Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
55
Occipital bone
Inferior view, anterior to bottom
Occipital bone
Lateral view, anterior to right
Occipital bone
Superior view, anterior to bottom
3
5
7
10
13
14
15
16
2
4
5
6
7
10
13
15
16
2
4
5
6
8
11
13
17
18
22
9
1
12
3
1
12
2
9
1
12
3
1
12
14
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 55 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 55 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
56
the bone is the thin lateral plate that contributes to the lateral wall of the cranium. It projects anteriorly
as the zygomatic process and forms the mandibular fossa for the temporomandibular joint. The styloid
part is represented by the styloid process. This projection of bone arises from the upper elements of the
second pharyngeal arch. The petrous part forms the thick pyramidal base of the bone. It begins poste-
rior to the external acoustic meatus as the mastoid process and ends where it forms a junction with the
basi-occipital and greater wing of the sphenoid. The name petrous describes its rock-like appearance.
This is the thickest part of the temporal bone. It arises from the otic capsules that stabilize the delicate
internal ear structures. The mastoid is the posterolateral protuberance of the petrous portion that is easily
palpable just posterior to the ear. The tympanic part of the temporal bone is the ring-like plate that forms
the walls of the external acoustic meatus. Each temporal bone articulates with fi ve bones.
The temporal bone is a com-
plex bone with fi ve distinct
parts. The squamous part of
Cranial Bones – Temporal
Left temporal bone
Medial view, anterior to right
Left temporal bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
1 Petrous part
2 Mastoid process
3 Mastoid notch
4 Groove for sigmoid sinus
5 Carotid canal
6 Apex of petrous part
7 Musculotubal canal
8 Tegmen tympani
9 Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
10 Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
11 Tr igeminal impression
12 Internal acoustic meatus
13 Mastoid canaliculus
14 Tympanic canaliculus
15 Styloid process (broken)
16 Stylomastoid foramen
17 Jugular notch
18 Tympanic ring
19 External acoustic meatus
20 Greater tympanic spine
21 Lesser tympanic spine
22 Squamous part
23 Zygomatic process
24 Mandibular fossa
25 Articular tubercle
26 Petrotympanic fissure
27 Tympanomastoid fissure
1
2
4
5
12
22
23
2
18
22
23
24
25
27
1919
20
21
5
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 56 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 56 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
57
Left temporal bone
Superior view, anterior at top
Left temporal bone
Posterior view
Left temporal bone
Anterior view
Left temporal bone
Inferior view, anterior at bottom
1
6
8
9
10
11
22
23
1
2
3
12
22
23
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
22
23
24
1
2
3
5
13
14
15
17
18
23
24
25
26
23
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 57 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 57 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
58
terfl y. Like it name suggests, it is wedged into the center of the cranium where it articulates with twelve
neighboring bones and contributes to much of the cranial base. It is divisible into four principal compo-
nents — the body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes. With the calvaria removed the
bone is visible from any view. This bone plays a prominent role at the base of the skull. It supports the
brain, serves to protect the optic stalks and capsules, provides passage for many vessels and nerves
entering and leaving the skull, and forms a sinus cavity that communicates with the nasal cavity.
The sphenoid bone is a com-
plex bone that has the spread
-winged appearance of a but-
Cranial Bones – Sphenoid
1 Jugum
2 Sella turcica
3 Tuberculum sellae
4 Hypophysial fossa
5 Dorsum sellae
6 Posterior clinoid process
7 Middle clinoid process
8 Carotid sulcus
9 Sphenoidal crest
10 Sphenoidal rostrum
11 Sphenoidal sinus
12 Sphenoidal concha
13 Lesser wing
14 Optic canal
15 Anterior clinoid process
16 Superior orbital fissure
17 Greater wing
18 Infratemporal crest
19 Orbital surface
20 Foramen rotundum
21 Foramen ovale
22 Foramen spinosum
23 Spine of sphenoid bone
24 Lateral plate of pterygoid process
25 Medial plate of pterygoid process
26 Pterygoid notch
27 Pterygoid fossa
28 Scaphoid fossa
29 Vaginal process
30 Pterygoid hamulus
31 Pterygoid canal
Sphenoid bone
Anterior view
Sphenoid bone
Posterior view
6
9
10
11
12
13
17
19
20
24
25
26
29
30
31
3
8
10
13
15
16
17
18
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
65
10
11
26
29
10
16
26
29
16
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 58 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 58 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
59
Sphenoid bone
Inferior view, anterior at top
Sphenoid bone
Superior view, anterior at top
Sphenoid bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
27
10
17
18
21
22
24
25
26
28
29
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
13
14
15
17
20
21
22
2
5
6
15
17
18
24
23
23
21
22
21
22
5
6
23
23
23
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 59 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 59 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
60
walls of the nasal cavity, orbit, oral cavity, and maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus is the hollow central
cavity within the large body of the maxilla. Four variable-shaped processes project from the maxillary
body. The processes are the posterolateral zygomatic process, the medial projecting palatine process,
the arched inferior process called the alveolar, and the superiorly projecting frontal process. Each
maxilla articulates with nine bones.
