Perrie M. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689
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Lutzen, battle of (1632) 491
L’viv, taken by Muscovy 505
Magdeburg law, in Ukraine 565
magic see witchcraft and magic
Magnus, ‘king’ of Livonia 275
Maiatsk, garrison town 513
Makarii, Metropolitan 229, 243–4, 249, 251, 353
as advisor to Ivan IV 247, 248
and coronation of Ivan IV 245, 246, 357,
398, 399
encyclopaedia (‘great menology’) 354
heresy trials 356
and national feast days 341, 344
Maksim Grek 229, 352, 357
accused of heresy 352–3
literature on Christian life 353
‘Sermon on Penitence’ 354
Maksim, Metropolitan 149, 152
Mamai, khan 160
and Dmitrii Donskoi 161, 162–3, 166
Mangazeia, on Taz river 329, 334
Mangu Temir, khan of the Golden Horde
(1267–81) 132, 136, 137
and Orthodox Church 149
Mansi (Vogul) peoples 318, 328, 330, 334
peace treaty with Muscovy 331
manuscripts, illuminated 641
Manutius, Aldus, printer 352
maps
from Armoury workshops 650
‘Book of the Great Map’ (c.1627) 32, 34
‘Great Map’ renewed after fire in Moscow
(1626) 42
military (southern frontier) 34
Siberia (17th cent.) 32
state 36
Marfa Sobakina, wife of Ivan IV 247
Mari (Cheremis) peoples 320, 330, 334, 336
in Middle Volga region 533
and Razin revolt 606, 610
Maria, daughter of Gedimin of Lithuania,
wife of Dmitrii Mikhailovich 142
Mariia Borisovna, wife of Ivan III 221
Mariia Grigor’evna, wife of Boris
Godunov 284, 412
Mariia Iaroslavna, wife of Vasilii II 221, 237
Mariia Il’inichna, Tsaritsa 614
Mariia Kuchenei of Kabarda, wife of Ivan
IV 245, 247, 256, 325
Mariia Miloslavskaia, wife of Tsar
Alexis 443–4, 607
Mariia Nagaia, wife of Ivan IV 247, 413
Mariia Vladimirovna 275
markets 10, 309
and manufactures 310, 590
and market network 309, 311, 588
marriage, of fugitive serfs 554
Martha, widow of Fedor Alekseevich 653
Marx, Karl 16
Matiushka (or Sidorka), Third False
Dmitrii 426
Matveev, Artamon Sergeevich 612, 651, 653
as first minister 446, 508
and policy on Ukraine 509–10, 511
Mazepa, Ivan, Ukrainian hetman 516
mead 289
mechnik, swordsman and official 82
medicines, from plants 25
Medyn’ 222
Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan 507, 511, 513
Mehmed Girey, khan of Crimea 496
Mengli Girey, khan of Crimea 236, 238, 322
mercantilism 545, 575
merchants
and domestic commerce 542–3
English 544
European 307, 488
French 544
gosti (highest rank of ) 306, 542, 561, 574
gostinaia sotnia (merchants’ hundred)
(second-rank) 543
legal immunities 574
and long-distance trade 543
Moscow 310, 590–1
Radhanite Jewish 55, 109
reputation for dishonesty 540
sukonnaia sotnia (cloth hundred)
(provincial elite) 543
and urban unrest 608, 610
wealth of 542
see also commerce; trade
Merrick, John, mediator 487
Mertvyi Donets, river, Ottoman fortress
on 499
Meshchera Lowland 24
mestnichestvo (rules of precedence) 254, 440–1,
451
and military administration 519
provincial governors 473
metals, demand for 318, 539
metalworking 54, 592
Moscow 310, 590
Novgorod 196
Michael (Romanov), Tsar (1613–45) 5
and Azov crisis 496
74 8
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and boyars’ council 460
building programme in Moscow 642
as contender for throne 424, 428
coronation (1613) 358, 642
election as tsar 8, 428, 600
legitimation of position 437, 442, 615
and local government 465
and Orthodox Church 622
political settlement 442
and Sweden 487
use of zemskii sobor 461
see also Filaret, Metropolitan
Michael-Mitiai, confessor to Dmitrii
Donskoi 181
Michal
, king of Poland 509, 510
Middle Dnieper
bishoprics established 93
Byzantine trade 55, 57–9
new settlements and fortifications 68–9,
70
