Nof S.Y. Springer Handbook of Automation
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XXX List of Authors
Mohamed Essafi
Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne
Department Centre for Industrial Engineering
and Computer Science
Cours Fauriel
Saint-Etienne, France
e-mail: essafi@emse.fr
Florin-Gheorghe Filip
The Romanian Academy
Calea Victoriei 125
Bucharest, 010071, Romania
e-mail: ffilip@acad.ro
Markus Fritzsche
Fraunhofer IFF
Department of Robotic Systems
Sandtorstr. 22
39106 Magdeburg, Germany
e-mail: markus.fritzsche@iff.fraunhofer.de
Susumu Fujii
Sophia University
Graduate School of Science and Technology
7-1, Kioicho, Chiyoda
102-8554 Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: susumu-f@sophia.ac.jp
Christopher Ganz
ABB Corporate Research
Segelhofstr. 1
5405 Baden, Switzerland
e-mail: christopher.ganz@ch.abb.com
Mitsuo Gen
Waseda University
Graduate School of Information,
Production and Systems
2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku
808-0135 Kitakyushu, Japan
e-mail: gen@waseda.jp
Birgit Graf
Fraunhofer IPA
Department of Robot Systems
Nobelstr. 12
70569 Stuttgart, Germany
e-mail: birgit.graf@ipa.fraunhofer.de
John O. Gray
Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia
Department of Advanced Robotics
Via Morego 30
16163 Genova, Italy
e-mail: John.Gray-2@manchester.ac.uk
Rudiyanto Gunawan
National University of Singapore
Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering
4 Engineering Drive 4 Blk E5 #02-16
Singapore, 117576
e-mail: chegr@nus.edu.sg
Juergen Hahn
Texas A&M University
Artie McFerrin Dept. of Chemical Engineering
College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
e-mail: hahn@tamu.edu
Kenwood H. Hall
Rockwell Automation
Department of Advanced Technology
1 Allen Bradley Drive
Mayfield Heights, OH 44124, USA
e-mail: khhall@ra.rockwell.com
Shufeng Han
John Deere
Intelligent Vehicle Systems
4140 114th Street
Urbandale, IA 50322, USA
e-mail: hanshufeng@johndeere.com
Nathan Hartman
Purdue University
Computer Graphics Technology
401 North Grant St.
West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
e-mail: nhartman@purdue.edu
Yukio Hasegawa
Waseda University
System Science Institute
Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: yukioh@green.ocn.ne.jp
List of Authors XXXI
Jackson He
Intel Corporation
Digital Enterprise Group
2111 NE 25th Ave
Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA
e-mail: jackson.he@intel.com
Jen
˝
o Hetthéssy
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Automation
andAppliedInformatics
Goldmann Gy. Tér 3
1111 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: jhetthessy@aut.bme.hu
Karyn Holmes
Chevron Corp.
100 Northpark Blvd.
Covington, LA 70433, USA
e-mail: kholmes@chevron.com
Clyde W. Holsapple
University of Kentucky
School of Management,
Gatton College of Business and Economics
Lexington, KY 40506-0034, USA
e-mail: cwhols@email.uky.edu
Petr Horacek
Czech Technical University in Prague
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Technicka 2
Prague, 16627, Czech Republic
e-mail: horacek@fel.cvut.cz
William J. Horrey
Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety
Center for Behavioral Sciences
71 Frankland Road
Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
e-mail: william.horrey@libertymutual.com
Justus Hortig
Fraunhofer IFF
Department of Robotic Systems
Sandtorstr. 22
39106 Magdeburg, Germany
e-mail: justus.hortig@iff.fraunhofer.de
Chin-Yin Huang
Tunghai University
Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information
Taichung, 407, Taiwan
e-mail: huangcy@thu.edu.tw
Yoshiharu Inaba
Fanuc Ltd.
