Pendergast T., Pendergast S. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Volume 5: U-Z

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READING LIST ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

242

Norton, Anne. Republic of Signs: Liberal Theory and American

Popular Culture. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Nye, Russel B. The Unembarrassed Muse: The Popular Arts in

America. New York, Dial Press, 1970.

———, editor. New Dimensions in Popular Culture. Bowling Green,

Ohio, Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1972.

Radway, Janice. Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and

Popular Literature. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina

Press, 1984.

Root, Robert L. The Rhetorics of Popular Culture: Advertising,

Advocacy, and Entertainment. Westport, Connecticut, Green-

wood Press, 1987.

Ross, Andrew. No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New

York, Routledge, 1989.

Schroeder, Fred E. H., editor. Twentieth-Century Popular Culture in

Museums and Libraries. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green

State University Popular Press, 1981.

Seldes, Gilbert. The Seven Lively Arts. New York and London, Harper

and Brothers, 1924.

Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and

Myth. 1950. Reprint, New York, Vintage, 1957.

Stanton, Frank Nicholas. Mass Media and Mass Culture. New York,

Columbia Broadcasting System, 1962.

Storey, John. An Introductory Guide to Cultural Theory and Popular

Culture. Athens, University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Susman, Warren. Culture as History: The Transformation of Ameri-

can Society in the Twentieth Century. New York, Pantheon, 1984.

Toll, Robert C. The Entertainment Machine: American Show Busi-

ness in the Twentieth Century. New York, Oxford University

Press, 1989.

Ulanov, Barry. The Two Worlds of American Art: The Private and the

Popular. New York, Macmillan, 1965.

Warshow, Robert. The Immediate Experience: Movies, Comics,

Theatre, and Other Aspects of Popular Culture. Garden City, New

York, Doubleday, 1964.

Wertheim, Arthur Frank, editor. American Popular Culture: A His-

torical Bibliography. Santa Barbara, California, ABC-Clio Infor-

mation Services, 1984.

White, David Manning, and John Pendleton, editors. Popular Cul-

ture: Mirror of American Life. Del Mar, California, Publisher’s

Inc., 1977.

Whiting, Cecile. A Taste for Pop: Pop Art, Gender, and Consumer

Culture. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University

Press, 1997.

Williams, Martin T. Hidden in Plain Sight: An Examination of the

American Arts. New York, Oxford University Press, 1992.

Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 1780-1950. London, Chatto

and Windus, 1960.

Wilmeth, Don B. American and English Popular Entertainment: A

Guide to Information Sources. Detroit, Gale Research, 1980.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

245

The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the photographs included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and

magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Detroit Public Library, the

Library of Congress, the University of Detroit Mercy Library, Wayne State University Purdy/Kresge Library Complex, and the University of

Michigan Libraries for making their resources available to us. Every effort has been made to trace copyright, but if omissions have been made,

please bring them to the attention of the editors. The following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce

material in the St. James Encylopedia of Popular Culture as well as from where said resources were received:

Al Pearce. Richard Petty.

American Automobile Association. Cadillac; Corvette; Edsel; Model T.

Andy Warhol Foundation, Inc./Art Resource, New York. Andy Warhol.

Apple Paperbacks. R. L. Stine/Apple Paperbacks is a registered trademark of Scholastic Inc. Goosebumps is a registered trademark of Parachute

AP/Wide World Photos. Hank Aaron; Academy Awards; The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet; Advertising; Aerobics; Alabama; Marv Albert;

Alan Alda; Muhammad Ali; Alice; All in the Family; Steve Allen; Luther Allison; Robert Altman; Morey Amsterdam; The Amos ‘n’ Andy Show;

Amtrak; Marian Anderson; The Andy Grifﬁth Show; Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas Senate Hearings; Henry Armstrong; Louis Armstrong; Bea

Arthur; Arthur Ashe; Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers; Chet Atkins; Frankie Avalon; Back to the Future; The Bad News Bears; Josephine Baker;

Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye; James Baldwin; Hank Ballard; Ballet; Barbie; Batman; Beanie Babies; The Beastie Boys; Candice Bergen; Ingrid

Bergman; Sandra Bernhard; Leonard Bernstein; Yogi Berra; The Big Apple; Larry Bird; Black Panthers; Black Sabbath; Blade Runner; Ruben

Blades; Mel Blanc; Blaxploitation Films; Judy Blume; Body Decoration; Bonnie and Clyde; Victor Borge; Boston Marathon/Winslow Townson;

Boston Strangler; Boxing/Nick Ut; Brat Pack; Tom Brokaw; Mel Brooks; Jim Brown; Jimmy Buffet; Ted Bundy; Burlesque; Ken Burns; William

S. Burroughs; Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid; Cabbage Patch Kids; Cab Calloway; Candid Camera; Eddie Cantor; Dale Carnegie; The Cars;

Dick Cavett; Celebrity Caricature; Celebrity Caricature; Wilt Chamberlain; Charlie’s Angels; Cheech and Chong; The Chicago Seven; Child

Stars; Chinatown; Christo; Chrysler Building; City Lights/United Artists; Civil Rights Movement; Dick Clark; Montgomery Clift; Rosemary

Clooney; Ty Cobb; Coca-Cola; Communes; Perry Como; Condoms; Coney Island; Jimmy Connors; Sam Cooke; James J. Corbett; The Cosby

Show; Cindy Crawford; Jim Croce; Bing Crosby; Crosby, Stills, and Nash; Bill Dana; Charlie Daniels; Death of a Salesman; The Deer Hunter;

Ellen DeGeneres; Cecil B. DeMille; Department Stores; Devo; Bo Diddley; Babe Didrickson; Marlene Dietrich; Joe DiMaggio; Diners; Disc