origins of Rus’ in 47, 48, 49
settlement by northerners in 55–6, 189
see also Chernigov
Middle Volga region
Bulgars in 54
colonisation 533
Muscovite expansion into 533–5
see also Chuvash peoples
Miechowicki, Mikol
aj, cossack hetman 420
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, prince of Tver’ 162,
166–7
Mikhail Andreevich, of Vereia (d.1486) 173,
176, 177, 224, 229, 345
Mikhail Borisovich, prince of Tver’ 234
Mikhail Iaroslavich (d.1318), prince of Tver’ 7,
151
defiance of Mongol khans 137, 138
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 138–9, 144
and Novgorod 145, 234
Mikhail Olel’kovich, prince of Lithuania, and
Novgorod 234, 348
Mikhail, son of Vsevolod the Red (d.1246),
prince in Chernigov 121, 125, 126,
141
and control over principalities 121–3
in Kiev 123
killed by Mongols 123, 134
and Mongol invasions 123
and Novgorod 121
Mikhalko, son of Iurii (d.1176), in Kiev 111
military administration
17th-century reforms 7, 471
based on towns 305, 465, 586
regional 469, 470, 498, 519, 586
taxation to fund 470–1
see also Military Service Chancellery
(Razriad)
military resources
Muscovite princes 215, 217, 222, 231
see also armies
Military Service Chancellery (Razriad) 446,
455
and Abatis line 494
centralised command 497, 518
legal jurisdiction 566
responsibility for town governorships 472,
476, 586
and rules of military colonisation 495
urban enumerations of military servitors
581
military servitors 11, 219, 254–5, 574
cavalrymen 7, 38, 272, 383, 561
in Muscovite provincial administration
253
and oprichnina 259, 260
and princes of Kievan Rus’ 7, 8, 62, 70
in towns 68, 306, 581, 583, 587
see also druzhina; servitors and service
classes; strel’tsy
mills, water 292
Miloslavskii, Prince I.D. 612
Miloslavskii, Prince I.M. 612
Miloslavskii princes 443
and election of Peter as tsar 608
Minin, Koz’ma, and liberation army in
Nizhnii Novgorod 427, 428
miracle tales 344
Mirandola, Pico della 352
mixed-forest zone 23–5
agriculture 25
resources 25
Mniszech, Jerzy, Palatine of Sandomierz 410
Mniszech, Marina 410, 421, 423
birth of son 425
and claim of son to throne 427, 428, 429,
600
death 429
wife of False Dmitrii 415
Mnogogreshnyi, Demian, Ukrainian
hetman 470, 508
Mohyla, Petr, catechism by 627
Molchanov, Michael
confidant of False Dmitrii 415
and Second False Dmitrii 418
Moldavia 500, 501, 503, 512
Molodi, battle of (1572) 256
74 9
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monasteries 345–8, 624–5, 629
agricultural production 39, 95
Assumption (on Voronezh River) 42
control over (Novgorod) 200
convents 348
donations to 95, 345–7
bequests of land to forbidden (1584) 272,
624
and land grants 272
early Rus’ 94
influence in Vologda 593
and jurisdiction in criminal cases 561
legal immunities 374, 560
monks 95, 347, 352
pilgrimages to 346, 626
rules of communal living 345 , 347
rules of ecclesiastical discipline 227
St Cyril in Kiev 103
schools in 658
and small trading centres 312
status 345
Stoglav Council criticism of 355
tax exemptions 347
walled 169
wealth 347
land 272, 624
loans to government 540
see also Caves monastery, Kiev;
Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery;
Novgorod; Solovetskii monastery;
Trinity-Sergius (Holy Trinity)
monastery
Monastery Chancellery (1649) 552, 560, 574
abolished (1677) 638
jurisdiction of 629
Mongkansi tribe 334
M
¨
ongke, khan of the Golden Horde (from
1251) 135
Mongol Empire
administration as model for Muscovite
institutions 217, 232
commercial networks 132
see also Golden Horde (Mongol nomads)
Mongol invasions 6, 123, 129
and demographic dislocations 129–31
and economic growth 131–3
