Орлова Г.Д. и др. Английский для бакалавров. Часть II
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6. The students (обсуждающие) this problem will take part in the scientific
conference.
7. The problems (обсуждаемые) at the conference are very complicated.
XII. Read and translate the sentences with participles as adverbial modifiers.
Model: When heated, the molecules move more intensely.
Когда молекулы нагреваются, они движутся более интенсивно.
1. While being a student Newton was greatly interested in the discoveries which
had been made before.
2. Though conducted with care the test didn’t give the expected results.
3. While solving a problem one must take into consideration all the methods
related to the problem in question.
4. One should be very attentive when comparing the results of two experiments
conducted by different methods.
5. If properly conducted the experiment must bring the desired results.
6. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.
7. Unless repaired, this part can’t be used in the radio set.
8. If cooled, the water becomes ice.
9. Unless treated properly, this material won’t be a good insulator.
10. When heated, solids expand little as compared with liquids.
XIII. Analyze the sentences with the Objective Participle Construction.
Translate.
1. I heard him speaking at the conference. 2. They observed us making
experiments. 3. I found him writing a report. 4. We saw the device tested. 5. We
watched the car being examined. 6. We want our translations corrected. 7. She got
her photo taken. 8. He had the engine of his car examined.
XIV. Compare the couples of sentences with and without the Absolute Participle
Construction.
1. a) Having brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to
translate the article.
b) The dictionaries having been brought from the library, the students began
to translate the article.
2. a) Having finished my translation, I gave it to the teacher.
b) The translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.
3. a) Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.
b) The experiment having been finished, the students left the laboratory.
4. a) The professor delivering the lecture is a famous scientist.
b) The professor delivering the lecture, the students listened to him with great
interest.
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XV. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.
1. My friend was reading an English article, his brother watching television.
2. Electrical devices find a wide application in every house, a refrigerator being
one of them.
3. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists have to look for
new sources of energy.
4. There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all
forms of energy.
5. Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed
every year.
6. Molecules are constantly in rapid motion, the motion becoming more rapid
with an increase of temperature.
7. The atoms of different substances have different weights, their properties
being also different.
8. The atomic energy being developed in a reactor in the form of heat, we can
get both heat and power.
9. Power is the basis of civilization, all industry and transport being dependent
upon power.
10. An electric conductor being moved in a magnetic field, an electric current is
generated.
11. There are many different types of transformers, the principles of action being
the same in each case.
12. The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.
13. England being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen of England is only a
formal ruler.
14. The final round of the negotiations over, a joint communiqué was signed.
15. London is not only the center of commerce and finance but also a great port,
with many of the imported and exported goods passing through it.
16. It being Sunday, the shops were closed.
17. There being a lot of things to discuss, the conference lasted long.
XVI. Combine two sentences into one using the Absolute Participle
Construction.
Model: The article was written; they sent it to the journal.
The article being written, they sent it to the journal.
Когда статья была написана, они отправили ее в журнал.
1. The train has left; we went home.
2. The book was read; we decided to discuss it.
3. The first part of the work was completed; the results were published.
4. The journal contained a number of interesting articles; one of them was
devoted to cybernetics.
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5. Many specialists work on the problem of corrosion; special attention is paid
to the problems of protection of steel surfaces from corrosion.
6. The articles on plasma chemistry were published; the students got interested
in them.
7. Electrons move through a wire; electrical energy is generated.
8. The temperature of a wire is raised; the motion of the electrons increases.
XVII. Complete the sentences using the Absolute Participle Construction.
1. There are a few ways of generating electric current, (причем все они
основаны на одном и том же принципе).
2. The atoms and electrons are usually in a state of rapid motion, (причем
скорость их движения является функцией температуры).
3. The name ‘electronics’ is derived from the word ‘electron’, (причем слово
‘электрон’ означает ‘янтарь’).
4. (Когда свободные электроны движутся в одном направлении), a direct
current results.
5. (Когда число свободных электронов в веществе возрастает), the
conductivity of that substance increases.