Jockeys; Disney (Walt Disney Company); Divine; E. L. Doctorow; Fats Domino; Phil Donahue; Donovan; The Doors; Double Indemnity; Drag

Racing; Dr. Seuss; Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb; Drag; Dream Team; Isadora Duncan; Bob Dylan;

Dynasty; Ebony; Ralph Edwards; Emmy Awards; ER; Julius ‘‘Dr. J’’ Erving; ESPN; E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial; The Everly Brothers; Fantasy

Island; Farm Aid; Farrah Fawcett; José Feliciano; Feminism; Stepin Fetchit; Fiddler on the Roof; Sally Field; W. C. Fields; Eddie Fisher; Peggy

Fleming; Flipper; Henry Fonda; Tennessee Ernie Ford; George Foreman; Jodie Foster; Frankenstein; Frazier; Freedom Rides; Nancy Friday;

Friends; Annette Funicello; The Fugitive; Gambling; Ava Gardner; Marvin Gaye; Gentlemen Prefer Blondes; Richard Gere; Ghettos; Althea

Gibson; Bob Gibson; Mel Gibson; Gilligan’s Island; Allen Ginsberg; Arthur Godfrey; Rube Goldberg; Whoopi Goldberg; Berry Gordy; John

Gotti; Betty Grable; Bill Graham; Martha Graham; Amy Grant; Cary Grant; Zane Grey; Merv Grifﬁn; Matt Groening; Grunge; Gulf War; Merle

Haggard; Haight-Ashbury; Hair; Hairstyles; Hairstyles (b); W. C. Handy; Howard Hawks; Rita Hayworth; Hee Haw; Hello, Dolly!; Hell’s

Angels; Hippies; Abbie Hoffman; Dustin Hoffman; Hulk Hogan; Hogan’s Heroes; William Holden; Edward Hopper; Hot Rods; L. Ron Hubbard;

Rock Hudson; Helen Hunt; Hustler; John Huston; I Dream of Jeanie; I Love Lucy; Ice-T; Indianapolis 500; Iran Contra; Ironman Triathlon; The

Jackson Five; Jesse Jackson; Mahalia Jackson; Michael Jackson; Reggie Jackson; James Bond Films; Jefferson Airplane/Starship; The Jeffersons;

Earvin ‘‘Magic’’ Johnson; Bobby Jones; Tom Jones; Michael Jordan; Florence Grifﬁth Joyner; Raúl Juliá; Boris Karloff; Casey Kasem; Garrison

Keillor; Harvey Keitel; Gene Kelly; Key West; Albert King; Billie Jean King; Carol King; Rodney King; Stephen King; The Kingston Trio; Evel

Knievel; Kojak; David Koresh and the Branch Davidians; Sandy Koufax; Alan Ladd; Ricki Lake; Veronica Lake; Louis L’Amour; k.d. lang; The

Larry Sanders Show; Tommy Lasorda; Lassie; Laugh-In; Ralph Lauren; Leadbelly; Norman Lear; Timothy Leary; Led Zeppelin; Spike Lee; Tom

Lehrer; Sugar Ray Leonard; Sergio Leone; Leopold and Loeb; Les Miserables; Carl Lewis; Jerry Lee Lewis; Roy Lichtenstein; Little League;

Little Richard; Lollapalooza; The Lone Ranger; Joe Louis; Lucky Luciano; Loretta Lynn; Moms Mabley; Fred MacMurray; Maﬁa/Organized

Crime; Malcolm X; Mall of America; Malls; The Mamas and the Papas; Manhattan Transfer; Charlie Manson; Mariachi Music; Dean Martin;

Steve Martin; Martini; Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman; M*A*S*H; Maude; Willie Mays; McCarthyism; John McEnroe; Reba McEntire; John

Mellencamp; Miami Vice; The Mickey Mouse Club; Microsoft; Bette Midler; Militias; Harvey Milk; Miss America Pageant; Mister Ed; Joni

Mitchell; Modern Times; Monday Night Football; Earl ‘‘The Pearl’’ Monroe; Marilyn Monroe; Joe Montana; Demi Moore; Rita Moreno; Alanis

Morissette; Mr. Smith Goes to Washington; Anne Murray; Arthur Murray; Muscle Cars; Joe Namath; New Age Music; The New Kids on the

Block; Nightline; 1968 Mexico City Summer Olympic Games; Rudolph Nureyev; Georgia O’Keefe; Oklahoma!; Laurence Olivier; On the

Waterfront; Shaquille O’Neal; Roy Orbison; Rosa Parks; Patton; Walter Payton; Minnie Pearl; Peep Shows; Perry Mason; Michelle Pfeiffer; The

Phantom of the Opera; The Pittsburgh Steelers; The Pointer Sisters; Iggy Pop; Pornography; Cole Porter; Promise Keepers; Richard Pryor; Tito

Puente; Punk/Wide World Photos; Queen for a Day; Queen Latifah; Gertrude ‘‘Ma’’ Rainey; The Ramones; Ronald Reagan; Robert Redford;

R.E.M.; Burt Reynolds; Ripley’s Believe It Or Not; Geraldo Rivera; Joan Rivers; Julia Roberts; Paul Robeson; Jackie Robinson; Smokey

Robinson; Sugar Ray Robinson; Gene Roddenberry; Dennis Rodman; Kenny Rogers; Roy Rogers; Esther Rolle; The Rolling Stones; Romance

Novels; Roots; Julius and Ethel Rosenberg; Diana Ross and the Supremes; Route 66; Run-DMC; RuPaul; Babe Ruth; Meg Ryan; Safe Sex;

Sanford and Son; Saturday Night Live; Schindler’s List; Dr. Laura Schlessinger; Julian Schnabel; Pete Seeger; Serial Killers; Sesame Street; Sex