Oshino-mura
401-0597 Yamanashi, Japan
e-mail: inaba.yoshiharu@fanuc.co.jp
Samir M. Iqbal
University of Texas at Arlington
Department of Electrical Engineering
500 S. Cooper St.
Arlington,TX76019,USA
e-mail: smiqbal@uta.edu
Rolf Isermann
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Institut für Automatisierungstechnik,
Forschungsgruppe Regelungstechnik
und Prozessautomatisierung
Landgraf-Georg-Str. 4
64283 Darmstadt, Germany
e-mail: risermann@iat.tu-darmstadt.de
Kazuyoshi Ishii
Kanazawa Institute of Technology
Social and Industrial Management Systems
Yatsukaho 3-1
Hakusan City, Japan
e-mail: ishiik@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp
Alberto Isidori
University of Rome “La Sapienza”
Department of Informatics and Sytematics
Via Ariosto 25
00185 Rome, Italy
e-mail: albisidori@dis.uniroma1.it
Nick A. Ivanescu
University Politechnica of Bucharest
Control and Computers
Spl. Independentei 313
Bucharest, 060032, Romania
e-mail: nik@cimr.pub.ro
XXXII List of Authors
Sirkka-Liisa Jämsä-Jounela
Helsinki University of Technology
Department of Biotechnology
and Chemical Technology
Espoo 02150, Finland
e-mail: Sirkka-l@tkk.fi
Bijay K. Jayaswal
Agilenty Consulting Group
3541 43rd Ave. S
Minneapolis, MN 55406, USA
e-mail: bijay.jayaswal@agilenty.com
Wootae Jeong
Korea Railroad Research Institute
360-1 Woram-dong
Uiwang 437-757, Korea
e-mail: wjeong@krri.re.kr
Timothy L. Johnson
General Electric
Global Research
786 Avon Crest Blvd.
Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA
e-mail: johnsontl@nycap.rr.com
Hemant Joshi
Research, Acxiom Corp.
CWY2002-7 301 E. Dave Ward Drive
Conway, AR 72032-7114, USA
e-mail: hemant.joshi@acxiom.com
Michael Kaplan
Ex Libris Ltd.
313 Washington Street
Newton, MA 02458, USA
e-mail: michael.kaplan@exlibrisgroup.com
Dimitris Kiritsis
Department STI-IGM-LICP
EPFL, ME A1 396, Station 9
1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
e-mail: dimitris.kiritsis@epfl.ch
Hoo Sang Ko
Purdue University
PRISM Center and School of Industrial Engineering
315 N Grant St.
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
e-mail: ko0@purdue.edu
Naoshi Kondo
Kyoto University
Division of Environmental Science and Technology,
Graduate School of Agriculture
Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho
606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
e-mail: kondonao@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Peter Kopacek
