Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
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Bones of the cranium disarticulated
Inferior view
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Cranium
Parasagittal section of the cranium
Medial view of the right side
This page spread depicts the cranium sectioned in a parasagittal plane through the right side of
the nasal cavity just lateral to the bony nasal septum. The section below depicts the lateral wall of
the right nasal cavity, and the section on the opposite page depicts the medial (septal) wall of the
right nasal cavity. The osseous sinuses that communicate with the nasal cavity are all visible in
these sections.
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1 Frontal bone
2 Parietal bone
3 Occipital bone
4 Sphenoid bone
5 Temporal bone
6 Ethmoid bone
7 Inferior nasal concha
8 Nasal bone
9 Vomer
10 Maxilla
11 Palatine bone
12 Mandible
19 Ethmoidal air cells (sinuses)
20 Maxillary sinus
21 Incisive canal
22 Bony nasal septum
23 Sphenopalatine foramen
24 Inferior nasal meatus
Parasagittal section of the cranium
Medial view of the left side
13 External table of calvaria
14 Diploë
15 Internal table of calvaria
16 Groove for sigmoid sinus
17 Sphenoidal sinus
18 Frontal sinus
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Cranium
Cranium with calvaria removed
Superior or internal view of the cranial base
This page spread depicts the cranium sectioned in a horizontal plane through the neurocranium,
or brain box, revealing the internal aspects of the fl oor and roof of the sectioned cranial cavity. On
this page the fl oor of the neurocranium is visible, while on the opposing page the roof of the neu-
rocranium is visible. The superior portion of the cranium, depicted on the opposite page, is called
the calvaria.
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1 Frontal bone
2 Parietal bone
3 Occipital bone
4 Sphenoid bone
5 Temporal bone
6 Ethmoid bone
7 Clivus
8 Foramen caecum
9 Foramen lacerum
10 Jugular foramen
11 Petrosphenoidal fissure
12 Petro-occipital fissure
13 Anterior cranial fossa
14 Middle cranial fossa
15 Posterior cranial fossa
16 Granular foveolae
Removed calvaria
Inferior or internal view
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Cranial Bones – Frontal
1 Squamous part
2 Frontal tuber
3 Glabella
4 Superciliary arch
5 Supra-orbital notch or foramen
6 Frontal notch or foramen
7 Temporal surface
8 Zygomatic process
9 Frontal crest
10 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
11 Nasal spine
12 Orbital surface
13 Trochlear spine
14 Lacrimal fossa
15 Ethmoidal notch
16 Frontal sinus
Frontal bone
Posterior view
Frontal bone
Anterior view
vertical portion termed the squama and a horizontal plate that forms the superior walls of the orbits.
The bone has a smooth external surface, while its internal surface consists of impressions made by the
meningeal vessels and scattered foramina that transmit diploic vessels. The squamous portion of the
bone is thick. It consists of internal and external laminae of compact bone sandwiching a layer of tra-
becular bone called diploë. Near the anterior, inferior midline the spongy bone is absent between the
external and internal laminae and in its place are variably sized spaces — the frontal sinuses. The orbital
plate consists of a thin plate of compact bone, which is often so thin that it is translucent. The frontal
bone articulates with twelve bones.
The unpaired frontal bone has a
bowl-like shape that consists of
two parts, an internally concave
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Frontal bone
Superior view, anterior to bottom
Frontal bone
Lateral view, anterior to left
Frontal bone
Inferior view, anterior to top
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nium. The external surface of each parietal bone is slightly convex while the internal surface is concave
and marked with impressions from meningeal vessels. The inferior border forms a beveled articular sur-
face, while the superior, anterior, and posterior borders form deeply denticulate articular surfaces. The
bone consists of inner and outer laminae of compact bone sandwiching a layer of trabecular bone, the
diploë. Each parietal bone articulates with fi ve bones.
The parietal bones are large quad-
rilateral bones forming the greater
part of the roof and sides of the cra-
Cranial Bones – Parietal
1 Groove for sigmoid sinus
2 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
3 Grooves for middle meningeal artery
4 Superior temporal line
5 Inferior temporal line
6 Parietal tuber
7 Squamosal border
8 Occipital border
9 Frontal border
10 Sagittal border
11 Frontal angle
12 Occipital angle
13 Sphenoid angle
14 Mastoid angle
15 Parietal foramen
Left parietal bone
Medial view, anterior to right
Left parietal bone
Lateral view, anterior to right
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Left parietal bone
Anterior view
Left parietal bone
Posterior view
Left parietal bone
Inferior view, anterior to right
Left parietal bone
Superior view, anterior to left
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behind it has an oval to round shape. The bone has four distinct regions. The squamous portion is the in-
ternally concave posterosuperior plate and forms the greater part of the bone. The thick quadrilateral basi-
occipital, or basilar part, contributes to the base of the cranium anterior to the foramen magnum. Lateral
to this and converging with the squama are the two condylar parts or exoccipitals. Together the four re-
gions of the bone form the borders to the large circular opening, the foramen magnum, which provides
passage for the spinal cord between the cranial vault and the spinal canal. The occipital bone articulates
with six bones.
The occipital bone forms the
greater part of the posterior and
inferior cranium. Viewed from
Cranial Bones – Occipital
1 Foramen magnum
2 Clivus
3 Pharyngeal tubercle
4 Squamous part
5 Mastoid border
6 Lambdoid border
7 Occipital condyle
8 Condylar canal
9 Hypoglossal canal
10 Condylar fossa
11 Jugular tubercle
12 Jugular notch
13 Jugular process
14 External occipital protuberance
15 Superior nuchal line
16 Inferior nuchal line
17 Internal occipital protuberance
18 Groove for transverse sinus
19 Groove for occipital sinus
20 Groove for superior sagittal sinus
21 Cerebral fossa
22 Cerebellar fossa
Occipital bone
Posterior view
Occipital bone
Anterior view
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