effect on Kievan Rus’ 128–9
and threat to Novgorod 198
Mongols (Tatars) 30, 260, 537
end of overlordship 3, 237
as enemies of Russians 6, 41
horses traded in Moscow 226
influence on Muscovy 15, 16
migrations 28, 533
and Razin revolt 610, 611
resettlement of 335
rise of 120
in Russian towns 307
as subjects of Muscovy 320
support for Second False Dmitrii 425
use of tracks (shliakhi) 34
as vassal princes in Muscovy 224, 236, 335
see also Crimean Tatars; Golden Horde
(Mongol nomads); Great Horde;
Nogai Horde
Monier, Anton, Swedish ambassador to
Muscovy 490
monks 95, 347, 352
Monomashichi (younger sons of Vladimir
Monomakh), claim to Kiev 102
monopolies, granted to town merchants 543
Moravsk (Monastyrevskii Ostrog), border
fortress 411
Mordva tribes 118, 125, 320, 330, 533
and Razin revolt 606, 610
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich 469, 612, 614
attempted tax reforms 550–1
corruption of 550
as regent (1645–8) 443
and salt tax riots 602, 608
mosaics, in churches 96
Moscow
17th-century 588–91
academy (founded 1682) 658
armaments (cannon foundry) 310, 590
Armoury 589
workshops (Kremlin) 647–8, 650, 661
attacks on
blockaded by Second False Dmitrii 421,
422
Mongols (1237–8) 129
Tatars (1571) 41, 256, 260, 303
Tatars (1591) 41, 270
besieged
(1368) 166
(1606) 416–17
by Iurii Dmitr’evich (1434) 173
buildings 169, 390
civic architecture 645
Cathedral of Archangel Michael 132, 233,
343, 392, 393
frescos renovated 643
Cathedral church of the Annunciation
(Ivan IV’s) 344, 392, 393
Cathedral church of the Dormition 132,
152, 233, 342, 343, 392
750
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inaugural processions 344, 358, 387
Metropolitan’s Pew 392
murals repainted 643
Small Zion (silver vessel) 392
Tsar’s Pew (Monomakh Throne) 392
see also ritual
Cathedral of the Icon of Our Lady of
Kazan’ 643
Cathedral Square 390
churches
foreign 594
Holy Trinity in Nikitniki 644
stone-built 132
within court complex 241
conceptualised as New Jerusalem 390, 392,
394, 595
crafts and manufactures in 310–11
for court and government 589–90
for market 590
description (1550s) 298
‘Earth Town’ 594, 596
economy 132, 227n. 27
expansion of town 165–8
fires 41, 183, 601, 602
fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
fur trade 227, 313
German Quarter (nemetskaia sloboda)
(Foreign Quarter/Northern
European Settlement) 545, 621, 631,
646
Golgotha (stone da
¨
ıs) 394
Kremlin 233, 390, 596, 641
Beautiful (Red) Porch 392, 393
convent of the Ascension 348
Faceted Hall, Granovitaia palata
(reception hall) 233, 392, 393
Gold and Silver Chambers 590
Golden Hall, stolovaia (throne room)
244, 392, 393
as royal palace 241
Te re m p al ace 642
see also ritual
legal process 363
and market network 309, 311, 588
merchant hierarchy 590–1
military administration (regional) 586
military servicemen in 307
Novodevichii convent 343, 348, 645
plague (1654) 42, 588
Polish occupation (Time of Troubles) 358,
424, 425
liberation 427–8
popular unrest 600, 637
Copper Uprising (1662) 540, 604–5
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7,
637
‘salt riot’ uprising (1648) 443, 550,
601–2
population estimates 301, 363, 581, 588
and proclamation of False Dmitrii as tsar
412–13
public theatre (1701) 653
Red Square, Pharmacy 645
St Basil’s cathedral (church of the
Intercession) 322, 340, 343, 394
shops and rows 311, 591
suburbs and hundreds 588–9
town walls 169
trading square (Kitai Gorod) (site of Red
Square) 311, 591, 596, 601
‘White Town’ 596
Moscow Administrative Chancellery 573
legal jurisdiction 566
‘Moscow Baroque’, architectural style 644–6
Moscow, Grand Principality of see
Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality
of
Moscow Judicial Chancellery 567
Moscow, metropolitanate, transferred from
Kiev 152
Moscow, principality of
claims to Vladimir 143
political legitimacy of succession 8, 129
rivalry with princes of Tver’ 138, 152–3,
166–7
Mount Athos, monastery 352
Mozhaisk 177, 222
occupied by Polish army 424
see also Fedor Rostislavich; Ivan
Andreevich
Mstislav Iziaslavich, of Volyn’ (d.1172) 107,
111
as prince of Kiev 108, 110, 125
Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold (d.1228) 121
and battle of the River Kalka 120
at Novgorod 118, 119, 120
Mstislav Romanovich (d.1223), of
Smolensk 119, 120, 126
death at Kalka 121
as prince of Kiev 120, 126
Mstislav, son of Andrei (d.1173) 110
Mstislav, son of Iurii Dolgorukii, marriage
(1155) 198
Mstislav, son of Vladimir (d.1034/6) 83
and Chernigov 90, 94
as prince of Tmutorokan’ 75, 77, 90
751
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Mstislav, son of Vladimir Monomakh
(d.1132) 101, 195
as prince of Kiev 102, 126
as prince of Novgorod 83, 100, 194
and princes of Polotsk 101
successors 102
Mstislav Sviatoslavich (d.1223), of Chernigov,
death at Kalka 121
Mstislavich, Petr, printer 357
Mstislavichi 107–8, 125, 126
claim to Pereiaslavl’ 102
Mstislavskii, Prince F.I., as army
commander 281, 411
Mstislavskii, Prince I.F. 266
Mstislavskii princes 265
Muhammed Emin, khan of Kazan’ 226
Muhammed Girey, khan of Crimea 235, 238,
321
Murad IV, Sultan 495, 496
Murad Girey, khan of Crimea 513
Muravskii trail 494
murder
exemption from immunity 374
use of poison 242, 251, 252
Murom 75, 304
early Scandinavian settlement at 48
overlordship of Iurii Dolgorukii 104
principality of 123, 168
Muscovy Company, English 10, 315
Muscovy, Patriarchate, established
(1589) 268–9, 357, 618
Muscovy, state of
in 1462 215–20
in 1533 238–9
administration 213, 262
of new lands 336–7
record-keeping (use of scrolls) 232
annexation of Novgorod 205–6
‘boyar rule’ (1537–47) 242
and cossacks 6, 470, 505, 508, 509, 516, 517,
522–4
economy 226–7, 292
in 1462 216
crisis (16th century) 261–2, 264, 281, 303,
304
under Boris Godunov 274, 281
use of money 253
emergence as great power 486, 516–19
emergence of 3, 213
enemies of 5–7
expansion 2, 213, 238, 337
17th century 520
administration of new lands 336–7
into north Caucasus 529–31
into Siberia 527–8
methods of conquest and colonisation
331–4, 535–8
and steppe region 521–7
to north and north-east 317–19, 337
to west 520
foreign affairs
Andrusovo Armistice (1667) with Poland
470, 506
neutrality in Baltic and northern Europe
492
relations with Crimea 321–3, 507–16
relations with Ottoman Empire 325–7,
507–16
and Treaty of Eternal Peace with Poland
(1686) 514
under Ivan III and Vasilii III 233–8
foreign influences on 219, 232–3, 241
growth of diplomacy 517
institutions modelled on khanate councils
217, 232
land surveys (1530s–1540s) 253
military resources 215, 217, 222, 231
Orthodox Patriarchate established (1589)
268–9, 357, 618
provincial administration 253–4, 262, 263,
268
reconstruction after Time of Troubles 488,
585
relations with remnants of Golden Horde
8, 165
relations with vassal princes 223–4
rulers
and ideology of rulership 388–90
monarch-in-council form 213, 217
relationship with Church 219, 247–9,
389, 401
relationship with elite 247, 254–5
status of royal family 262
social structure 216
as successor to Kievan Rus’ 2, 182, 245,
389
and symbolic significance of conquest of
Kazan’ 319, 322
Tatar tsareviches in service of 224, 236, 260
territorial extent of 19, 486
trade and commerce in 218, 226–7
under Ivan III and Vasilii III 220, 317
domestic policies 222–32
