Pendergast T., Pendergast S. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Volume 1: A-D

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INTRODUCTIONENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xiii

seriousness and respect (if not always approval). In his 1924 book The Seven Lively Arts and in much of his journalism, critic Gilbert

Seldes found in silent movies, cartoons, and pop music themes and motifs fully worthy of sustained exploration. Amid the

worldwide crisis of the 1930s and 1940s, folklorist Constance Rourke limned the origins of an indigenous popular culture in books

like American Humor (1931) and The Roots of American Culture (1942). And with the rise of the Cold War underlining the

differences between democratic and totalitarian societies, sociologists David Riesman and Reuel Denny evaluated the social

currents animating popular culture in Denny’s The Astonished Muse (1957), for which Riesman, who showed a particular interest in

popular music, wrote the introduction.

European scholars were also pivotal in shaping the ﬁeld. Johan Huizinga’s Homo Ludens (1938), Roland Barthes’s Mythologies

(1957), and Antonio Gramsci’s prison letters (written in the 1920s and 1930s but not published until the 1970s) have proved among

the most inﬂuential works in deﬁning the boundaries, strategies, and meanings of popular culture. While none of these works

focused on American popular culture speciﬁcally, their focus on the jetsam and ﬂotsam of daily life since the medieval period

proved enormously suggestive in an American context.

It has only been at the end of the twentieth century, however, that the study of popular culture has come into its own in its own right.

To a great extent, this development is a legacy of the 1960s. The end of a formal system of racial segregation; the impact of

afﬁrmative action and government-funded ﬁnancial aid; and the end of single-sex education at many long-established universities

dramatically transformed the composition of student bodies and faculties. These developments in turn, began having an impact on

the nature and parameters of academic study. While one should not exaggerate the impact of these developments—either in terms of

their numbers or their effect on an academy that in some ways has simply replaced older forms of insularity and complacency with

new ones—it nevertheless seems fair to say that a bona ﬁde democratization of higher education occurred in the last third of the

twentieth century, paving the way for the creation of a formal scholarly infrastructure for popular culture.

Once again, it was foreign scholars who were pivotal in the elaboration of this infrastructure. The work of Raymond Williams,

Stuart Hall, and others at Britain’s Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in the 1950s and 1960s drew on Marxist and

psychoanalytic ideas to explain, and in many cases justify, the importance of popular culture. Though not always speciﬁcally

concerned with popular culture, a panoply of French theorists—particularly Jacques Derrida, Louis Althusser, and Michel

Foucault—also proved highly inﬂuential. At its best, this scholarship illuminated unexamined assumptions and highly revealing

(and in many cases, damning) patterns in the most seemingly ordinary documents. At its worst, it lapsed into an arcane jargon that

belied the directness of popular culture and suggested an elitist disdain toward the audiences it presumably sought to understand.

Like their European counterparts, American scholars of popular culture have come from a variety of disciplines. Many were trained

in literature, among them Henry Nash Smith, whose Virgin Land (1950) pioneered the study of the Western, and Leslie Fiedler, who

applied critical talents ﬁrst developed to study classic American literature to popular ﬁction like Gone with the Wind. But much

important work in the ﬁeld has also been done by historians, particularly social historians who began their careers by focusing on

labor history but became increasingly interested in the ways American workers spent their free time. Following the tradition of the

great British historian E. P. Thompson, scholars such as Herbert Gutman and Lawrence Levine have uncovered and described the art

and leisure practices of African Americans in particular with ﬂair and insight. Feminist scholars of a variety of stripes (and sexual

orientations) have supplied a great deal of the intellectual energy in the study of popular culture, among them Ann Douglas, Carroll

Smith-Rosenberg, and Jane Tompkins. Indeed, the strongly interdisciplinary ﬂavor of popular culture scholarship—along with the

rise of institutions like the Popular Press and the Popular Culture Association, both based at Bowling Green University—suggests

the way the ﬁeld has been at the forefront of an ongoing process of redrawing disciplinary boundaries in the humanities.