Vienna University of Technology
Intelligent Handling and Robotics – IHRT
Favoritenstrasse 9-11/E 325
1040 Vienna, Austria
e-mail: kopacek@ihrt.tuwien.ac.at
Nicholas Kottenstette
Vanderbilt University
Institute for Software Integrated Systems
PO Box 1829
Nashville, TN 37203, USA
e-mail: nkottens@isis.vanderbilt.edu
Eric Kwei
University of California, Santa Barbara
Department of Chemical Engineering
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
e-mail: kwei@engineering.ucsb.edu
Siu K. Kwok
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Yuk Choi Road
Kowloon, Hong Kong
e-mail: mfskkwok@inet.polyu.edu.hk
King Wai Chiu Lai
Michigan State University
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2120 Engineering Building
East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
e-mail: kinglai@egr.msu.edu
Dean F. Lamiano
The MITRE Corporation
Department of Communications
and Information Systems
7515 Colshire Drive
McLean, VA 22102, USA
e-mail: dlamiano@mitre.org
List of Authors XXXIII
Steven J. Landry
Purdue University
School of Industrial Engineering
315 N. Grant St.
West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
e-mail: slandry@purdue.edu
John D. Lee
University of Iowa
Department Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, Human Factors Research National
Advanced Driving Simulator
Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
e-mail: jdlee@engineering.uiowa.edu
Tae-Eog Lee
KAIST
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu
Daejeon 305-701, Korea
e-mail: telee@kaist.ac.kr
Wing B. Lee
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Industrial and Systems Engineering
Yuk Choi Road
Kowloon, Hong Kong
e-mail: wb.lee@polyu.edu.hk
Mark R. Lehto
Purdue University
School of Industrial Engineering
315 North Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA
e-mail: lehto@purdue.edu
Kauko Leiviskä
University of Oulu
Control Engineering Laboratory
Oulun Yliopisto 90014, Finland
e-mail: kauko.leiviska@oulu.fi
Mary F. Lesch
Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety
Center for Behavioral Sciences
71 Frankland Road
Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA
e-mail: mary.lesch@libertymutual.com
Jianming Lian
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
465 Northwestern Avenue
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
e-mail: jlian@purdue.edu
Lin Lin
Waseda University
Information, Production & Systems Research
Center
2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku
808-0135 Kitakyushu, Japan
e-mail: linlin@aoni.waseda.jp
Laurent Linxe
Peugeot SA
Hagondang, France
e-mail: laurent.linxe@mpsa.com
T. Joseph Lui
Whirlpool Corporation
Global Product Organization
750 Monte Road
Benton Harbor, MI 49022, USA
e-mail: t_joseph_lui@whirlpool.com
Wolfgang Mann
Profactor Research and Solutions GmbH
Process Design and Automation,
Forschungszentrum
2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
e-mail: wolfgang.mann@profactor.at
Sebastian V. Massimini
The MITRE Corporation
7515 Colshire Drive
McLean, VA 22101, USA
e-mail: svm@mitre.org
Francisco P. Maturana
University/Company Rockwell Automation
Department Advanced Technology
1 Allen Bradley Drive
Mayfield Heights, OH 44124, USA
e-mail: fpmaturana@ra.rockwell.com
XXXIV List of Authors
Henry Mirsky
University of California, Santa Barbara
Department of Chemical Engineering
SantaBarbara,CA93106,USA
e-mail: Mirsky@lifesci.ucsb.edu
Sudip Misra
Indian Institute of Technology
School of Information Technology
Kharagpur, 721302, India
e-mail: sudip_misra@yahoo.com
Satish C. Mohleji
Center for Advanced Aviation System
Development (CAASD)
The MITRE Corporation
7515 Colshire Drive McLean, VA 22102-7508, USA
McLean, VA 22102-7508, USA
e-mail: smohleji@mitre.org
Gérard Morel
Centre de Recherche en Automatique Nancy (CRAN)
54506 Vandoeuvre, France
e-mail: gerard.morel@cran.uhp-nancy.fr
René J. Moreno Masey
University of Sheffield
Automatic Control and Systems Engineering
Mappin Street
Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
e-mail: cop07rjm@sheffield.ac.uk
Clayton Munk
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Material & Process Technology
Seattle, WA 98124-3307, USA
e-mail: clayton.l.munk@boeing.com
Yuko J. Nakanishi
Nakanishi Research and Consulting, LLC
93-40 Queens Blvd. 6A, Rego Park
New York, NY 11374, USA
e-mail: nakanishi@transresearch.net
Dana S. Nau
University of Maryland
Department of Computer Science
A.V. Williams Bldg.