Scandals; Shaft; Tupac Shakur; Bugsy Siegel; Simon and Garfunkel; Neil Simon; O. J. Simpson; Simpson Trial; Frank Sinatra; Sinbad; Siskel and

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

246

Ebert; 60 Minutes; Skateboarding; Skating; Kate Smith; Jimmy Smits; The Smothers Brothers; Snoop Doggy Dogg; Sonny and Cher; Soul Music;

John Philip Sousa; Mark Spitz; Jerry Springer; Sputnik; Sylvester Stallone; Star Wars; Roger Staubach; George Steinbrenner; Howard Stern;

George Strait; Meryl Streep; A Streetcar Named Desire; Barbra Streisand; Strip Joints/Striptease; Marty Stuart; Oliver Stone; Studio 54; Suburbia;

Donna Summer; Superman; Supermodels; Jimmy Swaggart; Talk Radio; Teen Idols; Tennis; This Is Your Life; Danny Thomas; The Three

Stooges; To Tell the Truth; Today; Tokyo Rose; The Tonight Show; Spencer Tracy; Ted Turner; Mike Tyson; Johnny Unitas; Van Halen; Vivian

Vance; The Velvet Underground; Victoria’s Secret; Wal-Mart; Barbara Walters; Denzel Washington; Watergate; Ethel Waters; Muddy Waters;

The Weavers; Jack Webb; Lawrence Welk; Orson Welles; What’s My Line?; Whiskey A Go Go; Barry White; George F. Will; Andy Williams;

Hank Williams; Robin Williams; Flip Wilson; Oprah Winfrey; Stevie Wonder; Tiger Woods; Woodstock; World Series; World War I; World War

II; Yanni; ‘‘Weird Al’’ Yankovic; Your Hit Parade; Your Show of Shows; Frank Zappa; ZZ Top.

Archive Photos, Inc. Cannonball Adderley/Frank Driggs Collection; Altamont/William L. Rukeyser; American Bandstand; Amusement Parks;

Mario Andretti; Annie Hall; Apocalypse Now; Fatty Arbuckle; Ed Asner; Dan Aykroyd/NBC; George Balanchine; The Band; Barney Miller; The

Beatles; Warren Beatty; Bellbottoms; Milton Berle; John Belushi/NBC; Busby Berkely/Popperfoto; The Beverly Hillbillies; Beverly Hills 90210/

Fotos International; Bewitched; The Blackboard Jungle; The Blob; Blackface Minstrelsy; Blue Velvet; Blues/Frank Driggs Collection; The Blues

Brothers; Board Games/Lamber; Bowling; Boy Scouts; Terry Bradshaw/Sporting News; Breakfast at Tiffany’s; Bringing Up Baby; David

Brinkley; Lenny Bruce; Buffalo Springﬁeld; Dick Butkus/Sporting News; Butterﬂy McQueen; Cagney & Lacey, photograph by Cliff Lipson/

Fotos International; Camping/Lamber; Steve Carlton/Photo File; Hoagy Carmichael; Carnegie Hall; The Carpenters; Carter Family/Frank Driggs

Collection; Cassette Tape/Douglas or Connie Corry; David Cassidy/Peter Borsari; Century 21 Exposition; Central Park/Gerald Israel; Chevy

Chase/NBC; Chubby Checker; Cheerleading; Cheers; Clifton Chenier/Joseph A. Rosen; Patsy Cline; College Fads; The Commodores; Joan

Crawford; Creedence Clearwater Revival; Robert Crumb; Davy Crockett; Dallas; Doris Day; Daytona 500; Jack Dempsey/American Stock; John

Denver, photograph by Deborah Feingold; Diana, Princess of Wales/Newsphotos/Press Association; Diff’rent Strokes/NBC; Dime Store;

Dixieland Music; Larry Doby/Photo File; Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey/American Stock; Leo Durocher; Wayne Dyer, photograph by Frank Capri/

SHGG; Electric Appliances/Photo File; Electric Guitar; Cory Everson/Agron; Fabian; Family Matters/Foto International; Fantasia; William

Faulkner, photograph by Neil Boenzi/New York Times; Firearms; A Fistful of Dollars; Ella Fitzgerald/Frank Driggs Collection; The Flying Nun;

Connie Francis, photograph by Ken Settle; Forrest Gump/Fotos International; 42nd Street; Freaks; Friday the 13th; Lou Gehrig; Gibson Girl/

American Stock; Girl Groups/Frank Driggs Collection; Jackie Gleason; Samuel Goldwyn; Benny Goodman; Good Times; GoodFellas; Gossip

Columns; The Graduate; The Grateful Dead; Harry Greb/American Stock; Graham Greene; John Grisham/Capri/Saga; Gymnastics; Dorothy

Hamill; Happy Days/ABC Television; Hare Krishna; Harley-Davidson/Crady von Pawlak; Hawaii Five-O; John Havlichek; Hugh Heffner/

McNeely; Jimi Hendrix; Hercules: The Legendary Journeys; Ernest Hemingway; High Noon; Hill Street Blues/American Stock; Alfred

Hitchcock; Billie Holiday; Buddy Holly; Hollywood, photograph by Michael Guthrie/Michael Guthrie; Hollywood Squares; The Honeymooners;

Hopalong Cassidy; Hot Dogs/Lamber; The Howdy Doody Show; Hot Pants, photograph by McNeely/McNeely; Howlin’ Wolf/McNeely; Howard

Hughes; Tab Hunter; Ice Cream Cone, photograph by Dan Coleman/Dan Coleman; Iron Maiden/McNeely; Ivy League/McNeely; Jaws; The Jazz