under Ivan IV 240, 252, 262–3
752
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measures to integrate state 253, 263
vicegerent administration 229, 254
wars
with Crimea (1521) 322
invasion of Lithuania (1654) 500, 501,
502
invasion of Right Bank Ukraine (1674)
510
with Ottoman Empire 511–13
with Sweden (1656) 502
see also Livonian war; Thirteen Years
War
music 653–5
composers 654
folk minstrels 626, 627
instrumental 654
Russian vocal 653
Western instruments 653
Musketeer Chancellery 567
Muslims
conversions to Orthodox Christianity 319,
325, 335
Muscovite policy after conquest of Kazan’
319–20, 335, 336
and popular revolts 611
purchased as serfs 537
in state of Muscovy 255, 337
see also Islam
mystics, Hesychast 348
Nafanail, Hegumen, Book of Faith 627
Nagaev, Kuz’ma, musketeer 604
Nagaia, Evdokiia 275
Nagois, kinsmen of Tsarevich Dmitrii of
Uglich 264, 275
Narimunt, prince of Lithuania, as prince of
Novgorod 147, 148, 150
Narva, capture of 10, 300, 314–15
Narym, new town 329
Naryshkin family 607
Naryshkin, I.K. 612
Naryshkin, Lev 645
Nasedka, Ivan, monk 622
Natal’ia Naryshkina, second wife of Tsar
Alexis 607, 653
naval stores (timber, pitch, tar) 40
Navruz, khan of the Golden Horde 161, 165,
180
Nenet (Samoed) peoples 318, 334
Nentsy peoples 330
Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) 528
Nero, Lake 54
Neronov, Ivan, priest of Nizhnii
Novgorod 626, 627
opposition to Nikon’s reforms 633, 636
Nestor, monk of the Caves, chronicler 96
Netherlands
economic and technological influence 544
mercenaries from 498
and trade from Moscow to Archangel 591
trade with Muscovy 315, 488
trade through White Sea 37
Neva, river, battle of (1240) 199
New Mangazeia, on Enisei river 329
New Sarai, building of 130
New Year’s ritual 401–2
Nicephorus II, emperor of Byzantium 61
Niejdany, Treaty of (1654) 502
Nikifor, priest 636
Nikitin, Gurii, icon-painter 649
Nikon, Life of 185
Nikon Chronicle 48, 226, 344
Nikon, Patriarch 629, 644, 660
Church reforms 629–32
deposed (1666) 595, 611, 627, 635
imprisoned at Ferapontov 635, 636
Refutation 630, 634
and resistance to reforms of 633–5
withdrawal to New Jerusalem monastery
634
Nil Sorskii (d.1508)
and Church lands (‘Non-possessor’ faction)
351, 352, 364
hostility to heretics 351
representative of skete life 228, 348
Nizhnii Lomov, garrison town 494
Nizhnii Novgorod 23, 127
attached to Moscow (1391) 168
and Church reform 626
economic prosperity after Mongol
invasions 132
new eparchy created 623
population 302, 581
size of villages 288n. 8
and Suzdal’ (1341) 127, 155
in Time of Troubles 422, 423, 427
nobility see boyars; servitors (service classes)
Nogai, Mongol khan (d.1299), claim to
leadership of Golden Horde 136–8
Nogai Horde, Great(er)
Muscovy and 270, 493
peace treaty (1604) 521
Nogai Horde, Lesser, and Crimean Tatars
493, 522
753
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Nogai nomads 41, 330, 530
alliance with Muscovy 322
and Crimean khanate 493, 522, 523
dependence on Muscovy 521
and horses traded in Moscow 226
and Kalmyks 521, 524
Muscovy and 235, 270
raids against Muscovy 334
recognition of Ivan IV 323
Nogai Road 494
nomads 6
migration into forest-steppe 28
raids by 41
resistance to Russian migrants 30
Turko-Mongol 329
see also Kalmyks; Mongols;Nogais
non-Russians 252
contact with 36–7, 331–4, 534
elites in service in Muscovy 224, 236, 260,
334, 459, 530, 533
expansion of Muscovy 6
conquest of Astrakhan’ 255, 256, 323
and conquest of Siberia 327–30
Kazan’ 255, 256, 301, 319–21, 322
north Caucasus 324–7
judicial status of 562
methods of conquest and colonisation
334–5, 535–8
migration of non-Christians 336, 534