College Park, MD 20742, USA
e-mail: nau@cs.umd.edu
Peter Neumann
Institut für Automation und Kommunikation
Werner-Heisenberg-Straße 1
39106 Magdeburg, Germany
e-mail: peter.neumann@ifak.eu
Shimon Y. Nof
Purdue University
PRISM Center and School of Industrial Engineering
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
e-mail: nof@purdue.edu
Anibal Ollero
Universidad de Sevilla
Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y
Automática
Camino de los Descubrimientos
Sevilla 41092, Spain
e-mail: aollero@cartuja.us.es
John Oommen
Carleton University
School of Computer Science
1125 Colonel Bye Drive
Ottawa, K1S5B6, Canada
e-mail: oommen@scs.carleton.ca
Robert S. Parker
University of Pittsburgh
Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering
1249 Benedum Hall
Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
e-mail: rparker@pitt.edu
Alessandro Pasetti
P&P Software GmbH
High Tech Center 1
8274 Tägerwilen, Switzerland
e-mail: pasetti@pnp-software.com
Anatol Pashkevich
Ecole des Mines de Nantes
Department of Automatic Control
and Production Systems
4 rue Alfred-Kastler
44307 Nantes, France
e-mail: anatol.pashkevich@emn.fr
List of Authors XXXV
Bozenna Pasik-Duncan
University of Kansas
Department of Mathematics
1460 Jayhawk Boulevard
Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
e-mail: bozenna@math.ku.edu
Peter C. Patton
Oklahoma Christian University
School of Engineering
PO Box 11000
Oklahoma City, OK 73136, USA
e-mail: peter.patton@oc.edu
Richard D. Patton
Lawson Software
380 Saint Peter St.
St. Paul, MN 55102-1313, USA
e-mail: richard.patton@lawson.com
Carlos E. Pereira
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Department Electrical Engineering
Av Osvaldo Aranha 103
PortoAlegreRS,90035190,Brazil
e-mail: cpereira@ece.ufrgs.br
Jean-François Pétin
Centre de Recherche en Automatique
de Nancy (CRAN)
54506 Vandoeuvre, France
e-mail: jean-francois.petin@cran.uhp-nancy.fr
Chandler A. Phillips
Wright State University
Department of Biomedical,
Industrial and Human Factors Engineering
3640 Colonel Glen Highway
Dayton, OH 45435-0001, USA
e-mail: Chandler.Phillips@wright.edu
Friedrich Pinnekamp
ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd.
Corporate Strategy
Affolternstrasse 44
8050 Zurich, Switzerland
e-mail: friedrich.pinnekamp@ch.abb.com
Daniel J. Power
University of Northern Iowa
College of Business Administration
Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0125, USA
e-mail: daniel.power@uni.edu
Damien Poyard
PCI/SCEMM
42030 Saint-Etienne, France
e-mail: damien.poyard@pci.fr
Srinivasan Ramaswamy
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Department of Computer Science
2801 South University Ave
Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
e-mail: srini@ieee.org
Piercarlo Ravazzi
Politecnico di Torino
Department Manufacturing Systems
and Economics
C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24
10129 Torino, Italy
e-mail: piercarlo.ravazzi@polito.it
Daniel W. Repperger
Wright Patterson Air Force Base
Air Force Research Laboratory
711 Human Performance Wing
Dayton, OH 45433-7022, USA
e-mail: Daniel.repperger@wpafb.af.mil
William Richmond
Western Carolina University
Accounting, Finance, Information Systems
and Economics
Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
e-mail: brichmond@email.wcu.eud
Dieter Rombach
University of Kaiserslautern
Department of Computer Science, Fraunhofer
Institute for Experimental Software Engineering
67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
e-mail: rombach@iese.fraunhofer.de
XXXVI List of Authors
Shinsuke Sakakibara
Fanuc Ltd.
Oshino-mura
401-0597 Yamanashi, Japan
e-mail: sakaki@i-dreamer.co.jp
Timothy I. Salsbury
Johnson Controls, Inc.