6. The article deals with optical electronics, (причем особое внимание
уделяется лазерам).
7. (После того, как монитор починили), we could use it in our work.
8. The lecturer spoke on the problems of space research, (причем его лекция
была проиллюстрирована диаграммами).
XVIII. Revise the grammar material on participles and participle constructions.
Translate the sentences.
A. 1. There’s always something sad about two ships passing each other during
the night. 2. The English spoken by most educated people in Britain is known as the
Queen’s English or Standard English. It is the English taught in universities and
schools and the kind heard on the BBC. 3. Money saved is money gained. 4. A
trouble shared is a trouble halved. 5. The project being realized was proposed by a
team of scientists. 6. Entering or leaving a room with ladies, don’t rush before them.
Remember the golden rule of every gentleman: “Ladies first”. 7. When asked if he
realized the danger, he said he did. 8. You’ll see more of the country-side traveling
by coach. 9. Being a poor speller, he didn’t like writing letters. 10. Having read the
note, he folded it and put it away. 11. Arriving at the station, he consulted the time-
table again. 12. When crossing the street in London, look first to the right, then to the
left. 13. While playing tennis, be sure you hold the racket in the right way. 14. Based
on a real life event, the story aroused everybody’s interest. 15. Looked at from a
different angle, the problem didn’t seem very difficult.
B. 1. Explained again, the rule became quite clear to everybody. 2. The rule
explained, we started doing the exercises. 3. The rule being explained is not easy. 4.
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The rule explained is difficult. 5. We would like it explained again. 6. If explained,
the rule will not seem difficult.
C. 1. The man saved was a Norwegian sailor. 2. The man saved a Norwegian
sailor. 3. All the children having been saved, everybody felt relieved. 4. Having saved
the boy’s life, the doctor felt relieved. 5. I want him saved. 6. The passengers are
being saved.
XIX. Write in English. Use participles where possible.
1. Готовясь к ответу, он просмотрел свои записи.
2. Мы сидели в аудитории, ожидая преподавателя.
3. Пример, приведенный Вами, не совсем правилен.
4. Электрический двигатель, преобразующий электрическую энергию в
механическую, широко используется в повседневной жизни.
5. Говоря об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть имя Вольты.
6. Понижая температуру, мы замедляем химическую реакцию.
7. Электрические приборы, упомянутые в этой статье, были созданы
русскими учеными.
8. Измерив температуру воды, мы приступили к эксперименту.
9. Проводя опыт, мы повысили температуру; повысив температуру, мы
ускорили химическую реакцию.
10. Эксперименты, проводимые в нашей лаборатории, опасны.
11. Изучив свойства некоторых материалов, инженер выбрал те, которые
требовались для его проекта.
12. Элементами, образующими сахар, являются кислород, водород и
углерод.
Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М
Text A. THE BIRTH OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Historians label the period in Europe between the 14
th
and 16
th
centuries as the
‘Renaissance’ – a period of rebirth.
In the Renaissance Period the magnitude of scholarly and artistic activities was
greatly enhanced in Europe. New knowledge was acquired which gave rise to new
technologies, and the Industrial Age soon followed. The Industrial Age developed as
mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of hydrocarbons,
such as coal and petroleum. Mechanics emerged as a new science in universities.
Except for the magnetic compass, electric and magnetic energy remained a
curiosity, having little practical application, until the invention of the battery by
Alessandro Volta in 1800. This invention gave scientists a new tool with which to
experiment, and soon the laws of electricity and magnetism were discovered.
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In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field gave
rise to an electric potential, and the electric generator and motor became a reality.
However, the development of the electric power industry was really spurred by the
invention of a practical incandescent electric light bulb in 1879 by Thomas Edison.
The electrification of cities soon followed. Alternating current and the transformer
allowed electric energy to be transported over large distances, and electrical
engineering as a profession was born. The first professional society for electrical
engineers was founded in 1884.
The discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism in the 1800s also gave
birth to two new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries.
However, the electric power industry remained a dominant force in the first half of
the 20
th
century.
