Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
5
Muscle Tissues
Nerve Tissues
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 5 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 5 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
6
their cells and on the number of cell layers present. By combining the shape names — squamous (fl at cells), cuboidal, and
columnar — with the term simple if there is a single layer of cells or the term stratifi ed if there is more than one layer of cells,
almost all of the epithelial tissues can be described and named. The photomicrographs on this page and the facing page
represent the simple (single cell layer) epithelial tissues.
Epithelial tissues are surface tissues that consist of numerous cells, with
each cell forming membrane to membrane contact with its neighbors. As a
general rule, descriptions of epithelial tissues are based on the shape of
Epithelial Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium
Surface view of mesentery, 400x
Simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium
Section of mesentery, 400x
Simple squamous epithelium, endothelium
Section of capillary, 630x
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Urinary tubes in kidney - transverse section, 630x (left); longitudinal section, 400x (right)
1 Nucleus
2 Cytoplasm
3 Cell membrane
4 Capillary lumen
5 Glandular lumen
6 Connective tissue
7 Mucous in goblet cell
8 Microvilli
9 Basement membrane
10 Blood vessel with red blood cells
11 Cilia
12 Basal cell
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
2
3
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 6 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 6 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
7
Simple columnar epithelium
Section of mucosa of small intestine, 630x
Pseudostratifi ed columnar epithelium
Section of mucosa of larynx, 400x
1
1
6
6
8
9
12
12
7
11
10
7
7
7
7
1
1
1
6
6
8
9
12
12
11
10
1
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 7 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 7 15/03/11 3:59 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
8
The photomicrographs on this and the facing page illustrate the stratifi ed
(more than one layer of cells) epithelial tissues. Note that the tissues range
from two layers to numerous layers and the cell shape used for the tissue
name is the shape of the cells found in the surface layer.
Epithelial Tissue
Nonkeratinized stratifi ed squamous epithelium
Section of esophageal mucosa, 200x
Keratinized stratifi ed squamous epithelium
Section of skin, 200x
1 Nucleus
2 Cytoplasm
3 Basal cell layer
4 Intermediate cell layer
5 Superficial cell layer
6 Stratum basale
7 Stratum spinosum
8 Stratum granulosum
9 Stratum lucidum
10 Stratum corneum
11 Connective tissue
12 Basement membrane
13 Glandular lumen
6
7
8
9
11
11
10
10
10
6
7
8
9
11
11
1
4
1
3
5
10
10
10
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 8 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 8 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
9
Stratifi ed cuboidal epithelium
Section of duct of esophageal gland, 400x
Stratifi ed columnar epithelium
Section of pharyngeal mucosa, 400x
Transitional epithelium
Section of urinary bladder mucosa, 400x
1
1
1
1
2
3
5
11
11
12
13
1
5
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
5
11
11
12
3
5
1
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 9 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 9 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
10
and arrangement of the fi bers produced by the cells and secreted into the surrounding matrix. There are three named
fi bers in the matrix — collagen fi bers, reticular fi bers (actually a thin form of collagen), and elastic fi bers. The fi bers are
deposited in varying degrees of density and are arranged in different patterns. The tissue names are based on the different
fi ber types and patterns in the matrix.
Connective tissues have relatively few cells and the cells are sur-
rounded by an extracellular matrix of fi bers, which the cells secrete.
The classifi cation and names of connective tissues arise from the type
Connective Tissue
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Section of subcutaneous layer of integument, 400x
Adipose tissue
Section of epicardial fat, 200x
1 Mast cell
2 Fibroblast
3 Collagen fiber
4 Elastic fiber
5 Reticular fiber
6 Nucleus of adipose cell
7 Cytoplasm
8 Plasma membrane
9 Lipid storage area
10 Nucleus of reticular cell
11 Nucleus of fibroblast
12 Elastic lamella
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
9
9
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
8
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 10 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 10 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
11
Reticular tissue
Section of lymph node, 400x
Dense irregular connective tissue
Section of dermis, 200x
Dense regular (collagenous) connective tissue
Section of tendon, 200x
Dense regular (elastic) connective tissue
Section of tunica media of aorta, 400x
3
3
3
3
12
12
12
12
3
3
3
3
12
12
12
12
10
11
11
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 11 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 11 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
12
The supporting tissue category consists of the skeletal tissues — carti-
lage and bone. Like the connective tissues, the supporting tissues have
relatively few cells surrounded by a signifi cant amount of extracellular
Supporting Tissue
matrix, which for the most part the cells produce. However, unlike the soft matrix of the connective tissues, the extracellular
matrix of the supporting tissues is fi rm and rubber-like in cartilage and hard in bone tissue.
Hyaline cartilage
Section of cartilage in developing fetal bone, 200x
Fibrocartilage
Section of intervertebral disc, 200x
Elastic cartilage
Section of cartilage from auricle of ear, 400x
1 Hyaline ground substance
2 Collagen fibers in ground substance
3 Elastic fibers in ground substance
4 Chondrocyte nucleus
5 Chondrocyte in lacuna
6 Perichondrium
7 Bone trabecula
8 Osteocyte
9 Red bone marrow
10 Canaliculi
11 Lacuna
12 Lamella
13 Central canal
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 12 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 12 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
13
Spongy bone
Section of epiphysis of metacarpal bone, 200x
Compact bone
Section of diaphysis of fibula, 100x; callout of osteon, 400x
7
9
7
7
7
9
9
9
7
13
12
11
1111
12
12
13
13
13
7
9
7
7
7
9
9
9
7
13
12
11
1111
12
12
13
13
13
8
10
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 13 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 13 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
14
is a greater percentage of the tissue then are the cells. However, the extracellular matrix of blood and lymph is a liquid ma-
trix called plasma, rather than the soft, fi rm matrix of connective tissues. The most recent Terminologia Histologica places
blood and lymph in their own subcategory called the hematolymphoid complex.
Hematolymphoid Complex
The tissues blood and lymph traditionally were
classifi ed as connective tissues because, like
all connective tissues, the extracellular matrix
Blood smear
Wright’s stain, 200x; enlargement, 630x; individual cells, 1500x
1 Erythrocyte or red blood cell (rbc)
2 Leukocyte or white blood cell (wbc) - neutrophil
3 Leukocyte or white blood cell (wbc) - monocyte
4 Thrombocyte (platelet)
5 Plasma
6 Crenated red blood cell
2
2
3
3
5
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
6
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
6
1
2
4
Atlas_Histology.indd Page 14 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408Atlas_Histology.indd Page 14 15/03/11 4:00 PM user-F408 /Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New/Users/user-F408/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New