By the 1980s, the stream of scholarship on popular culture had become a ﬂood. In the 1990s, the ﬁeld became less of a quixotic

enterprise than a growing presence in the educational curriculum as a whole. Courses devoted to the subject, whether housed in

communications programs or in traditional academic departments, have become increasingly common in colleges and universi-

ties—and, perhaps more importantly, have become integrated into the fabric of basic surveys of history, literature, and other ﬁelds.

Political scientists, librarians, and curators have begun to consider it part of their domain.

For most of us, though, popular culture is not something we have to self-consciously seek out or think about. Indeed, its very

omnipresence makes it easy to take for granted as transparent (and permanent). That’s why trips to museums—or encyclopedias like

this one—are so useful and important. In pausing to think about the art of everyday life, we can begin to see just how unusual, and

valuable, it really is.

—Jim Cullen

INTRODUCTION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xiv

FURTHER READING:

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Translated by Annette Lavers. 1957. Reprint, New York, The Noonday Press, 1972.

Cullen, Jim. The Art of Democracy: A Concise History of Popular Culture in the United States. New York, Monthly Review Press, 1996.

Fiske, John. Understanding Popular Culture. Boston, Unwin/Hyman, 1989.

Levine, Lawrence. The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993.

Storey, John. An Introductory Guide to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. Athens, University of Georgia Press, 1993.

Susman, Warren. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century. New York, Pantheon, 1984.

ADVISORS

Frances R. Aparicio

University of Michigan

Paul Buhle

Brown University

George O. Carney

Oklahoma State University

B. Lee Cooper

University of Great Falls

Corey K. Creekmur

University of Iowa

Joshua Gamson

Yale University

Jerome Klinkowitz

University of Northern Iowa

Richard Martin

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Columbia University

New York University

Lawrence E. Mintz

University of Maryland

Art Gliner Center for Humor Studies

Troy Paino

Winona State University

Grace Palladino

University of Maryland

Lauren Rabinovitz

University of Iowa

T. V. Reed

Washington State University

William L. Schurk

Bowling Green State University

Alison M. Scott

Bowling Green State University

Randall W. Scott

Michigan State University Libraries

Ron Simon

Museum of Television & Radio

Columbia University

Erin Smith

University of Texas at Dallas

June Sochen

Northeastern Illinois University

Colby Vargas

New Trier High School

xvii

CONTRIBUTORS

Nathan Abrams

Frederick Luis Aldama

Roberto Alvarez

Byron Anderson

Carly Andrews

Jacob M. Appel

Tim Arnold

Paul Ashdown

Bernardo Alexander Attias

Frederick J. Augustyn, Jr.

Beatriz Badikian

Michael Baers

Neal Baker

S. K. Bane

Samantha Barbas

Allen Barksdale

Pauline Bartel

Bob Batchelor

Vance Bell

Samuel I. Bellman

James R. Belpedio

Courtney Bennett

Timothy Berg

Lisa Bergeron-Duncan

Daniel Bernardi

R. Thomas Berner

Charlie Bevis

Lara Bickell

Sam Binkley

Brian Black

Liza Black

Bethany Blankenship

Rebecca Blustein

Aniko Bodroghkozy

Gregory Bond

Martyn Bone

Austin Booth

Gerry Bowler

Anne Boyd

Marlena E. Bremseth

Carol Brennan

Tony Brewer

Deborah Broderson

Michael Brody

Pat H. Broeske

Robert J. Brown

Sharon Brown

Craig Bunch

Stephen Burnett

Gary Burns

Margaret Burns

Manuel V. Cabrera, Jr.

Ross B. Care

Gerald Carpenter

Anthony Cast

Rafaela Castro

Jason Chambers

Chris Chandler

Michael K. Chapman

Roger Chapman

Lloyd Chiasson, Jr.