Two new non-electrical information industries were also created in the 1800s
through advances in the chemical sciences. The photographic film process was
perfected and the photographic industry was born soon to be followed by the motion
picture industry.
======================VOCABULARY===================
label, v прикреплять ярлык; называть
rebirth, n возрождение
magnitude, n величина, размеры;
важность, значительность
scholarly and artistic activities деятельность ученых и
художников
enhance, v увеличивать, усиливать,
повышать
acquire, v приобретать
give rise to вызывать, иметь результатом
harness, v использовать (как источник
энергии)
emerge, v появляться, возникать
curiosity, n любопытство; диковина, редкость
law, n закон
spur, v побуждать, стимулировать
incandescent electric bulb лампа накаливания
alternating current переменный ток
direct current постоянный ток
advance, n успех, прогресс, улучшение
I. Transcribe the following words. Consult the dictionary:
Europe, renaissance, compass, motor, technology, mechanics, society.
II. Mark the stress in the following words:
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present – to present,
increase – to increase,
decrease – to decrease,
progress – to progress,
process – to process.
III. Read the following international words and guess their meaning. Consult the
dictionary:
historian, period, activity, technology, industry, energy, mechanics, compass,
battery, experiment, electricity, magnetism, potential, generator, motor, reality,
electrification, transformer, distance, profession, information, telegraph, telephone,
film.
IV. Translate the nouns with the suffix –er (-or) derived from the verbs:
invent – изобретать inventor – …
use – использовать user – …
transform – преобразовывать transformer – …
generate – генерировать generator – …
operate – работать operator – …
develop – разрабатывать developer – …
found – основывать founder – …
process – обрабатывать processor – …
receive – получать receiver – …
conduct – проводить conductor – …
V. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
to label, to know, to develop, to create, to emerge, to invent, to discover, to
generate, to electrify, to transport, to found, to inform, to power, to advance
.
VI. Form adjectives from the following words and translate them:
electricity, industry, magnet, practice, chemistry, science, distance, reality, power,
profession, photography.
VII. Match the adjectives and the nouns. Make up as many combinations as
possible:
adjectives nouns
new
industrial
electric
society
generator
motor
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magnetic
practical
professional
chemical
potential
field
tool
compass
application
energy
science
age
technologies
VIII. Make sure you know the terms below:
technology
1) техника
2) технология
3) техническое решение
4) технические средства; устройство
5) метод, способ; методика
technique(s)
1) техника, методика; метод, способ
2) технический прием; технология
3) оборудование; технические средства
engineering
1) инженерное дело
2) техника
3) технология
4) разработка, проектирование,
конструирование
5) машиностроение
6) строительство
* * *
chemical engineering – химическое машиностроение
civil engineering – гражданское строительство
communications engineering – техника средств связи
electrical engineering – электротехника
mechanical engineering – машиностроение
military engineering – военно-инженерное дело
nuclear engineering – ядерная техника
power engineering – энергeтика,
энергомашиностроение
railroad engineering – железнодорожное
строительство
space engineering – космическая техника
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general engineering subjects – общетехнические
дисциплины
IX. Read and translate the following word combinations:
a period of rebirth; to give rise to; to harness the energy; except for the magnetic
compass; electric power industry; to be transported over large distances; electrical
engineering; professional society; information industries.
X. Read the text ‘The Birth of Electrical Engineering’. Point out the most
important discoveries mentioned in the text.
XI. Answer the questions below. Use the text.
1. What period do historians call the period of rebirth?
2. What age followed the Renaissance Period?
3. What is the development of the Industrial Age connected with?
4. Who invented the first source of continuous current? When?
5. What did Faraday discover in 1831?
6. When did the electric generator and motor become a reality?
7. Who invented an incandescent electric lamp?
8. What gave birth to the telegraph and telephone industries?
9. What new non-electrical information industries were created in the 19
th
century?
XII. Translate the words given in brackets.
1. The discovery of the Voltaic cell gave scientists the basis (для открытия
свойств электрического тока).
2. Mankind learned to harness the energy created from the burning of (угля и
нефти).