Singer; Jesus Christ Superstar; JFK; Blind Willie Johnson/Frank Driggs Collection; Janis Joplin; Scott Joplin; Louis Jordan; Andy Kaufman;

Buster Keaton; Grace Kelly; Keystone Kops/American Stock; Larry King/Lee; Kitsch/Ace or Adrian Bradshaw; Knots Landing; Gene Krupa; Jake

LaMotta/Popperfoto; Burt Lancaster; Cyndi Lauper/Popperfoto; Leave It to Beaver; Bruce Lee; Gypsy Rose Lee; Peggy Lee; Jay Leno/

Hammond; Elmore Leonard; Liberace; Sonny Liston; Andrew Lloyd-Webber; Guy Lombardo; Bela Lugosi; Jimmie Lunceford/Frank Driggs

Collection; Lynching; Lynyrd Skynyrd; The Maltese Falcon; The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance; Jayne Mansﬁeld; Mickey Mantle; Mardi Gras;

Marijuana, photograph by Joan Slatkin/Joan Slatkin; Bob Marley/Express Newspapers; Marshall McLuhan, photograph by Bernard Gotfryd;

Johnny Mathis; Meet Me in St. Louis; Midnight Cowboy; Glenn Miller/Frank Driggs; Roger Miller; Mission: Impossible; Mister Rogers’

Neighborhood/Family Communications, Inc.; Mod; The Monkees/Frank Driggs Collection; Bill Monroe/Frank Driggs Collection; Mork &

Mindy; Motown; Murder, She Wrote; Eddie Murphy/NBC; Bill Murray; Edward R. Murrow; Mutiny on the Bounty/American Stock; My So Called

Life; The New York Yankees; North by Northwest; Kim Novak/Express Newspapers; The Odd Couple; Rosie O’Donnell; The Outer Limits; Buck

Owens; Al Pacino/Grant; William S. Paley; Charlie Parker; Les Paul/Les Paul; Pearl Jam; Pepsi-Cola; Ross Perot; Peyton Place/ABC Television;

Plastic; Polyester, photograph by Lambert/Lamber; Popsicles; The Postman Always Rings Twice; Prince; Psychedelia/Blank Archives; Gilda

Radner/NBC; Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy; Rambo; Rear Window; Steve Reeves; Charlie Rich/Fotos International; Cal Ripken, Jr.; Frank

Robinson; The Rockettes; Knute Rockne; Roller Coasters; Pete Rose; Roseanne; Nolan Ryan/Photo File; Saks Fifth Avenue; Saturday Night

Fever; Savoy Ballroom; Martin Scorcese; Sedona, Arizona; Selena; Rod Serling; The Shirelles/Fotos International; The Silence of the Lambs/Ken

Regan/Fotos International; Paul Simon; The Six Million Dollar Man; Skyscrapers/Lamber; Sly and the Family Stone; Some Like It Hot; Spice

Girls/Popperfoto; Starsky and Hutch/Frank Edwards/Fotos International; Steven Spielberg; Bruce Springsteen/Popperfoto; Bart Starr/Sporting

News; State Fairs; Gloria Steinem; Ray Stevens; Jimmy Stewart; Streaking/Russell Reif; Ed Sullivan; Lynn Swann/Sporting News; Swimming

Pools; Swing Dancing; Taxi; Teddy Bears/Express Newspapers; Shirley Temple/Popperfoto; The Temptations; Tennis Shoes/Sneakers/Ed Carlin;

The Terminator; Bobby Thompson/Photo File; Hunter S. Thompson, photograph by Darlene Hammond; Three’s Company; The Titanic; Lily

Tomlin; Tootsie; Tora! Tora! Tora!; Mel Torme; Tramps; John Travolta; The Treasure of the Sierra Madre/Blank Archives; Twiggy/Popperfoto;

2 Live Crew/SAGA; Tupperware; Ike and Tina Turner, photograph by Frank Driggs/McNeely; TV Dinners; Dick Van Dyke; Vanilla Ice,

photograph by Bob Scott; Video Games; Vietnam; Volkswagen Beetle; Aaron ‘‘T-Bone’’ Walker/Frank Driggs Collection; Junior Walker and the

All Stars/Frank Driggs; The Waltons; The Washington Post; John Waters, Nancy Rica Schiff/SAGA; Wayne’s World/Suzanne Tenner/Fotos

International; Chic Webb/Frank Driggs Collection; Wedding Dress/Lamber; Welcome Back, Kotter; Kitty Wells/Frank Driggs Collection; The

Who; The Wild One; Hank Williams, Sr.; Bruce Willis; The Wolfman; Wolfman Jack; World War II; Richard Wright; Cy Young/Photo File;

Ziegfeld Follies.

Arte Publico Press Archives, University of Houston. Freddie Prinze.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

247

ASUCLA Photography. John Wooden.

Buckeye Invitational. Barbershop Quartets, photograph by Clark Hanmer.

Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc. Philip K. Dick, c. 1987.

CORBIS. Edward Abbey/Jonathan Blair; Kareem Abdul-Jabbar/Bettmann; American Gothic/Bettmann Association, Inc. for Grant Wood,

reproduced by permission of the Visual Artists and Galleries; Andy Hardy/Bettmann; Annie Get Your Gun/Bettmann; Apple Computer/Bettmann;

Aunt Jemima; Bruce Barton; Baseball Cards/Lake County Museum; Rex Beach, photograph by Harris; Beer, photograph by Thomas A. Kelly and

Gail Moon/Karl Kowall; Betty Boop, photograph by Joseph Sohm/Joseph Sohm, ChromoSohm Inc.; Billboards, photograph by Arthur Rothstein;

Blondie (comic strip); Bob and Ray/Bettmann; Bodybuilding; Bra/Bettmann; Broadway/Bettmann; The Brooklyn Dodgers/Bettmann; Paul