Ann M. Ciasullo

Dylan Clark

Frank Clark

Randy Clark

Craig T. Cobane

Dan Coffey

Adam Max Cohen

Toby I. Cohen

Susann Cokal

Jeffrey W. Coker

Charles A. Coletta, Jr.

Michael R. Collings

Willie Collins

Mia L. Consalvo

Douglas Cooke

ViBrina Coronado

Robert C. Cottrell

Corey K. Creekmur

Richard C. Crepeau

Jim Cullen

Susan Curtis

Glyn Davis

Janet M. Davis

Pamala S. Deane

S. Renee Dechert

John Deitrick

Gordon Neal Diem, D.A.

Richard Digby-Junger

Laurie DiMauro

John J. Doherty

Thurston Domina

Jon Grifﬁn Donlon

Simon Donner

Randy Duncan

Stephen Duncombe

Eugenia Grifﬁth DuPell

Stephanie Dyer

Rob Edelman

Geoff Edgers

Jessie L. Embry

Jeffrey Escofﬁer

Cindy Peters Evans

Sean Evans

William A. Everett

Alyssa Falwell

Richard Feinberg

G. Allen Finchum

S. Naomi Finkelstein

Dennis Fischer

Bill Freind

Bianca Freire-Medeiros

Shaun Frentner

James Friedman

Adrienne Furness

Paul Gaffney

Milton Gaither

Joan Gajadhar

Catherine C. Galley

Caitlin L. Gannon

Sandra Garcia-Myers

Bryan Garman

Eva Marie Garroutte

Frances Gateward

Jason George

Tina Gianoulis

James R. Giles

Milton Goldin

Ilene Goldman

Matthew Mulligan Goldstein

Dave Goldweber

Ian Gordon

W. Terrence Gordon

Ron Goulart

Paul Grainge

Brian Granger

Anna Hunt Graves

Steve Graves

Jill A. Gregg

Benjamin Grifﬁth

Perry Grossman

Justin Gustainis

Dale Allen Gyure

Kristine J. Ha

Elizabeth Haas

Ray Haberski, Jr.