Muscovite administration of 336–7, 536
Muslims in state of Muscovy 255, 337
and oaths of allegiance (shert’ ) 521, 525,
535
problem of fugitive natives 534, 536
purchase of non-Christian serfs condoned
537
relations with 525, 533
societies
destabilisation of 537–8
structure 330–1
in towns 307, 585
uprisings among 538
see also Mongols; Muslims
Normans, and early Novgorod 190, 191
Northern European Settlement see Moscow,
German Quarter
Novgorod 2, 121, 215, 252
in 13th and 14th centuries 198–202
administrative structure 193, 203–5
annual elections of leaders 200, 203, 207
collegial institution (1417) 203, 204
districts (‘ends’) 191, 196, 200
post of ‘thousander’ 197, 200
veche (city assembly) 8, 203, 206, 207, 234
Aleksandr Nevskii as prince of 134, 136, 141,
145, 198, 199
annexation (by Ivan III) (1478) 205–6, 213,
234, 317
archaeology 188, 194, 195
birch bark documents 14, 73, 188, 195, 197,
206, 373n. 53
bishopric 69, 93, 202, 338
Black Death in (1352) 131
boyar power in 192–8, 199, 207
independence of 193, 203–5
patrimonial estates 196
popular opposition to 203, 204, 205
rivalry 196
capitulation to Andrei (1171) 110
cathedral of St Sophia (stone) 95, 194
bronze doors 208
cathedral of St Sophia (wooden) 192
churches 192, 208, 209
property confiscations by Ivan III 228,
234, 347, 351–2
St Theodore Stratelates 209
SS Anna and Joachim 192
SS Peter and Paul 209
Transfiguration of the Saviour 209
coinage 204
courts 195
commercial 199
defence of frontiers 196, 198, 201–2
earliest settlements 191
Liudin 192, 197
Nerevskii 192
Rus’, at Gorodishche 52
Slavenskii 192
economy
crisis (1580s) 261, 264
resources 196
fortifications 203, 209, 210
Gothic Court 208
and Hanseatic League 161, 176, 234, 313
Iaroslav the Wise, as prince in 71, 75, 77,
192–4
international contacts 208
Iurii Dolgorukii and 104
Ivan the Terrible’s reprisals (1570) 210, 260,
303
and Kiev 78, 194
kremlin (‘Detinets’) 192, 194
stone (1302) 199
walls and towers 209
lands attached to 195, 215
legal process 360, 363, 371
754
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literacy 193, 206–7
and Lithuania 147, 148, 150, 157, 176, 201–2
alliance proposed (1470) 205, 234
Lithuanian influence in 168
monasteries 209
church of Nativity in the Cemetery 209
control over 200
St Anthony 95, 197, 209
St George 95, 197, 200, 209
monastery churches 95, 197, 209
and Mongols 133, 136, 198, 199
tribute payments to khans 146, 161–2, 199
Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold at 118
and Muscovite expansion 317–19, 337
name 192
new towns 300
origins of 189–92
choice of site 191
population 302, 363, 581
posadnichestvo (governorship) 83n. 20, 194,
206
reforms (14th/15th century) 203, 204
princes of 190–1
invited or chosen 116, 190, 194, 199
judicial role 195, 199
limited powers of 193, 199, 203–5
relations with town 82, 83, 125, 136, 145,
199
prince’s residence 194, 195
regional military administration 586
relations with Tver’ 201, 233–4
relations with Vladimir and Moscow
145–8, 156, 201, 202–6
and Second False Dmitrii 422
size of villages 288n. 8
slavery in 373, 373n. 53
Slovenes as original inhabitants 47, 189
small trading centres (riady) 312
street system, paving (c.947) 192
support for Vasilii Shuiskii 422
support for Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63
and Sweden 146, 198, 199, 202
Swedish occupation (1611) 426, 487
and Teutonic Knights 176, 198, 199, 201
and Third False Dmitrii 426
Time of Troubles(c.1603–13) 2, 210
trade 133, 199
with Baltic 133, 208, 314
furs 146, 196, 312
with Hansa 161, 208
and wealth 10, 125, 146–7, 201
uprising (1207) 197
uprising (1418) 203