Brown/Bettmann; Budweiser, photograph by Tony Arruza/Tony Arruza; Bumper Stickers, photograph by Joseph Sohm/Joseph Sohm,

ChromoSohm Inc.; Héctor ‘‘Macho’’ Camacho, photograph by Michael Brennan/Michael Brennan; Century of Progress (Chicago, 1933)/Lake

County Museum; Christmas; Civil War Reenactors, photograph by Kevin Fleming/Kevin Fleming; CNN, photograph by Mark Gibson/Mark

Gibson; Coffee, photograph by Stuart Westmorland/Stuart Westmorland; Coors, photograph by Joseph Sohm/Joseph Sohm, ChromoSohm Inc.;

Norman Corwin/Bettmann-UPI; Bill Cosby/Bettmann; Cosmopolitan, photograph by Stephanie Maze/Stephanie Maze; The Cotton Club/

Bettmann; Jeffrey Dahmer, photograph by Allen Fredrickson Stringer/Reuters; The Dallas Cowboys, photograph by Sergio Carmona/S. Carmona;

The Day the Earth Stood Still; Days of Our Lives; The Dead Kennedys, photograph by Roger Ressmeyer/Roger Ressmeyer; Debutantes/Seattle

Post-Intelligencer Collection Museum of History & Industry; Dime Novels/Ted Streshinsky; Doc Savage/Bettmann; Roberto Duran/Bettmann;

Ebbets Field/Bettmann; Erector Sets; Chris Evert/Bettmann; FBI/Bettmann; Flea Markets, photograph by Gail Mooney/Gail Mooney; Folk

Music/Bettmann; French Fries, photograph by Lois Ellen Frank/Lois Ellen Frank; Kinky Friedman/Will Van Overbeek; Gangs, photograph by

Daniel Lainé/Daniel Lainé; General Hospital/Bettmann; GI Joe, photograph by Michael Reed/M. M. H. Reed; Golden Gate Bridge/Kevin

Schafer; Graceland, photograph by Kevin Fleming/Kevin Fleming; Grafﬁti, photograph by David Robinson/David Robinson; Greenpeace,

photograph by Martial Dosdane/AFB; Greyhound Buses/Bettmann; Marvelous Marvin Hagler/Bettmann; Hamburger, photograph by Philip

Gould/Philip Gould; Hanna-Barbera/Bettmann; Harlem Globetrotters, photograph by Charles Harris/Pittsburgh Courier Photographics; Dennis

Hopper, photograph by Catherine Karnow/Catherine Karnow; Horror Movies/Bettmann; Ina Ray Hutton; It Happened One Night/John Springer;

Jet Skis, photograph by Todd Gipstein/Todd Gipstein; Juke Boxes/Bettmann; Kewpie Dolls/Underwood & Underwood; Bobby Knight,

photograph by Sue Ogrocki/Bettmann-UPI; Stan Lee; Benny Leonard/Bettmann; Levi’s/Carl Corey; Rush Limbaugh/Bettmann Archive; Vince

Lombardi/Bettmann; Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis, 1904), photograph by Keystone View Company; Low Riders, photograph by

Macduff Everton/Macduff Everton; Macy’s/Karl Kowall; MAD Magazine, photograph by Jacques M. Chenet/Jacques M. Chenet; John Madden/

Bettman-UPI; Winsor McCay/Bettmann-UPI; McDonald’s/Bettmann; Rachel McLish/Neal Preston; Minstrel Shows; The Mod Squad/Bettmann;

Mother’s Day/Hulton-Deutsch Collection; Movie Palaces/Bettmann; MTV, photograph by Jan Butchofsky-Houser/Jan Butchofsky-Houser;

Neckties, photograph by David Tullis/Bettmann-UPI; The New York Times/Bettmann; Olympics, photograph by Wally McNamee/Wally

McNamee; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis/Bettmann; One Day at a Time/Bettmann; Ouija Boards/Bettmann; Pants for Women/Bettmann;

Pantyhose/Bettmann; Pee-wee’s Playhouse/Neal Preston; Phonograph/Bettmann; Playboy/Bettmann; Elvis Presley/Bettmann; Prom/Bettmann;

Public Enemy/Bettmann; Dan Rather/Bettmann; Rebel without a Cause/Bettmann; Otis Redding/Bettmann; Reggae, photograph by Henry Diltz/

Henry Diltz; Ringling Bros., Barnum & Bailey Circus, photograph by Sheldan Collins/Sheldan Collins; Rockefeller Family/Bettmann; Chi Chi

Rodriguez/Bettmann; Bill Russel/Bettmann; Barry Sanders, photograph by John G. Mabanglo/AFP; Eugen Sandow/Bettmann; The Saturday

Evening Post, photograph by Lewis W. Hine; Science Fiction Publishing/Bettmann; Sears Roebuck Catalogue/Bettmann; Frank Shorter/

Bettmann; Slinky/Bettmann; Soul Train/Neal Preston; Mickey Spillane/Bettmann; Stadium Concerts/Neal Preston; Amos Alonzo Stagg; Stand-

up Comedy/David Turnley; Stetson Hat, photograph by Marc Garanger/Marc Garanger; Tanning/Nik Wheeler; Tarzan/Bettmann; Televangelism,

photograph by Philip Gould/Bettmann; Trailer Parks/Jonathan Blair; Al Unser/Bettmann; Fernando Valenzuela, photograph by Neal Preston/Neal

Preston; Vampires/Bettmann; Vaudeville/Underwood & Underwood; Madame C. J. Walker/Underwood & Underwood; Whistler’s Mother/

Bettmann; George Winston/Bettmann-UPI; Works Progress Administration (WPA) Murals; World Cup, photograph by Neal Preston/Neal

Preston; World Wrestling Federation, photograph by Earl Kowall/Karl Kowall; Yellowstone National Park/John Noble.

