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, , ?

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      ,  ,   

. , : 

, , 

.

, 

    .      

     .   ,

, ,     . "

, – , – ".

     ,  , , 

    -   . 

, 

      ,     

   .   .   

. , , 

     . "  

,        ,  



".

         

 (, , ).

 – , ,

 ,      ,    

,  – .

, 

,  .   ,   ()   

, .

     ,      

. , ,

; .

       , 

   ,   

, .

      .  

. ", –

, – , , , 

".  – , 

    .       – 

 ,       

. , , , 

, ,

, . 

,     ,   

 ()   

 – .

, , ,



, .

       

 ,     .   

 ,  , :  ,  ,

.

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 (

),    ,       

 "",

    .       

. , 

     ,    

, . 

.

     , 

   .    

, .

   ,  ,   ,

, ,  – .

  ,   ,     :

 –  "", "", 

– . 

, ,  "" .

, , 

. "  , –  , –   

 ,        ,   

". , , 

  ,       

.

, , , , 

, . ", , –

 , –     ;     ,

   ".      , 

,   ,   ,   

, , 

, . . .

  ,  ,   

,     ,   

 ,    .   

        (

. .)  (, 

       .),      

, 

, , .

, , : 1)

   ;      , 

 ; 2)       

 3) .

. 

        ,  

, .

  ,     , 

, ; , .

      ,      

   ,      

  .           

, .

,          

www.InetLib.Ru - !

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,           

, . 

  ,           

 ".   ,      

   ,  ,   

.

      ,   

.  ,  ,    

, , , 

. 

. , ,

 ",      

...".

        

 .   – ,  ,   ,

 (, ), 

 .       –  

   ,         

.

, , ,

. 

, . , , 

   ,    ,  

 ,      . "... , –

, – , 

  ".    ,     

, .

,

 ,   ,       

  (  )   .    

.

        ,  ,

   ( ),   

 .       , 

,    : , ,   .

    :  ,   

,   . "    ,  

, , , , 

".

         ,

        

.

  ,  ,     , 

 , , ,  .

, , 

, .

   ,   

   ,    

     , . .  .   

 

.

        

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,  .

 (. . ) , 

,    ,      

     ,    ,

. 

 ,    ,   

, 

 ,         

.

         XX . 



. : 

.

        

 .       

.

 14. 

 XIX .

   I     .   

 ""  , 

 ".           

 . " ".       I

.

,  I , 



  ,       

.

1. . . 

. .  (1772–1839)       

      .   

     ""  (

. speranto – ) 

  ( 1797 . – )    , ,

 .  23   ,  

. . , 

.  I     ,    

,   – .  , 

        

     1812 . ( , ).  1816 .  

   ,   1819 .    . .  

 .   1820 .      -

,  1826 .  I 

.          

   45 ,   ,     

, .

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 I . . .

   1839 .  ,   , 

, : "".

. . 

  ,      .  

,  ""

. 

 ().

,   ,       : 

  – ;    –  ,     –

 ,      

       ( ,

). , , 

,    ,    ,   ,

  ",   . " 

   ,     " (" 

").

       

,  " (.

– . 3.)    ".     

    .     

 ,     ,    .

   –  –    ,  " 

       .   ,  

   ".   ,      "

, ".

    ,    

    – .    

,  – : , .

        

     ,    , 

, . 

 ,     ,  , "



 ",      . 

, .

       

     – : ,   ,

.

       . 

       

.  () , 

, , .

 ,         

. . 

  :     ,

.

      , "   –  

",          ,  

.

       ("  

") , , , 

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.

 , , 



. ", 

  ",  ,     

, . "

  ,        ". 

           . " 

, – , – 

!"           

 .         

  ;       ,  ,  "

, ".

, , 

 ,    .  

         : " 

" (3  1809 .)  "   " (6  1809 .).  

: 

            

. 

, , , .

     ,  

.

       

   ,  ,   

   .   (   ) 

,  –  (.

. ). .

 . ", – , –

   .     ,  

, ". "

, –  , –       

, ?"

, , ,

 ,  "   ".    :

 , 

,  "" (). 

   ,      

.

          ,

      ,   ,  

        ( 

).      " 6y"    «

».

 "" 

.

, : 

 II (

),     "  "      

    II   17  1905 . " 

"  23  1906

., , , 

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, .

2. 

   " (. . )  

 ,   : "  " (1815),

 " (1818), " " (1818) , ,   

,    .    ,

       

.

 (1793–1826) . . .

, , 

    .  1812 .    ,

        .  1821 . 

   ,       .  . .

    .       

,

    " "     

.

        

 14  1825 ., . .  "

" .





 .      , 

      .    

      .  

 "        

   ...      ,  

      ".   

     ,    

,  "      ". 

   ,     

. "  ...     ", 

.

: , .

     :  "   

, ".

,  "

   .    ,      

".

     ,  

    ,      

      .   

.

 ,    , 

:  . 

   ,      

. , 

, "      ,  

www.InetLib.Ru - !

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    ".  ,  ,

  .      

, .

     " "   

, ,    . ,       

, 

, .



     "",     ,

 – . 

 (, )

         

, 

     

 , , 

   ".     

    ,    

, .



,         

.

 "        , 

.

  . .  .      

.

       ,  , 

,  –  "

".       

, , 

, 

    .  . .     

, .

 :  () .

,  – ". 

, , , , 

.  ,    .  "  -

             

. 

    .     . .

 "  ".  ,     

,

 "

".

 "" . 

,   

, , 

.   , 

          

.

. . . "

, 

".

www.InetLib.Ru - !

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        

    ( ).   

,  – ,  – 

, .

      ,  

, .

    ,    

, .

         "

 10  3 ". , , 

,  – ,  – . 

.

       ,

  . "      –

;  – .

  ,   ,   , 

, ".

   ,  , ,    "" 

, . 

 ", ".

    ,   

,  "".

   . .      ,

.

 ,    ,    

.         

    ,     " 

".

 " "      

   :  , , 

, ,   .    

, 

.

      -

        

.

     " "  

      ,    –

. , 

 ,        ,  

.

        

  . ,       "

"(1793).

   ,       

, . , 

, 

.

        

 (1796– 1843).

         

,   ,  ,     

www.InetLib.Ru - !

120

          . . .

     ,   

.

. .     ,      -

      .   

. . 

 ,     . 

, , , 

, . " – 

–         .  

, ".

, 

    . "     ,  

, , , 

,    ...    

,   ,        

".

    ,  . . , 

. ". , 

, ". 

    :    

      ,    ,  

 ...          ".  

     "   

".   .

    , "    ".

,  18-  60-,

      :  , ,  

. . ", 

",  ", 

", 

". 

.

, , . . 

, , 

.

 , ": 

   ".     

 ( ,    ),    

.

, 

. : 

     ,   

, , 

,         

.

  – :     , 

, . 

, .

       

.  "".

 () 