Jeanne Lynn Hall

Steve Hanson

Jacqueline Anne Hatton

Chris Haven

Ethan Hay

Jeet Heer

Andrew R. Heinze

Mary Hess

Joshua Hirsch

David L. Hixson

Scott W. Hoffman

Briavel Holcomb

CONTRIBUTORS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xviii

Peter C. Holloran

David Holloway

Karen Hovde

Kevin Howley

Nick Humez

Judy L. Isaksen

Jennifer Jankauskas

E. V. Johanningmeier

Patrick Jones

Preston Neal Jones

Mark Joseph

Thomas Judd

Peter Kalliney

Nicolás Kanellos

Robyn Karney

Stephen Keane

James D. Keeline

Max Kellerman

Ken Kempcke

Stephen C. Kenny

Stephen Kercher

Matt Kerr

M. Alison Kibler

Kimberley H. Kidd

Matthew A. Killmeier

Jason King

Jon Klinkowitz

Leah Konicki

Steven Kotok

Robert Kuhlken

Andrew J. Kunka

Audrey Kupferberg

Petra Kuppers

Emma Lambert

Christina Lane

Kevin Lause

Nadine-Rae Leavell

Christopher A. Lee

Michele Lellouche

Robin Lent

Joan Leotta

Richard Levine

Drew Limsky

Daniel Lindley

Joyce Linehan

Margaret Litton

James H. Lloyd

David Lonergan

Eric Longley

Rick Lott

Bennett Lovett-Graff

Denise Lowe

Debra M. Lucas

Karen Lurie

Michael A. Lutes

James Lyons

John F. Lyons

Steve Macek

Alison Macor

David Marc

Robin Markowitz

Tilney L. Marsh

Richard Martin

Sara Martin

Linda A. Martindale

Kevin Mattson

Randall McClure

Allison McCracken

Jennifer Davis McDaid

Jason McEntee

Cheryl S. McGrath

Daryna McKeand

Jacquelyn Y. McLendon

Kembrew McLeod

Josephine A. McQuail

Alex Medeiros

Brad Melton

Myra Mendible

Jeff Merron

Thomas J. Mertz

Nathan R. Meyer

Jonathan Middlebrook

Andre Millard

Jeffrey S. Miller

Karen Miller

P. Andrew Miller

Dorothy Jane Mills

Andrew Milner

Deborah M. Mix

Nickianne Moody

Richard L. Moody

Charles F. Moore

Leonard N. Moore

Dan Moos

Robert A. Morace

Edward Moran

Barry Morris

Michael J. Murphy

Jennifer A. Murray

Susan Murray

Pierre-Damien Mvuyekure

Michael Najjar

Ilana Nash

Mary Lou Nemanic

Scott Newman

Joan Nicks

Martin F. Norden

Justin Nordstrom

Anna Notaro

William F. O’Connor

Paul O’Hara

Angela O’Neal

Christopher D. O’Shea

Lolly Ockerstrom

Kerry Owens

Marc Oxoby

D. Byron Painter

Henri-Dominique Paratte

Leslie Paris

Jay Parrent

Felicity Paxton

Sara Pendergast

Tom Pendergast

Jana Pendragon

Geoff Peterson

Kurt W. Peterson

Emily Pettigrew

Daniel J. Philippon

S. J. Philo

Allene Phy-Olsen

Ed Piacentino

Jürgen Pieters

Paul F. P. Pogue

Mark B. Pohlad

Fernando Porta

Michael L. Posner

John A. Price

Victoria Price

Luca Prono