Del Valle Gallery. Dracula.

Dona Ann McAdams. Performance Artists.

E. R. Burroughs, Inc. Edgar Rice Burroughs.

Fisk University Library. Harry Belafonte; Satchel Paige.

Fortean Picture Library. Baywatch; The Bionic Woman; Close Encounters of the Third Kind; Cowboy Look; Easy Rider; Married . . . with

Children; The Mary Tyler Moore Show; The Love Boat; UFOs.

Gale Group. Stock-Car Racing, photograph by Dennis Winn.

Girl Scouts of the USA. Girls Scouts.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

248

Greater Toledo Convention & Visitors Bureau. Zoos.

rights reserved.

Houghton Mifﬂin Company. Curious George.

IBM. IBM.

Jack Vartoogian. Beach Boys; Robert Cray; Vic Damone; Miles Davis; Buddy Guy; Herbie Hancock; John Lee Hooker; Jazz; B. B. King; Curtis

Mayﬁeld; Reggae; Ricky Skaggs.

Jane Addams Memorial Collection, Special Collections, University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago. Jane Addams.

Jerry Bauer. Michael Crichton, photograph by Jerry Bauer.

Ken Regan. Bobby Hull, photograph by Ken Regan.

Ken Settle. AC/DC; Joan Baez; Tony Bennet; Clint Black; Bon Jovi; Garth Brooks, photograph by Ken Settle; Jackson Browne; Alice Cooper;

Nanci Grifﬁth; Waylon Jennings; Elton John; George Jones; Judas Priest; KISS; Los Lobos; Courtney Love; Madonna; Martha and the Vandellas;

Mötley Crüe; Willie Nelson; Ozzy Osbourne; Dolly Parton; Lou Reed; Salt-n-Pepa; Patti Smith; Sun Records; Stevie Ray Vaughan; Tammy

Wynette; Neil Young.

Kmart Corporation. Kmart.

Kobal Collection Alien; American Grafﬁti; Ben Hur; The Big Sleep; The Birth of a Nation; Humphrey Bogart; The Brady Bunch; The Bridge on

the River Kwai; Charles Bronson; James Cagney; Catch-22; Citizen Kane; A Clockwork Orange; Gary Cooper; Kevin Costner; Tom Cruise,

photograph by Murray Close; Bo Diddley; Disaster Movie; Clint Eastwood; The Exorcist; Douglas Fairbanks Jr.; Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.; Field of

Dreams; Errol Flynn; Harrison Ford; Frankenstein; The French Connection; From Here to Eternity; Lillian Gish; Godzilla; Gone with the Wind;

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Produzioni Europee Associate; The Grapes of Wrath; Greed; Buddy Hackett; Halloween; Tom Hanks,

photograph by David James; How the West Was Won; I Love Lucy; It Happened One Night; It’s a Wonderful Life; Peter Jennings; King Kong; Hedy

Lamarr; National Lampoon; Lawrence of Arabia; Jerry Lewis; The Magniﬁcent Seven; The Marx Brothers; Steve McQueen; Bob Newhart; Night

of the Living Dead; One Flew Over the Cukoo’s Nest; Gregory Peck; The Philadelphia Story, photograph by James Stewart; Planet of the Apes;

Platoon; Psycho; Pulp Fiction, photograph by Linda R. Chen; Raging Bull; Raiders of the Lost Ark; Rocky; Rocky Horror Picture Show; Arnold

Schwarzenegger; George C. Scott; Randolph Scott; Scream, photograph by David M. Moir, Miramax; Seinfeld; Shane; Showboat; Red Skelton;

The Sound of Music; South Paciﬁc; Spartacus; Stagecoach; Star Trek; Taxi Driver; The Ten Commandments; The Thing; To Kill a Mockingbird;

Lana Turner; 2001: A Space Odyssey; Unforgiven; Rudolph Valentino; Vertigo; War Movies; John Wayne; Mae West; West Side Story; The Wild

Bunch; The Western; The Wizard of Oz; Yankee Doodle Dandy; The X-Files.

Library of Congress. Advice Columns; Alvin Ailey; Ashcan School; Isaac Asimov; Charles Atlas; Automobile; Lucille Ball; Mikail

Baryshnikov; Baseball; Count Basie; Jack Benny; Irving Berlin; Chuck Berry; Clara Bow; Marlon Brando; Dr. Joyce Brothers; James Brown;

Brownie Cameras (Kodak); Paul ‘‘Bear’’ Bryant; Al Capone; Truman Capote; George Carlin; Johnny Carson; Enrico Caruso; Johnny Cash;

Charlie Chaplin; Ray Charles; Agatha Christie; Buffalo Bill Cody and His Wild West Show; Nat ‘‘King’’ Cole; John Coltrane; Convertibles;

Howard Cosell; Father Charles E. Coughlin; James Dean; John Dillinger; W. E. B. DuBois; Albert Einstein; Duke Ellington, photographed by

Gordon Parks; Empire State Building; Evangelism; Father Divine; Flapper Girl, photograph by C. W. Turner; Jane Fonda; Bob Fosse; Sigmund

Freud; Robert Frost; Clark Gable; Judy Garland; Gas Stations; Billy Graham; Great Depression; Green Bay Packers; Dick Gregory; D.W. Grifﬁth;

Woody Guthrie; Bill Haley/NYWTS; Hallmark Hall of Fame; Dashiell Hammett; William Randolph Hearst; Audrey Hepburn; Woody Herman;

Highway System; Alger Hiss; J. Edgar Hoover; Lena Horne; Harry Houdini; Gordie Howe; Lee Iacocca; The Indian; George Jessel; Jack Johnson;

