderi (Andreevskaia), Kumyk slave market

at 324

Engels, Peter, Dutch painter 649

engineering, innovations 643

Engineers Chancellery 567

England

and Baltic trade 315

female portraits in 652

relations with Muscovy 257, 488

trade through White Sea 37, 270, 315, 544,

591

English common law 372

English Muscovy Company 10, 315

Enisei, river 527

settlements on 329

trade depots 563

Eniseisk, new town/fort 329, 334

environment

effect of agriculture on 29–30

hazards of 40–3

landscape and settlement 19, 20

mixed-forest zone 23–5

soil zones 21–9

see also climate; geography; resources

Epifanii, priest 636

Epiphany ritual 404–5, 625, 642

Erel’, river, battle of (1184) 115

Erik Haakonson, raid on Staraia Ladoga

(997) 71

Ermak, Volga cossack 270

expedition against khan of Siberia 328

Estonia 531

Eternal Peace, Treaty of (1686) 514

Europe

Catholic church in 37

commerce in 37

overseas expansion 38

relations with Kievan Rus’ 91–2, 122

trade with 37, 91, 123

see also England; France; Germany; Italy

European culture 640, 652

art 647, 652

contacts with 37, 272, 645, 659

Evdokhiia, daughter of Ivan III, wife of

Tsarevich Peter Ibraimov 221

Evdokiia, widow of Dmitrii I, founder of

convent of the Ascension (1407) 348

Even (Lamut) peoples 527

Evenk (Tungus) peoples 527, 528

Evﬁmii II, Archbishop, of Novgorod 209

Evfrosin, Old Believer 638

Evfrosin, monk and saint 342

evidence

from community 570

in criminal trials 570

by divine revelation 379

of investigation 380

734

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judicial confrontation 380

material 380

oral, in Russkaia pravda 361

rules of, Pskov 368

of witnesses 380

written 360, 368, 379, 553, 570

execution

and burden of proof 381

legal 361

see also capital punishment

exile and banishment

during ‘reign of terror’ 259

as legal remedy 36, 361, 381, 571, 577

falconry 642

False Dmitrii, First (1605–6) 281, 284, 410–15

conspiracies against 414

coronation 413

foreign policy 414

identity of 410–11

invasion of Russia (1604) 284, 410,

411–12

marriage to Marina Mniszech 415

murder of 415

Polish favourites 415

proclamation as tsar 412–13

rumours of escape 415

support for 411, 417

as tsar 413–14

False Dmitrii, Second 418–25, 600

boyar and noble support for 421

defections from 424

ﬂight to Kaluga 423, 424

identity of 419

murder of 425

proclamation to Smolensk 420

and slaves of Shuiskii’s supporters 420

support for Bolotnikov and ‘Tsarevich

Peter’ 419

support for 422

False Dmitrii, Third 426, 427

family law, Church jurisdiction over 560

famine 42, 545

15th century Muscovy 183

1601–3 281, 303, 410

feast days 340, 341–2, 344, 593

Deposition of the Robe of Our Lord 643

patron saints 642

see also ritual

Fedor, deacon 636

Fedor, Tsarevich (son of Boris Godunov) 272,

277, 284, 412

murder of 284, 412

Fedor Alekseevich, Tsar (1676–82) 3, 451, 514,

651

and dynastic crisis at death 607

and Patriarch Nikon 636, 638

posthumous portrait 650

Fedor Borisovich (d.1513) 223

Fedor Fedorovich, ‘Tsarevich’, cossack

pretender 420

Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar (1584–98) 5, 252, 264,

266, 276

coronation 357

and cult of Vasilii the Blessed 340

death 278

and end of dynasty 277–8

Fedor Rostislavich, prince of Mozhaisk 141

Fedorov, Ivan, printer 357

printed bible 350

Fedos’ia, Tsarevna, infant daughter of Fedor

and Irina 277

Felony Chancellery (Robbery