Elizabeth Purdy

Christian L. Pyle

Jessy Randall

Taly Ravid

Belinda S. Ray

Ivan Raykoff

Wendy Wick Reaves

James E. Reibman

Yolanda Retter

Tracy J. Revels

Wylene Rholetter

Tad Richards

Robert B. Ridinger

Jeff Ritter

Thomas Robertson

Arthur Robinson

Todd Anthony Rosa

Ava Rose

Chris Routledge

Abhijit Roy

Adrienne Russell

Dennis Russell

Lisa Jo Sagolla

Frank A. Salamone

Joe Sutliff Sanders

CONTRIBUTORSENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xix

Andrew Sargent

Julie Scelfo

Elizabeth D. Schafer

Louis Scheeder

James Schiff

Robert E. Schnakenberg

Steven Schneider

Kelly Schrum

Christine Scodari

Ann Sears

E. M. I. Sefcovic

Eric J. Segal

Carol A. Senf

Tim Seul

Alexander Shashko

Michele S. Shauf

Taylor Shaw

Anne Sheehan

Steven T. Sheehan

Pamela Shelton

Sandra Sherman

Charles J. Shindo

Mike Shupp

Robert C. Sickels

C. Kenyon Silvey

Ron Simon

Philip Simpson

Rosemarie Skaine

Ryan R. Sloane

Jeannette Sloniowski

Cheryl A. Smith

Kyle Smith

John Smolenski

Irvin D. Solomon

Geri Speace

Andrew Spieldenner

tova stabin

Scott Stabler

Jon Sterngrass

Roger W. Stump

Bob Sullivan

Lauren Ann Supance

Marc R. Sykes

Midori Takagi

Candida Taylor

Scott Thill

Robert Thompson

Stephen L. Thompson

Rosemarie Garland Thomson

Jan Todd

Terry Todd

John Tomasic

Warren Tormey

Grant Tracey

David Trevino

Marcella Bush Trevino

Scott Tribble

Tom Trinchera

Nicholas A. Turse

Anthony Ubelhor

Daryl Umberger

Rob Van Kranenburg

Robert VanWynsberghe

Colby Vargas

Sue Walker

Lori C. Walters

Nancy Lan-Jy Wang

Adam Wathen

Laural Weintraub

Jon Weisberger

David B. Welky

Christopher W. Wells

Celia White

Christopher S. Wilson

David B. Wilson

Kristi M. Wilson

Jeff Wiltse

Wendy Woloson

David E. Woodward

Bradford W. Wright

Sharon Yablon

Daniel Francis Yezbick

Stephen D. Youngkin

Kristal Brent Zook

xxi

LIST OF ENTRIES

A&R Men/Women

Aaron, Hank

AARP (American Association

for Retired Persons)

ABBA

Abbey, Edward

Abbott and Costello

Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem

Abortion

Abstract Expressionism

Academy Awards

AC/DC

Ace, Johnny

Acker, Kathy

Acupuncture

Adams, Ansel

Addams, Jane

Addams Family, The

Adderley, Cannonball

Adidas

Adler, Renata

Adventures of Ozzie and

Harriet, The

Advertising

Advice Columns

Advocate, The

Aerobics

Aerosmith

African American Press

African Queen, The

Agassi, Andre

Agents

AIDS

Ailey, Alvin

Air Travel

Airplane!

Alabama

Alaska-Yukon Exposition

(Seattle, 1909)