uprising (1650) 603–4, 610, 614
and Vasilii II 176–7, 217n. 1
Vladimir-Suzdal’ and 120
see also Gorodishche (Riurikovo
Gorodishche)
Novgorod Chancellery (chetvert’ ), legal
jurisdiction 566
Novgorod Judicial Charter 371–4
fees for judicial services 371
Muscovite influence on 371
oath-taking 372
Novgorod Severskii 218, 505
defended against False Dmitrii 411
Novobogoroditskoe, garrison at 516
Novosergeevsk, garrison at 516
Novosil’, uprising (1648–9) 603
Novosil’tsev, Luka, Russian ambassador to
Holy Roman Empire 266
Novospasskii monastery, Moscow 629
Nummens, Login, Swedish agent 604
Nur Sultan, wife of Mengli Girey of
Crimea 238
oath-taking 379
kissing the cross 372, 388
Ob, river
settlements on 329
trade depots 563
Obdor (east of Urals) 318
Obdorsk, new town 318
Odoevskii, Prince I.N. 429
Odoevskii, Prince N.I., and Ulozhenie
Commission (1649) 443, 551
Oghuz nomads, alliance with Sviatoslav 60
Oka, River 24, 491, 494
frontier fortifications 523
and settlement to south 548
Okhotsk, Fort, founded (1649) 527, 580
Old Believers 636–8, 639
and Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 607,
611, 637
mass suicides 637
and Razin revolt 611
and traditional art 660
Olearius, Adam, traveller from Holstein 33,
591, 601
Oleg, Rus’ leader (940s)
attack on Khazars 57
in Kiev 47, 191
leaves Novgorod 191
Oleg, son of Iaroslav (d.1188), in Galicia 114
Oleg, son of Sviatoslav (d.975), prince in
Derevlian lands 61, 62
755
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Oleg, son of Sviatoslav of Chernigov
(d.1115) 80, 101
and Vladimir Monomakh 89, 90, 99–100
Oleg Sviatoslavich (d.1204), of Chernigov 117,
118
Ol’ga, daughter of Iurii, wife of Iaroslav
Osmomysl 114
Ol’ga, widow of Igor’
baptism (as Helena) 58, 60
journey to Constantinople 58
and Novgorod 192
Ol’gerd, prince of Lithuania 148, 150, 166, 180
Ol’govichi
as allies of Iurii 105
ascendancy of 103, 104, 118
claims to Kiev 116
and Mstislav the Bold 120
as princes of Chernigov 107
Olisei Grechin, fresco-painter in
Novgorod 197
Oliva, Treaty of (1660) 503
oprichnina (1565–72)
historical interpretations of 259
legal immunities 375
peasants and 294
reign of terror 5, 11, 258–60, 303, 613
Ordin-Nashchokin, A.L.
as first minister (to 1671) 446
and invasion of Lithuania 502
mercantilist 545, 575
and relations with Polish Commonwealth
507
and relations with Ukrainian cossacks
508
Orekhov, Lake Ladoga, fortress at 146, 156
Orel
Second False Dmitrii in 419
skirmish with Poles at 487
Orenburg 537
Oreshek
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
‘oriental despotism’, as model for Russian
state 16
Orlov 42, 579
Orthodox Church 9–10, 242
after 1667 638–9
archimandrite (office of), Novgorod 200
church choirs 654
Councils 227
1503, on ecclesiastical discipline 227
1551 Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters)
338, 340, 342, 636; and reforms 355–6
1620 621
1649 627
1666 (deposition of Nikon) 635
1667 561, 636
crisis of leadership (1431–7) 183
and cultural links with Byzantium 37,
658
eparchies (bishoprics/archbishoprics)
93–4, 338
new 623, 638
size of 623
‘tenth men’ (administrators within
eparchies) 339, 356
and expansion of Muscovy 318
Filaret’s insistence on purity of Russian
Church 620–21
and folk practices 342, 626
and heresy 228, 229, 238, 348–51
ideology
anti-Tatar 214, 237, 238, 389
and boundaries of sacred and profane
660
of sacred kingship 8, 258–9, 262, 398
institutional structure 87, 338
1015–1125 93–4
17th century 622–4, 638, 639
Nikon’s reforms 630, 633–5
patriarchal chancelleries 620
pressure for reform 626–9
reform (16th cent) 353–7
‘tenth men’ (administrators) 339, 356
