Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
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Left radius
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left radius
Medial view, anterior to right
Left radius
Superior view, lateral to left
Left radius
Inferior view, lateral to right
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and a proximal row. Distal to the carpus are the fi ve digital rays. Each digit, called a fi nger of which there are
four, consists of a metatarsal bone and three phalanges. The remaining digit, the thumb or pollex, has a meta-
tarsal bone and only two phalanges. The photos of the hands below and on the opposing page are positioned
as if you were looking at your own hand.
The hand is a composite structure consisting of 27 bones. The prox-
imal end of the hand is the carpus or wrist. The carpal bones are
eight in number and are arranged in two rows of four, a distal row
Hand Skeleton
Left hand
Anterior view, lateral to left
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1 Scaphoid
2 Lunate
3 Triquetrum
4 Pisiform
5 Trapezium
6 Trapezoid
7 Capitate
8 Hamate
9 Metacarpal I
10 Metacarpal II
11 Metacarpal III
12 Metacarpal IV
13 Metacarpal V
14 Proximal phalanx
15 Middle phalanx
16 Distal phalanx
Left hand
Posterior view, lateral to right
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Carpal Bones
The eight carpal bones form the proximal end
of the hand skeleton. The main features of this
complex little series of bones are the numer-
Left trapezium
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left trapezoid
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left capitate
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left hamate
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left scaphoid
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left pisiform
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left triquetrum
Anterior view, lateral to left
Left lunate
Anterior view, lateral to left
ous articular surfaces they form with one another and with the metacarpal and ante-
brachial bones. The carpal bones form two rows of four bones each. The two largest
bones of the proximal row, the scaphoid and the lunate, articulate with the distal end
of the radius. The row of distal bones form the skeletal foundation for the fi ngers and
articulate with the metacarpal bones of the fi ngers and thumb. The anterior surface of
the carpal bones forms the fl oor of the carpal tunnel that supports the major digital
fl exor tendons that enter the hand.
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Trapezium
1 Tubercle of trapezium
2 Articular surface with scaphoid
3 Articular surface with trapezoid
4 Articular surface with first metacarpal
5 Articular surface with second metacarpal
Trapezoid
6 Articular surface with scaphoid
7 Articular surface with trapezium
8 Articular surface with capitate
9 Articular surface with first metacarpal
Capitate
10 Articular surface with scaphoid
11 Articular surface with lunate
12 Articular surface with trapezoid
13 Articular surface with hamate
14 Articular surface with second metacarpal
15 Articular surface with third metacarpal
16 Articular surface with fourth metacarpal
Hamate
17 Hook of hamate or hamulus
18 Articular surface with lunate
19 Articular surface with triquetrum
20 Articular surface with fourth metacarpal
21 Articular surface with fifth metacarpal
Scaphoid
22 Scaphoid tubercle
23 Articular surface with radius
24 Articular surface with trapezium
25 Articular surface with trapezoid
26 Articular surface with capitate
27 Articular surface with lunate
Lunate
28 Articular surface with radius
29 Articular surface with scaphoid
30 Articular surface with capitate
31 Articular surface with hamate
32 Articular surface with triquetrum
Triquetrum
33 Articular surface with lunate
34 Articular surface with pisiform
35 Articular surface with hamate
Pisiform
36 Articular surface with triquetrum
Left trapezium
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left trapezoid
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left capitate
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left hamate
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left scaphoid
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left lunate
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left triquetrum
Posterior view, lateral to right
Left pisiform
Posterior view, lateral to right
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The fi ve digital rays of the hand consist of a series of four bones, except in the thumb
where there are only three bones, that decrease in length from proximal to distal. Form-
ing the skeleton of the palmar region of the hand are the stout metacarpal bones. Note
their saddle-like bases and rounded heads. The anterior-posterior fl attened phalanges
project into the proper portion of the fi ngers and thumb from the metacarpal bones.
Metacarpals and Phalanges
Left metacarpal bones, numbered I to V from lateral to medial
Anterior view, thumb to left
Left phalanges
Anterior view, thumb to left
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1 Base of metacarpal
2 Shaft or body of metacarpal
3 Head of metacarpal
4 Styloid process of third metacarpal
Left phalanges
Posterior view, thumb to right
5 Base of phalanx
6 Shaft or body of phalanx
7 Head of phalanx
8 Trochlea of phalanx
9 Tuberosity of distal phalanx
Left metacarpal bones, numbered I to V from lateral to medial
Posterior view, thumb to right
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the most obvious are those that increase the diameter of the pelvic outlet. For example, note the wider pubic
angle (1) and greater sciatic notch (2) of the female pelvis.
The characteristic features of the female pelvis are related to the
role of the female pelvis in childbirth. While there are numerous di-
agnostic features that help distinguish a female pelvis, some of
Pelvis - Female
Female pelvis
Posterior view, superior to top
Female pelvis
Superior view, anterior to bottom
Female pelvis
Inferior view, anterior to bottom
Female pelvis
Lateral view, anterior to left
Female pelvis
Anterior view, superior to top
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The male pelvis tends to have a more narrow profi le than the pelvis of the female.
Compare the diameter of the outlet, the angle of the pubic arch, and the width of the
greater sciatic notch with those of the female pelvis. Also, note the stout, thick ishio-
pubic ramus (3) of the male compared to the slender ischiopubic ramus of the female
pelvis.
Pelvis - Male
Male pelvis
Anterior view, superior to top
Male pelvis
Posterior view, superior to top
Male pelvis
Superior view, anterior to bottom
Male pelvis
Inferior view, anterior to bottom
Male pelvis
Lateral view, anterior to left
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hip bone. The os coxae is fi rmly anchored to the sacrum via strong ligaments and a synovial joint. Distal to
the girdle is the free part of the lower limb. The bony framework of the thigh is the femur with the sesamoid
patella at its distal end. Distal to the femur, the tibia and fi bula form the skeleton of the crus or leg. The distal-
most region of the inferior limb is the foot consisting of seven tarsal bones, fi ve metatarsal bones, and four-
teen phalanges.
Each inferior appendage consists of 31 bones. The broad base of
the inferior limb is the pelvic girdle. This girdle is the strong fusion of
three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, to form the os coxae or
Inferior Limb
1 Os coxae or hip bone
2 Femur
3 Patella
4 Tibia
5 Fibula
6 Tarsal bones
7 Metatarsal bones
8 Phalanges
Left lower limb
Anterior view, lateral to right
Left lower limb
Posterior view, lateral to left
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