Chancellery) 466, 469, 567, 573

Felony Statute (1663) 381

Feodor Biakont, brother of Metropolitan

Aleksei 179

Feodosii, Metropolitan (d.1464) 338

Feodosii, St, of Kiev 96, 352

Feodosiia, daughter of Ivan III, wife of Prince

V.D. Kholmskii 221

Feofan Grek (Theophanes the Greek),

artist 197, 209

Feognost (Theognostos), Metropolitan

(d.1352) 140, 149, 150, 179

and Moscow 152, 153

and see of Galicia 150

Ferapontov monastery 635

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 492

feudalism, as model of Rus’ian and Muscovite

states 16

Ficino, Marsilio 352

Fiery Furnace ritual 403–4

Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov),

Metropolitan of Rostov 424, 428

death (1633) 491

exiled to monastery as Filaret 280, 358

made patriarch by Second False Dmitrii

421, 620

patriarch and regent 429, 442, 620–2

and power of patriarchate 620

and preservation of Muscovite Orthodoxy

620–1, 643

reconstruction programme 469, 488, 548

and recovery of Smolensk 488, 490, 491

wealth of 620

735

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Fili, church of the Intercession 645

Filipp, Metropolitan

killed (1569) 358

relics of 630

Filipp, Metropolitan (d.1473) 338, 343, 344

Filofei of Pskov, epistle of 355

ﬁnes 70, 85

as legal remedy 361, 571

Finno-Ugrian peoples 23, 30, 36

in Novgorod region 189

Finns

in Gorodishche 54

and R

¯

otsi (Rus’) 52

settled in new towns in Middle Dnieper

68

settlements in Upper Volga 54

Fioravanti, Aristotle, architect 233, 343, 392

ﬁre

as common hazard 41, 188, 546, 597

Gorodishche 53

Moscow (1445) 183

Moscow (1626) 42

Moscow (1648) 602

ﬁre patrols 42, 597

ﬁsh 25, 26, 27, 289, 291

traded 40, 196, 313

ﬂax and hemp 39, 288

traded 313

Fletcher, Giles

description of Russia (1588–9) 226, 303–4

on role of boyar council 460

ﬂoods

risk of 42

and travel 33, 35

Florence and Ferrara, Union of (1438–9) 183,

233, 338, 389, 631

folk minstrels (skomorokhi) 626, 627

food(s)

and ﬂavourings 25

game 27

shortages 42

wild 25, 288

see also diet

Foreign Affairs Chancellery 567

Foreign Military Chancellery 567

foreign relations

Boris Godunov 269–72

Muscovy 233–8

Rus’ 88–93

see also Livonian war; Ottoman Empire;

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth;

Sweden; Thirteen Years War

foreigners

religious inﬂuence of 595

restrictions on 575, 594, 631

rituals for diplomats 395–6

forest zones

agriculture 2

early organised power in 49–52

wild food resources 25, 288

woodland resources 25

see also boreal (coniferous) forest zone;

forest-steppe; mixed-forest zone

forest-steppe 23, 27–9

boundaries of 27–8

fortiﬁcations 334, 596

frontiers of Kievan Rus’ 523

Kiev 68

Middle Dnieper 68–9, 70

Moscow 104

Novgorod 203, 209, 210

see also Belgorod defensive line; frontier,

southern; frontiers; towns, fortiﬁed

Fotii (Photios), Metropolitan (d.1431)and

saint 173, 183, 344

foundation myths 48, 96

France, diplomatic contacts with Ivan III 233

Franks, and Byzantium 49

freethinkers, as inimical to Orthodox

Church 621

Friazin, Antonio, architect 233

frontier, southern

Abatis line 491, 494, 497

defences 497–8

Iziuma Line 470, 513

middle service classes 495

military colonisation 494, 497, 517

military maps 34

new garrison towns 494, 497, 585

peasant migration on 549

security on (1630s) 494, 497

unrest on (1601–3) 283, 411, 417, 419

see also Belgorod defensive line;