3. Electric and magnetic energy remained (диковиной).
4. In 1831 Faraday discovered that rotating a conductor in a magnetic field
(создает электрический потенциал).
5. (Развитие энергетической промышленности) was spurred by the invention
of a practical incandescent electric light bulb.
6. The first professional society for (инженеров-электриков было основано в
1884 году).
7. The discovery of (законов электричества и магнетизма) gave birth to two
new information industries, the telegraph and telephone industries.
XIII. Translate the sentences with emphatic construction.
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1. It was the battery that Alessandro Volta made in 1800.
2. It was the Renaissance Period which spurred the development of new
technologies.
3. It was in 1831 when Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electro-magnetic
induction.
4. It was Ampere who showed the difference between the current and the static
charges.
5. It was in 1879 when Thomas Edison invented an incandescent electric lamp.
6. It was the 19
th
century which gave birth to electrical engineering.
XIV. Match the words and their definitions:
a battery
mechanics
magnetism
a transformer
a conductor
an electric light bulb
an electric lamp
the science of magnetic phenomena and properties
a portable cell for supplying electricity
the science of motion and force
an apparatus that increases or decreases the voltage
of an electric power supply
a substance that conducts heat or electric current
XV. Make up the plan of the text ‘The Birth of Electrical Engineering’. Retell
the text according to your plan.
XVI. Write in English.
1. Электротехника является важной отраслью техники.
2. Развитие электротехники было связано с достижениями в области
электричества и магнетизма.
3. Работая в области электричества, ученые внесли большой вклад в науку.
4. Изобретение лампы накаливания позволило электрифицировать города.
5. Переменный ток и трансформатор дали возможность передавать
электроэнергию на большие расстояния.
6. После открытия Фарадея электрогенератор и электромотор стали
реальностью.
7. Возникла новая отрасль – электротехника.
XVII. Render in English.
Величайшим изобретением в области
освещения было создание в 1872 г. русским
lighting
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ученым А.Н. Лодыгиным электрической лампы
накаливания. Лампа Лодыгина представляла
собой стеклянный сосуд с помещенным внутрь
его угольным стержнем; воздух из сосуда
откачивался. При пропускании по стержню
электрического тока стержень разогревался и
начинал светиться. В 1873–1874 гг. А.Н.
Лодыгин проводил опыты по электрическому
освещению кораблей, предприятий, улиц,
домов. В 1879 г. американский изобретатель Т.
Эдисон создал удобную для промышленного
изготовления лампу накаливания с угольной
нитью. С 1909 г. стали применять лампы
накаливания с зигзагообразно расположенной
вольфрамовой проволочкой (нить
накаливания), а спустя 3-4 года вольфрамовую
нить стали изготовлять в виде спирали. Тогда
же появились первые лампы накаливания,
наполненные инертным газом (аргоном,
криптоном), что заметно повысило срок их
службы. С начала XX в. электрические лампы
накаливания благодаря экономичности и
удобству в эксплуатации начинают быстро и
повсеместно вытеснять другие источники
света.
В 1876 году русский инженер П.Н.
Яблочков изобрел дуговую угольную лампу
переменного тока. Система электрического
освещения на переменном токе с применением
дуговых ламп, созданная П.Н. Яблочковым –
‘русский свет’ – демонстрировалась на
Всемирной выставке в Париже в 1878 г. и
пользовалась исключительным успехом.
Вскоре во Франции, Великобритании, США
были основаны компании по ее
использованию.
incandescent filament lamp
glass bulb
carbon rod
to heat
to become fluorescent
carbon filament
tungsten wire
to fill in
an inert gas
carbon arc lamp
XVIII. Speak about P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin, the two Russian
inventors. The text given below will help you.
АЛЕКСАНДР НИКОЛАЕВИЧ ЛОДЫГИН (1847-1923)
Александр Николаевич Лодыгин — замечательный русский
изобретатель, сумевший преодолеть первую, самую трудную часть
пути к созданию электрической лампочки, которая светит сегодня
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