Building Efficiency Research Group
507 E Michigan Street
Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
e-mail: tim.salsbury@gmail.com
Branko Sarh
The Boeing Company – Phantom Works
5301 Bolsa Avenue
Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
e-mail: branko.sarh@boeing.com
Sharath Sasidharan
Marshall University
Department of Management and Marketing
One John Marshall Drive
Huntington, WV 25755, USA
e-mail: sasidharan@marshall.edu
Brandon Savage
GE Healthcare IT
Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane
Chalfont St Giles, HP8 4SP, UK
e-mail: Brandon.Savage@med.ge.com
Manuel Scavarda Basaldúa
Kimberly Clark
Avda. del Libertador St. 498 Capital Federal
(C1001ABR)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
e-mail: manuel.scavarda@kcc.com
Walter Schaufelberger (Δ)
ETH Zurich
Institute of Automatic Control
Physikstrasse 3
8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Bobbie D. Seppelt
The University of Iowa
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
3131 Seamans Centre
Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
e-mail: bseppelt@engineering.uiowa.edu
Ramesh Sharda
Oklahoma State University
Spears School of Business
Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
e-mail: Ramesh.sharda@okstate.edu
Keiichi Shirase
Kobe University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1-1, Rokko-dai, Nada
657-8501 Kobe, Japan
e-mail: shirase@mech.kobe-u.ac.jp
Jason E. Shoemaker
University of California
Department of Chemical Engineering
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA
e-mail: jshoe@engr.ucsb.edu
Moshe Shoham
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Technion City
Haifa 32000, Israel
e-mail: shoham@technion.ac.il
Marwan A. Simaan
University of Central Florida
School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science
Orlando, FL 32816, USA
e-mail: simaan@mail.ucf.edu
Johannes A. Soons
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory
100 Bureau Drive
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8223, USA
e-mail: soons@nist.gov
List of Authors XXXVII
Dieter Spath
Fraunhofer-Institute for Industrial
Engineering IAO
Nobelstraße 12
70566 Stuttgart, Germany
e-mail: dieter.spath@iao.fraunhofer.de
Harald Staab
ABB AG, Corporate Research Center Germany
Robotics and Manufacturing
Wallstadter Str. 59
68526 Ladenburg, Germany
e-mail: harald.staab@de.abb.com
Petra Steffens
Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental
Software Engineering
Department Business Area e-Government
Fraunhofer-Platz 1
67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
e-mail: petra.steffens@iese.fraunhofer.de
Jörg Stelling
ETH Zurich
Department of Biosystems Science
and Engineering
Mattenstr. 26
4058 Basel, Switzerland
e-mail: joerg.stelling@bsse.ethz.ch
Raúl Suárez
Technical University of Catalonia (UPC)
Institute of Industrial and Control Engineering (IOC)
Av. Diagonal 647 planta 11
Barcelona 08028, Spain
e-mail: raul.suarez@upc.edu
Kinnya Tamaki
Aoyama Gakuin University
School of Business Administration
Shibuya 4-4-25, Shibuya-ku
153-8366 Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: ytamaki@a2en.aoyama.ac.jp
Jose M.A. Tanchoco
Purdue University
School of Industrial Engineering
315 North Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA
e-mail: tanchoco@purdue.edu
Stephanie R. Taylor
Department of Computer Science
Colby College, 5855 Mayflower Hill Dr.
Waterville, ME 04901, USA
e-mail: srtaylor@colby.edu
Peter Terwiesch
ABB Ltd.