fortiﬁcations; steppe

frontiers

demarcation and defence of 35, 41, 270, 521,

523–4

and jurisdictions 563

military defence of 7, 541

see also Belgorod defensive line;

fortiﬁcations; frontier, southern

fruit trees 288

fur trade 39, 54, 592

Moscow 313

Muscovy 227, 318

Novgorod 146, 196, 312

736

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furniture

from Armoury workshops 650

in peasants’ huts 290, 546

furs

from boreal forest zone 27, 29, 39, 54

from north-eastern settlements 89

Galich Chancellery (chetvert’ ) (territorial),

legal jurisdiction 566

Galich (in Galicia) 118

captured from Hungarians by Mstislav the

Bold 120

principality of 123

rivalry for 114

Roman Mstislavich’s claim to 117

taken by Mikhail 122

trade through 122

Vsevolod the Red’s claim to 118

Galich (in Vladimir)

captured by Vasilii II 175

fortiﬁed by Iurii Dolgorukii 104

principality of Moscow and 144, 167

revolt against Second False Dmitrii 422

under control of Moscow 166

Galicia 114, 123

Igorevichi in 119

Mikhail Vsevolodovich and 121

Tatars in (1240) 123

Galicia, metropolitanate of 149, 180

Galicia-Volynia, and Mongol khans 141

Galloway, Christopher, engineer 643

Gavrilko, heretical priest 349

Gdov, and Third False Dmitrii 426

Gedeon, Metropolitan of Kiev 639

Gedimin, prince of Lithuania 142, 148, 150

Gelasii, Hegumen 340

gender history 13

Gennadii (Gonzov), Archbishop of

Novgorod 339, 341, 351

pursuit of heretics 238, 348–50

Genoa, merchants from 122, 132

geography 19–21

and cultural landscape 19

and landscape 20

see also climate; communications;

environment; resources; soils; travel

George II Rakoczi, prince of Transylvania 503

German Empire, alliance with Poland 486,

492

Germany

actors in Moscow 653

trade with Novgorod 133

see also Hanseatic League; Prussia

Germogen (Hermogen), Patriarch (from

1606) 358, 359, 416, 422

leadership of 619

proclamation to Nizhnii Novgorod 427

and resistance to Polish occupation of

Moscow 425

Gerontii, Metropolitan 229, 237, 342, 349,

358

and inaugural procession of Moscow

cathedral 358, 387

Gheorghe Duca, Moldavian hospodar 513

Ghotan, Bartholoma

¨

us, L

¨

ubeck printer 350

glass-making

brought from Byzantium 68

Dutch factory 544

Gleb, prince of Smolensk 141

Gleb, son of Iurii (d.1171), prince of

Pereiaslavl’ 105, 111

Gleb, son of Vladimir (d.1015), Saint 75,

96

Glinskii, Mikhail L’vovich, Lithuanian

prince 236n. 48, 240

Glinskii princes, court faction under Ivan

IV 242

Glukhoi, Arsenii, monk 622

Gnezdovo, emporium and Rus’ centre 59

Gninski (Polish) mission, to Istanbul

(1678) 514

gods

sacriﬁces to 64

Scandinavian 60

Vladimir’s ‘pantheon’ of Slavic idols 64

Godunov, I.I. 421

Godunov, Boris see Boris Godunov

Godunov, Fedor, Tsarevich (son of Boris) see

Fedor, Tsarevich

Godunov, Semen Nikitich 284

Godunovs 266, 280

alliance with Romanovs (1584) 265

overthrow of (1605) 284, 412

gold, from Greeks 61

Golden Horde (Mongol nomads) 130, 134

baskaki (agents) 130, 135

commercial links with Mongol empire 132,

159

control over Russian principalities 135,

139–40, 164

and the Daniilovichi 159–65

demand for services 130, 132

disputed leadership within 136–8

and dynastic succession of Vladimir

princes 135

fragmentation 160, 319, 320, 321

737

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978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689

Edited by Maureen Perrie

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