Iosifite view of Church property 351–3, 355,
364
Non-possessor faction 351, 352, 364
Ivan III and 227–9
Ivan IV and 247–9
Judaiser controversy 363
judicial immunities of 560–1
and Kievan Rus’ 127, 179
law codes (canon law) 84, 85–6, 561
legal jurisdiction 86, 380, 560, 567
and literature 657
on Christian life 354–5
printing 621–2
metropolitanate of ‘Rh
¯
osia’ (Rus’) 93, 105,
149–52, 338
and native saints 96, 125
and Old Believers 636–8, 639
patriarchal immunity (1625) 560
in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 619
popular and official practices 9, 639
popular religiosity 340–8, 359
and princely rule 66–8
756
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and princes of Moscow 151–4, 179, 182,
184–6, 389
and rejection of reunion with Rome (1438)
184, 338, 389
relations with Golden Horde 148–54, 157
and religious role of towns 305, 593–5
revenues, tithes 95, 356
rights to ownership of peasants 561
Russian patriarchate established (1589)
268–9, 357, 618
schism (from 1667) 9, 577, 595, 635–8
sign of cross 631
and state 247, 636
16th century 357–8
17th century 618
in Muscovy 213, 401
and role of patriarch 619
under Boris Godunov 269
synod (1590) 358
and Time of Troubles 358–9, 619
Ukrainian cossacks and 531, 564
and Ulozhenie (1649) 552
Uniate Church institutions 565
urban properties confiscated (1649) 629
in Vladimir-Suzdal’ 128
see also Church law; churches and
church-building; clergy; icons;
liturgy; ritual
Orthodox Church (Constantinople
patriarchate) 154
and appointment of Iona 338
and Church in Lithuania 149–2, 179,
185
and Russian Orthodox Church 618, 631
schism with Rome (1054) 91, 183
agreement with Rome (1438) 183, 338,
389
and status of Ivan IV as tsar 249, 357
Osinovik, pretender 418
Oskol, fortified town 270
Ostrih Bible (1581) 619
Ostromir Gospel (1056–7) 96
Otrep’ev, Grigorii (the First False
Dmitrii) 281, 284, 410–11
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 62
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 65
Otto of Saxony 58
Ottoman Empire
and Crimean khanate 493
and Persia 529
and Poland-Lithuania 488, 509
relations with Muscovy 234, 325–7, 486
1667–89 507–16
Azov crisis 496
in north Caucasus 256, 325, 529
trade with 235
and Ukraine 501, 510
Ottoman Turks 6
and control of Black Sea 159
fall of Constantinople to (1453) 184
threat to Byzantium 183
Oxenstierna, Count Axel 492
Pacific coast
first Russian settlement (1649) 30
Fort Okhotsk (1649) 527, 580
Pafnutii of Borovsk, St 353
paganism
animism 318
in annexed lands 320
cult of Vladimir Sviatoslavich 64
funerary practices 58, 59, 69
residual 595
rites adapted to Orthodox liturgy 341
Scandinavian gods 60
painting 641
equestrian studies 651
murals and frescos 643
in oils 649, 650
secular portraits 650, 651–3
Western influences on 661
see also icons
Paisios Ligarides, Metropolitan of Gaza 635
Paisios, Patriarch of Jerusalem 631
Pakhomii the Serb
hagiographer 340
Life of Nikon 185
Life of Sergei (1430s) 185
Paleostrovskii monastery 637
Palii, Semen, cossack colonel 514
Palitsyn, Avraamii
monk-narrator of ordeal of Trinity-Sergius
monastery 359
Skazanie of the Troubles 656
Palm Sunday ritual 405–7, 625, 642
paper-making 544
Paraskeva-Piatnitsa, St 342
Pashkov, Istoma, commander of Bolotnikov
army 416
Paterik (Paterikon) chronicles 97
Patrikeev family, Lithuanian princely
family 232, 232n. 41
Patrikeev, Prince Ivan, boyar 223, 237, 352
Patrikeev, Vassian 228, 351, 352–3
patrimonialism, as model of Rus’ian and
Muscovite states 17
757
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689
Edited by Maureen Perrie
Index
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