Cranial Bones – Maxilla
1 Orbital surface
2 Infra-orbital groove
3 Infra-orbital foramen
4 Anterior nasal spine
5 Canine fossa
6 Maxillary tuberosity
7 Lacrimal groove
8 Maxillary sinus
9 Greater palatine groove
10 Frontal process
11 Zygomatic process
12 Palatine process
13 Incisive canal
14 Alveolar process
15 Interalveolar septum
Left maxilla
Anterior view
Left maxilla
Posterior view
The maxillae are large, paired
bones that unite to form the upper
jaw. They also contribute to the
3
4
5
10
11
14
15
6
10
11
12
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 60 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 60 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
61
Left maxilla
Superior view, anterior at top
Left maxilla
Medial view, anterior to right
Left maxilla
Lateral view, anterior to left
Left maxilla
Inferior view, anterior at top
1
2
7
10
11
12
4
8
9
10
12
13
14
14
1
3
4
5
6
10
11
14
15
11
12
13
14
15
7
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 61 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 61 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
62
arched body with a tooth-bearing alveolar process. Posteriorly each side of the arched body joins the verti-
cally directed rami at the mandibular angle. The superior aspects of the two rami articulate with the
temporal bones at the base of the cranium. The mandible is a strong bone composed predominantly of
compact bone. It houses the lower tooth row in its alveolar arch. The strong masticatory muscles act on
this bone to move it in the temporomandibular joint. Its shape can vary exceedingly with age. If the teeth
are lost, bone gets resorbed on the alveolar surface leading to the thinning of the dental arch. The man-
dible articulates with two bones.
The mandible, the largest of
the facial bones, forms the
lower jaw. The bone has an
Cranial Bones – Mandible
1 Body of mandible
2 Mental protuberance
3 Mental foramen
4 Mental tubercle
5 Oblique line
6 Digastric fossa
7 Mental spines
8 Mylohyoid line
9 Submandibular fossa
10 Alveolar part
11 Retromolar triangle
12 Ramus of mandible
13 Angle of mandible
14 Mandibular foramen
15 Coronoid process
16 Mandibular notch
17 Condylar process
18 Head of mandible
19 Pterygoid fovea
20 Masseteric tuberosity
21 Pterygoid tuberosity
Mandible
Anterior view
Mandible
Posterior view
1
2
3
4
5
10
12
13
15
18
20
1
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
17
18
21
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 62 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 62 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
63
Mandible
Superior view, anterior at bottom
Mandible
Lateral view, anterior to right
Mandible
Inferior view, anterior at bottom
2
4
11
15
17
18
19
1
2
3
4
10
12
13
15
16
17
18
20
1
6
8
9
13
14
17
21
7
7
14
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 63 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 63 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop
64
sieve-like bone because of the many small foramina that transmit the olfactory nerves to the nasal cavity.
This unpaired bone is both complex and delicate and is the central bone of the nasal cavity. Wedged be-
tween the two orbits, the bone consists of a median vertical plate, a horizontal plate perforated by many
small foramina, and bilateral pneumatic, labyrinthine regions. The labyrinthine regions form most of the
medial walls of the orbit and the superior and middle nasal conchae. This bone consists of thin laminae of
compact bone surrounding many small air sinuses, which communicate with the nasal cavity. The ethmoid
bone articulates with thirteen bones, more articulations than any other cranial bone.
Cranial Bones – Ethmoid
1 Cribriform plate
2 Cribriform foramina
3 Crista galli
4 Perpendicular plate
5 Ethmoidal air cells
6 Orbital plate
7 Superior nasal concha
8 Middle nasal concha
9 Ethmoidal bulla
10 Uncinate process
11 Ethmoidal infundibulum
Ethmoid bone
Anterior view
Ethmoid bone
Posterior view
Ethmoid bone
Lateral view, anterior at right
Ethmoid bone
Superior view, anterior at top
Ethmoid bone
Inferior view, anterior at top
The term ethmoid comes from the
Greek term ethmos meaning
sieve. Galen called the bone the
1
3
3
4
4
5
55
6
7
8
8
10
3
6
10
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
10
1
2
Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 64 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391Atlas_AxialSkel.indd Page 64 15/03/11 8:44 PM user-F391 /Users/user-F391/Desktop/Users/user-F391/Desktop