Al Jolson; Dr. Alfred Kinsey; Ku Klux Klan; John Lennon; Charles Lindbergh; Walter Lippman; Jack London; Huey Long; Henry Luce; Aimee

Semple Macpherson; Rocky Marciano; Paul McCartney; Hattie McDaniel; Bernarr McFadden, photograph by F. W. Guerin; H. L. Mencken;

Arthur Miller; Margaret Mitchell; Tom Mix; Mr. Dooley; Ralph Nader; Jack Nicklaus; Eugene O’Neill; Bobby Orr; Jesse Owens/NYWTS;

Norman Vincent Peale; Mary Pickford; Sidney Poitier; Jackson Pollock/Reproduced by permission of Artists Rights Society, Inc.; Pop Art; Dan

Quayle; Radio; Norman Rockwell, photograph by Underwood & Underwood; Carl Sagan; Charles Schultz; Scopes Monkey Trial; Peter Sellers;

Sex and the Single Girl; Stephen Sondheim; Dr. Benjamin Spock; State Fairs; Leopold Stokowski; John L. Sullivan, photograph by J. M. Mora;

Billy Sunday; Booth Tarkington; Elizabeth Taylor; Television Anchors; J. R. R. Tolkien; Tennessee Williams.

Louisville and Jefferson County Convention & Visitors Bureau. Kentucky Derby.

Mary E. Yeomans/IBMA. Bluegrass, photograph by Mary E. Yeomans.

Mayor’s Ofﬁce of Special Events, City of Chicago. Country Music, reproduced by permission of RS Entertainment for Ricky Skaggs.

Michael Ochs Archives Ltd. Steppenwolf.

Miller Brewing Company. Miller Beer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

249

Museum of the City of New York, Archive Photos. Musical.

Nancy Ann Lee. Dizzy Gillespie.

National Archives and Records Administration. Roberto Clemente; Prohibition; Lee Trevino; War Bonds.

National Museum of American Art/Art Resource, New York. Andrew Wyeth.

Nevada Commission on Tourism. Hoover Dam.

Putnam Inc.

NYS Department of Economic Development. Niagra Falls.

NYWTS/The Library of Congress. Cigarettes, photograph by Fred Palumbo; Sarah Vaughan, photograph by James J. Kriegsmann.

Oklahoma Tourism. Will Rogers, sculpture by Electra A. Waggoner, Claremore, Oklahoma, Fred Marvel.

Otto Penzler. Black Mask.

Photo Researchers, Inc. Gay Liberation Movement.

reserved. Reproduced by permission of Pocket Books, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Rapid City Convention & Visitors Bureau. Mount Rushmore.

Rene Dahinden/Fortean Picture Library. Bigfoot, photograph by Patterson and Gimlin/Rene Dahinden 1967, reproduced by permission of

Rene Dahinden.

Reuters. Abortion/Bruce Young/Archive Photos, Inc.; David Bowie/Jeff Christensen/Archive Photos, Inc.; Cats/Mike Segar/Archive Photos,

Inc.; Chicago Bulls/Steve Wilson/Archive Photos, Inc.; John Elway/Mike Blake/Archive Photos, Inc.; Michael Johnson/Archive Photos; Jurassic

Park/(c) Archive Photos, 530 West 25th St., New York, New York 10001; Tom Landry/Eggitt/Archive Photos, Inc.; Las Vegas/Corbis-Bettmann;

Legos/Michael Crabtree/Archive Photos, Inc.; Monica Lewinsky/Ho/Archive Photos, Inc.; Marlboro Man/Robb Wright/Archive Photos, Inc.;

Nirvana, photograph by Lee Celano/(c) Archive Photos, 530 West 25th St., New York, New York 10001; Edward James Olmos/Steve Grayson/

Archive Photos, Inc.; The Pope/Luciano Mellace/Archive Photos, Inc.; Pat Robertson, photograph by Steve Jaffe/(c) Archive Photos, 530 West

25th St., New York, New York 10001; Roswell Incident/Andrew Hay/Archive Photos, Inc.; Starbucks/Andrew Wong/Archive Photos, Inc.;

Kenneth Starr/Jeff Mitchell/Archive Photos, Inc.; Jesse ‘‘The Body’’ Ventura/Eric Miller/Archive Photos, Inc.

Rink Foto. AIDS.

Ken Settle. Heavy Metal.

Swedish Information Service. Greta Garbo.

Taco Bell Corp. Fast Food.

Thomas Victor.

United Artists. Woody Allen; The Manchurian Candidate/Archive Photos, Inc.

United Press International. Harry Caray/Corbis-Bettman; Emile Coué; Ford Motor Company/Corbis-Bettman; A. J. Foyt/Corbis-Bettman;

Greenwich Village/Corbis-Bettman; Wayne Gretzky; Hockey; Jogging/Corbis-Bettman; John Jakes/Corbis-Bettman; Jonestown/Corbis-Bett-

man; Hans von Kaltenborn/Corbis-Bettman; Jack LaLanne/Corbis-Bettman; David Letterman/Bettmann; Levittown/Corbis-Bettman; C. S.

Lewis/Corbis-Bettman; Barry Manilow/Corbis-Bettman; Masters and Johnson/Corbis-Bettman; Negro Leagues/Corbis-Bettman; 1980 U.S.

Olympic Hockey Team; Pet Rocks/Corbis-Bettman; Diego Rivera/Corbis-Bettman; Spring Break/Corbis-Bettman; Teenagers/Corbis-Bettman;

Variety/Corbis-Bettman; Bill Walton/Corbis-Bettman; Yo-Yo/Corbis-Bettman; Zoot Suit/Corbis-Bettman.

University of Cincinnati. Oscar Robertson.