Albert, Marv

Album-Oriented Rock

Alda, Alan

Ali, Muhammad

Alice

Alien

Alka Seltzer

All About Eve

All in the Family

All My Children

All Quiet on the Western Front

Allen, Steve

Allen, Woody

Allison, Luther

Allman Brothers Band, The

Ally McBeal

Alpert, Herb, and the

Tijuana Brass

Altamont

Alternative Country Music

Alternative Press

Alternative Rock

Altman, Robert

Amazing Stories

American Bandstand

American Girls Series

American Gothic

American Grafﬁti

American International Pictures

American Mercury

American Museum of Natural

History

Amos ’n’ Andy Show, The

Amsterdam, Morey

Amtrak

Amusement Parks

Amway

Anderson, Marian

Anderson, Sherwood

Andretti, Mario

Andrews Sisters, The

Androgyny

Andy Grifﬁth Show, The

Andy Hardy

Angell, Roger

Angelou, Maya

Animal House

Animated Films

Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas

Senate Hearings

Anka, Paul

Anne Frank: The Diary of a

Young Girl

Annie

Annie Get Your Gun

Annie Hall

Another World

Anthony, Piers

Aparicio, Luis

Apocalypse Now

Apollo Missions

Apollo Theatre

Apple Computer

Arbuckle, Fatty

Archie Comics

Arden, Elizabeth

Argosy

Arizona Highways

Arledge, Roone

Armani, Giorgio

Armed Forces Radio Service

Armory Show

Armstrong, Henry

Armstrong, Louis

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Arnaz, Desi

Arrow Collar Man

Arthur, Bea

Arthurian Legend

As the World Turns

Ashcan School

Ashe, Arthur

Asimov, Isaac

Asner, Ed

Astaire, Fred, and Ginger

Rogers

Astounding Science Fiction

Astrology

AT&T

A-Team, The

Athletic Model Guild

Atkins, Chet

Atlantic City

Atlantic Monthly

Atlantic Records

Atlas, Charles

Auerbach, Red

Aunt Jemima

Automobile

Autry, Gene

Avalon, Frankie

Avedon, Richard

Avengers, The

Avery, Tex

Avon

Aykroyd, Dan

‘‘B’’ Movies

Babar

Baby Boomers

Babyface

Bacall, Lauren

Bach, Richard

Back to the Future

Bad News Bears, The

Baez, Joan

Bagels

Baker, Josephine

Baker, Ray Stannard

Bakker, Jim and Tammy Faye

Balanchine, George

Baldwin, James

Ball, Lucille

Ballard, Hank

Ballet

Bambaataa, Afrika

Band, The

LIST OF ENTRIES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xxii

Bara, Theda

Baraka, Amiri

Barbecue

Barber, Red

Barbershop Quartets

Barbie

Barker, Clive

Barkley, Charles

Barney and Friends

Barney Miller

Barry, Dave

Barry, Lynda

Barrymore, John

Barton, Bruce

Baryshnikov, Mikhail

Baseball

Baseball Cards

Basie, Count

Basketball

Bathhouses

Batman

Baum, L. Frank

Bay, Mel

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Baywatch

Bazooka Joe

Beach Boys, The

Beach, Rex

Beanie Babies

Beastie Boys, The

Beat Generation

Beatles, The

Beatty, Warren

Beau Geste

Beauty Queens

Beavers, Louise

Beavis and Butthead

Bee Gees, The

Beer

Beiderbecke, Bix

Belafonte, Harry

Bell Telephone Hour, The

Bellbottoms

Belushi, John

Ben Casey

Bench, Johnny

Benchley, Robert

Ben-Hur

Benneton

Bennett, Tony

Benny Hill Show, The

Benny, Jack

Bergen, Candice

Bergen, Edgar

Bergman, Ingmar

Bergman, Ingrid

Berkeley, Busby

Berle, Milton

Berlin, Irving

Bernhard, Sandra

Bernstein, Leonard

Berra, Yogi

Berry, Chuck

Best Years of Our Lives, The

Bestsellers

Better Homes and Gardens

Betty Boop

Betty Crocker

Beulah

Beverly Hillbillies, The

Beverly Hills 90210

Bewitched

Bicycling

Big Apple, The

Big Bands

Big Bopper

Big Little Books

Big Sleep, The

Bigfoot

Bilingual Education

Billboards

Bionic Woman, The

Bird, Larry

Birkenstocks

Birth of a Nation, The

Birthing Practices

Black, Clint

Black Mask

Black Panthers

Black Sabbath

Black Sox Scandal

Blackboard Jungle, The

Blackface Minstrelsy

Blacklisting

Blade Runner

Blades, Ruben

Blanc, Mel

Bland, Bobby Blue

Blass, Bill

Blaxploitation Films

Blob, The

Blockbusters

Blondie (comic strip)

Blondie (rock band)

Bloom County

Blount, Roy, Jr.

Blue Velvet

Blueboy

Bluegrass

Blues

Blues Brothers, The

Blume, Judy

Bly, Robert

Board Games

Boat People

Bob and Ray

Bobbsey Twins, The

Bobby Socks

Bochco, Steven

Body Decoration

Bodybuilding

Bogart, Humphrey

Bok, Edward

Bomb, The

Bombeck, Erma

Bon Jovi

Bonanza

Bonnie and Clyde

Booker T. and the MG’s

Book-of-the-Month Club

Boone, Pat

Borge, Victor

Borscht Belt

Boston Celtics, The

Boston Garden

Boston Marathon

Boston Strangler

Boston Symphony Orchestra, The

Bouton, Jim

Bow, Clara

Bowie, David

Bowling

Boxing

Boy Scouts of America

Bra

Bradbury, Ray

Bradley, Bill

Bradshaw, Terry

Brady Bunch, The

Brand, Max

Brando, Marlon

Brat Pack

Brautigan, Richard

Breakfast at Tiffany’s

Breakfast Club, The

Breast Implants

Brenda Starr

Brice, Fanny

Brideshead Revisited

Bridge

Bridge on the River Kwai, The

Bridges of Madison

County, The

Brill Building

Bringing Up Baby

Brinkley, David

British Invasion

Broadway

Brokaw, Tom

Bronson, Charles

Brooklyn Dodgers, The

Brooks, Garth

Brooks, Gwendolyn

Brooks, James L.