8050 Zurich, Switzerland
e-mail: peter.terwiesch@ch.abb.com
Jocelyne Troccaz
CNRS – Grenoble University
Computer Aided Medical Intervention – TIMC
laboratory, IN3S – School of Medicine – Domaine
de la Merci
38700 La Tronche, France
e-mail: jocelyne.troccaz@imag.fr
Edward Tunstel
Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory,
Space Department
11100 Johns Hopkins Road
Laurel, MD 20723, USA
e-mail: Edward.Tunstel@jhuapl.edu
Tibor Vámos
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Computer and Automation Institute
11 Lagymanyosi
1111 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: vamos@sztaki.hu
István Vajk
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Automation
andAppliedInformatics
1521 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: vajk@aut.bme.hu
Gyula Vastag
Corvinus University of Budapest
Institute of Information Technology,
Department of Computer Science
13-15 Fõvám tér (Sóház)
1093 Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: gyula.vastag@uni-corvinus.hu
XXXVIII List of Authors
Juan D. Velásquez
Purdue University
PRISM Center and School of Industrial Engineering
315 N. Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
e-mail: jvelasqu@purdue.edu
Matthew Verleger
Purdue University
Engineering Education
701 West Stadium Avenue
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2045, USA
e-mail: matthew@mverleger.com
François B. Vernadat
Université Paul Verlaine Metz
Laboratoire de Génie Industriel
et Productique de Metz (LGIPM)
Metz, France
e-mail: Francois.Vernadat@eca.europa.eu
Agostino Villa
Politecnico di Torino
Department Manufacturing Systems
and Economics
C. so Duca degli Abruzzi, 24
10129 Torino, Italy
e-mail: agostino.villa@polito.it
Birgit Vogel-Heuser
University of Kassel
Faculty of Electrical Engineering/Computer Science,
Department Chair of Embedded Systems
Wilhelmshöher Allee 73
34121 Kassel, Germany
e-mail: vogel-heuser@uni-kassel.de
Edward F. Watson
Louisiana State University
Information Systems and Decision Sciences
3183 Patrick F. Taylor Hall
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
e-mail: ewatson@lsu.edu
Theodore J. Williams
Purdue University
College of Engineering
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
e-mail: twilliam@purdue.edu
Alon Wolf
Technion Israel Institute of Technology
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Haifa 32000, Israel
e-mail: alonw@technion.ac.il
Ning Xi
Michigan State University
Electrical and Computer Engineering
2120 Engineering Building
East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
e-mail: xin@egr.msu.edu
Moshe Yerushalmy
MBE Simulations Ltd.
10, Hamefalsim St.
Petach Tikva 49002, Israel
e-mail: ymoshe@mbe-simulations.com
Sang Won Yoon
Purdue University
PRISM Center and School of Industrial Engineering
315 N. Grant Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA
e-mail: yoon6@purdue.edu
Stanislaw H.
˙
Zak
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
465 Northwestern Avenue
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
e-mail: zak@purdue.edu
XXXIX
Contents
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. LXI
Part A Development and Impacts of Automation
1 Advances in Robotics and Automation: Historical Perspectives
Yukio Hasegawa ...................................................................................... 3
References .............................................................................................. 4
2
Advances in Industrial Automation: Historical Perspectives
Theodore J. Williams ................................................................................ 5
References .............................................................................................. 11
3
Automation: What It Means to Us Around the World
Shimon Y. Nof.......................................................................................... 13
3.1 The Meaning of Automation........................................................... 14
3.2 Brief History of Automation ........................................................... 26
3.3 Automation Cases.......................................................................... 28
3.4 Flexibility, Degrees, and Levels of Automation ................................ 39
3.5 Worldwide Surveys: What Does Automation Mean to People? .......... 43
3.6 Emerging Trends ........................................................................... 47
3.7 Conclusion .................................................................................... 51
3.8 Further Reading ............................................................................ 51
References .............................................................................................. 52
4
A History of Automatic Control
Christopher Bissell ................................................................................... 53
4.1 Antiquity and the Early Modern Period ........................................... 53
4.2 Stability Analysis in the 19th Century .............................................. 56
4.3 Ship, Aircraft and Industrial Control Before WWII ............................ 57
4.4 Electronics, Feedback and Mathematical Analysis ........................... 59
4.5 WWII and Classical Control: Infrastructure....................................... 60
4.6 WWII and Classical Control: Theory ................................................. 62
4.7 The Emergence of Modern Control Theory ....................................... 63
4.8 The Digital Computer ..................................................................... 64
4.9 The Socio-Technological Context Since 1945 .................................... 65
4.10 Conclusion and Emerging Trends.................................................... 66
4.11 Further Reading ............................................................................ 67
References .............................................................................................. 67