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Telephone.

Vintage Books. Raymond Chandler/c. 1976, reproduced by permission of Random House, Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

250

Wall Drug. Wall Drug.

Warner Brothers, Inc. Casablanca; Natural Born Killers/Reuters/Archive Photos, Inc.

West Virginia University. Jerry West.

Wyoming Division of Tourism. Rodeo.

Yorking Publications. George Burns and Gracie Allen.

NOTES ON ADVISORS AND

CONTRIBUTORS

253

ABRAMS, Nathan. Independent scholar, London; editor, ‘‘Contain-

ing America: Cultural Production and Consumption’’ in Fifties

America (Birmingham University Press, 1999).

ALDAMA, Frederick Luis. Freelance writer; graduate student,

University of California, Berkeley.

ALVAREZ, Roberto. Freelance writer; student, University of Cali-

fornia, Los Angeles; writes about English literature and Latin America.

ANDERSON, Byron. Associate professor and head of reference,

University Libraries, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois;

compiler and editor, Alternative Publishers of Books in North Ameri-

ca, 4th ed. (Crises Press, 1999).

ANDREWS, Carly. Freelance writer; student, University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.

APARICIO, Frances R. Professor of Spanish and American culture/

Latino studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; author, Listening

to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures

(1998) and co-editor of Tropicalizations: Transcultural Representa-

tions of Latinidad (1997).

APPEL, Jacob M. Freelance writer; Ph.D. candidate in history,

Columbia University; M.A., Brown University, studied popular ce-

lebrities of the 1920s.

ARNOLD, Tim. Member of English department, University of

Kentucky.

ASHDOWN, Paul. Professor of journalism, University of Tennes-

see, Knoxville; editor, James Agee: Selected Journalism (University

of Tennessee Press, 1985); contributor of articles to scholarly journals.

ATTIAS, Bernardo Alexander. Assistant professor of communica-

tion studies, College of Arts, Media, and Communication, California

State University, Northridge.

AUGUSTYN, Frederick J., Jr. Cataloger, Library of Congress;

Ph.D. in American history, University of Maryland—College Park.

BADIKIAN, Beatriz. Lecturer in English, Roosevelt University,

Chicago, Illinois; author of several essays on popular culture, includ-

ing ﬁlm and travel literature.

BAERS, Michael. Freelance writer, Los Angeles, California; con-

tributor to LA Weekly, Glue Magazine, and other publications.

BAKER, Neal. Information technologies and reference librarian,

Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana.

BANE, S. K. Assistant professor of history and director of Honors

Program, Arkansas Tech University; editor, American Personali-

ties (1997).

BARBAS, Samantha. Freelance writer; Ph.D. candidate in history,

University of California at Berkeley; writing a dissertation on movie

fandom; has been published in The San Francisco Chronicle and Film

History.

BARKSDALE, Allen. Freelance writer.

BARTEL, Pauline. Author of Amazing Animal Actors (Taylor

Publishing Company, 1997), Reel Elvis (Taylor Publishing Compa-

ny, 1994), and The Complete GONE WITH THE WIND Trivia Book

(Taylor Publishing Company, 1989).

BATCHELOR, Bob. Contributing editor, Inside Business Maga-

zine; author, American Culture through History: 1900s (Greenwood

Press, forthcoming).

BELL, Vance. Freelance art, ﬁlm, and new media critic; editor-in-

chief, Other Voices: The Journal of Cultural Criticism at the Univer-

sity of Pennsylvania.

BELLMAN, Samuel I. Professor emeritus of English, California

State Polytechnic University, Pomona; author of two biographies in

the G.K. Hall/Twayne United States Authors Series: Marjorie Kinnan

Rawlings (1974) and Constance Mayﬁeld Rourke (1981); editor of

The College Experience (1951) and Survey and Forecast (1966);

author of numerous poems, short stories, reviews, and articles in

journals and reference books.

BELPEDIO, James R. Professor of history, government, and hu-

manities, Becker College, Worcester, Massachusetts; Ph.D., Univer-

sity of North Dakota; master’s degree, Eastern Michigan University.

BENNETT, Courtney. Freelance writer; Ph.D. candidate, Annenberg

School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania; and con-

tributor of articles to scholarly journals.

BERG, Timothy. Visiting lecturer, Department of American Thought

and Language, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan;

Ph.D., Purdue University, 1999.

BERGERON-DUNCAN, Lisa. Instructor of psychology and soci-

ology, Ouachita Technical College, Malvern, Arkansas.

BERNARDI, Daniel. Assistant professor, New Media, University of

Arizona. Author of Star Trek and History: Race-Ing toward a White

Future (Rutgers University Press, 1998); editor of Classic Whiteness:

Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema (Rutgers University Press,

1996) and Classic Whiteness: Race and the Hollywood Style (Univer-

sity of Minnesota Press, forthcoming).

BERNER, R. Thomas. Professor of journalism and American stud-

ies, Pennsylvania State University; author of The Literature of

Journalism: Text and Context; Fulbright lecturer in China in 1994.

BEVIS, Charlie. Member of Society for American Baseball Re-

search; author, Mickey Cochrane: The Life of a Baseball Hall of Fame

Catcher (McFarland & Company Publishers, 1998).

BICKELL, Lara. Freelance writer; graduate student in history,

Claremont Graduate University; contributor, The American West.

BINKLEY, Sam. Freelance writer; Ph.D. candidate, New School

University, New York; writing dissertation on the production and

commodiﬁcation of countercultural cuisine in post war America.

BLACK, Brian. Landscape and environmental history specialist and

teacher, American Studies, Skidmore College, New York; author,

Petrolia: The Landscape of the First Oil Boom (Johns Hopkins

University Press, 2000).