Brooks, Louise

Brooks, Mel

Brothers, Dr. Joyce

Brown, James

Brown, Jim

Brown, Les

LIST OF ENTRIESENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xxiii

Brown, Paul

Browne, Jackson

Brownie Cameras

Brubeck, Dave

Bruce, Lenny

Bryant, Paul ‘‘Bear ’’

Brynner, Yul

Bubblegum Rock

Buck, Pearl S.

Buck Rogers

Buckley, William F., Jr.

Buckwheat Zydeco

Budweiser

Buffalo Springﬁeld

Buffett, Jimmy

Bugs Bunny

Bumper Stickers

Bundy, Ted

Bungalow

Burger King

Burlesque

Burma-Shave

Burnett, Carol

Burns, George, and Gracie

Allen

Burns, Ken

Burr, Raymond

Burroughs, Edgar Rice

Burroughs, William S.

Buster Brown

Butch Cassidy and the

Sundance Kid

Butkus, Dick

Butler, Octavia E.

Butterbeans and Susie

Buttons, Red

Byrds, The

Cabbage Patch Kids

Cable TV

Cadillac

Caesar, Sid

Cagney and Lacey

Cagney, James

Cahan, Abraham

Cakewalks

Caldwell, Erskine

Calloway, Cab

Calvin and Hobbes

Camacho, Héctor ‘‘Macho’’

Camelot

Camp

Campbell, Glen

Campbell, Naomi

Camping

Cancer

Candid Camera

Caniff, Milton

Canova, Judy

Canseco, Jose

Cantor, Eddie

Capital Punishment

Capone, Al

Capote, Truman

Capra, Frank

Captain America

Captain Kangaroo

Captain Marvel

Car 54, Where Are You?

Car Coats

Caray, Harry

Carey, Mariah

Carlin, George

Carlton, Steve

Carmichael, Hoagy

Carnegie, Dale

Carnegie Hall

Carpenters, The

Carr, John Dickson

Cars, The

Carson, Johnny

Carter Family, The

Caruso, Enrico

Carver, Raymond

Casablanca

Cash, Johnny

Caspar Milquetoast

Cassette Tape

Cassidy, David

Castaneda, Carlos

Castle, Vernon and Irene

Castro, The

Casual Friday

Catalog Houses

Catch-22

Catcher in the Rye, The

Cather, Willa

Cathy

Cats

Cavett, Dick

CB Radio

CBS Radio Mystery

Theater, The

Celebrity

Celebrity Caricature

Cemeteries

Central Park

Century 21 Exposition

(Seattle, 1962)

Century of Progress

(Chicago, 1933)

Challenger Disaster

Chamberlain, Wilt

Chandler, Raymond

Chandu the Magician

Chanel, Coco

Chaplin, Charlie

Charles, Ray

Charlie Chan

Charlie McCarthy

Charlie’s Angels

Charm Bracelets

Chase, Chevy

Chautauqua Institution

Chavez, Cesar

Chavis, Boozoo

Chayefsky, Paddy

Checker, Chubby

Cheech and Chong

Cheerleading

Cheers

Chemise

Chenier, Clifton

Cherry Ames

Chessman, Caryl

Chicago Bears, The

Chicago Bulls, The

Chicago Cubs, The

Chicago Jazz

Chicago Seven, The

Child, Julia

Child Stars

China Syndrome, The

Chinatown

Chipmunks, The

Choose-Your-Own-Ending

Books

Christie, Agatha

Christmas

Christo

Chrysler Building

Chuck D

Chun King

Church Socials

Cigarettes

Circus

Cisneros, Sandra

Citizen Kane

City Lights

City of Angels, The

Civil Disobedience

Civil Rights Movement

Civil War Reenactors

Claiborne, Liz

Clairol Hair Coloring

Clancy, Tom

Clapton, Eric

Clark, Dick

Clarke, Arthur C.

Clemente, Roberto

Cleopatra

Clift, Montgomery

Cline, Patsy

Clinton, George

Clockwork Orange, A

Clooney, Rosemary

Close Encounters of the

Third Kind

Closet, The

CNN

LIST OF ENTRIES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POPULAR CULTURE

xxiv

Cobb, Ty

Coca, Imogene

Coca-Cola

Cocaine/Crack

Cocktail Parties

Cody, Buffalo Bill, and his

Wild West Show

Coffee

Cohan, George M.

Colbert, Claudette

Cold War

Cole, Nat ‘‘King’’

College Fads

College Football

Collins, Albert

Coltrane, John

Columbo

Columbo, Russ

Comic Books

Comics

Comics Code Authority

Coming Out

Commodores, The

Communes

Communism

Community Media

Community Theatre

Como, Perry

Compact Discs

Concept Album

Conceptual Art

Condé Nast

Condoms

Coney Island

Confession Magazines

Coniff, Ray

Connors, Jimmy

Consciousness Raising Groups

Conspiracy Theories

Consumer Reports

Consumerism

Contemporary Christian Music

Convertible

Conway, Tim

Cooke, Sam

Cooper, Alice

Cooper, Gary

Cooperstown, New York

Coors

Copland, Aaron

Corbett, James J.

Corman, Roger

Corvette

Corwin, Norman

Cosby, Bill

Cosby Show, The

Cosell, Howard

Cosmopolitan

Costas, Bob

Costello, Elvis

Costner, Kevin

Cotten, Joseph

Cotton Club, The

Coué, Emile

Coughlin, Father Charles E.

Country Gentlemen

Country Music

Cousteau, Jacques

Covey, Stephen

Cowboy Look, The

Cox, Ida

Crawford, Cindy

Crawford, Joan

Cray, Robert

Creationism

Credit Cards

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Crichton, Michael

Crime Does Not Pay

Crinolines

Crisis, The

Croce, Jim

Cronkite, Walter

Crosby, Bing

Crosby, Stills, and Nash

Crossword Puzzles

Cruise, Tom

Crumb, Robert

Crystal, Billy

Cukor, George

Cullen, Countee

Cult Films

Cults

Cunningham, Merce

Curious George

Currier and Ives

Dahmer, Jeffrey

Dallas

Dallas Cowboys, The

Daly, Tyne

Dana, Bill

Dance Halls

Dandridge, Dorothy

Daniels, Charlie

Daredevil, the Man

Without Fear

Dark Shadows

Darrow, Clarence

Davis, Bette

Davis, Miles

Davy Crockett

Day, Doris

Day the Earth Stood Still, The

Days of Our Lives

Daytime Talk Shows

Daytona 500

DC Comics

De La Hoya, Oscar

De Niro, Robert

Dead Kennedys, The

Dean, James

Death of a Salesman

Debs, Eugene V.

Debutantes

Deer Hunter, The

DeGeneres, Ellen

Del Río, Dolores

DeMille, Cecil B.

Dempsey, Jack

Denishawn

Denver, John

Department Stores

Depression

Derleth, August

Detective Fiction

Detroit Tigers, The

Devers, Gail

Devo

Diamond, Neil

Diana, Princess of Wales

DiCaprio, Leonardo

Dick and Jane Readers

Dick, Philip K.

Dick Tracy

Dickinson, Angie

Diddley, Bo

Didion, Joan

Didrikson, Babe

Dieting

Dietrich, Marlene

Diff’rent Strokes

Dilbert

Dillard, Annie

Diller, Phyllis

Dillinger, John

DiMaggio, Joe

Dime Novels

Dime Stores/Woolworths

Diners

Dionne Quintuplets

Dirty Dozen, The

Disability

Disaster Movies

Disc Jockeys

Disco

Disney (Walt Disney Company)

Ditka, Mike

Divine

Divorce

Dixieland

Do the Right Thing

Dobie Gillis

Doby, Larry

Doc Martens

Doc Savage

Doctor Who

Doctor Zhivago

Doctorow, E. L.

Docudrama