Muthu S. Enlightenment against Empire

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344 INDEX

Herder, Johann Gottfried (cont.)

tions and the contingency of human

lives, 212–18; on God, 221; Hamann’s

inﬂuence on, 257; on happiness, 223,

227, 247–48; Herder’s anthropological

understanding of humanity, 212, 226–

38; Herder’s concept of ‘nation’, 224–

26; Herder’s conceptualization of hu-

man diversity, 238–46; Herder’s ethical

understanding of humanity, 247–57;

Herder’s principles of international rela-

tions, 254–55; on horizons of knowl-

edge and universal standards, 221–24;

on humanity (Humanit¨at), 10, 233,

235, 237, 319n. 15; Ideen zur Philoso-

phie der Geschichte der Menschheit [Ideas

Toward a Philosophy of History of Hu-

mankind] (1784–91), 6, 126, 211, 221,

222, 226–27, 229, 230, 238, 239, 246,

247, 248, 249, 253; on incommen-

surability, 212, 223–24, 232, 249, 258,

276, 318n. 14; on justice, 251; Kant’s

inﬂuence on, 257; on language, 212–13,

228–29, 230–32, 249–50, 254, 258;

Letters on the Advancement of Human-

ity, 251–52, 253, 254–55, 276; on mis-

sionaries, 243; on nation, 246, 258;

on national character, 224–25; on per-

fectibility, 228; on philosophers/

philosophy, 214–15, 317–18n. 6; on

politics, 252; on prejudice, 225; on race,

245–46, 250; on religion, 235, 319n.

15; role of the language of divinity in,

221; Rousseau’s inﬂuence on, 227–28,

230, 281; Scattered Leaves [Zerstrevte

Bl¨attner] (1792), 253; self-

understanding of, 210; on sociability,

233–34; on sympathy, 233–34; on uni-

versal dignity, 269–74; use of organic

metaphors, 249; use of Scripture, 126;

on writing, 243

Herodotus, 270

Hinduism, Diderot’s praise of, 81, 112

Hirschman, Albert, The Passions and the

Interests, 297n. 19

Histoire G´en´erale des Voyages (Pr´evost), 42

Histoire philosophique et politique des

´etablissements et du commerce des Euro-

p´eens dans les deux Indes [Philosophical

and political history of European settle-

ments and commerce in the two Indies]

(Raynal), 2, 9, 49, 72–73, 121, 295nn.

1 and 2; division of history in, 87. See

also Diderot, Denis: contributions to the

Histoire des deux Indes

Hobbes, Thomas, 17, 51–52, 60, 93, 185,

306n. 50

hospitality, 297n. 14; Diderot on, 84–87,

96, 193–94; Kant on, 192. See also

Kant: on cosmopolitan right

Hottentots, 39, 40, 67, 110–11, 114–15,

188, 197

Humanit¨at, 10, 125–26, 148, 170, 212,

233

humanity, 123; categorization of diversity,

278–79; as cultural agency, 7–8; Di-

derot on, 74, 77–80, 86, 92, 95, 121;

Herder on, 10, 212, 233, 235, 237,

247–57, 319n. 15; ‘human’ category,

122–23; Kant on, 9–10, 123–24, 128–

30, 133–35, 138–41, 169–71, 302n.

21; ‘natural’ humanity, 16, 68–69; and

respect for human beings, 268, 269–74

Hume, David, 30, 217, 265, 311n. 14;

“Of National Characters” (1748), 183;

“Of the Original Contract” (1748), 204

Hutterites, 153

imperialism, 122, 285n. 2, 324n. 39; Di-

derot’s comparison of the imperial

founder and the “peaceable founder”,

90; Diderot’s positive lessons about poli-

tics gleaned from, 107; ends of, 198–99;

justiﬁcation of, 162, 271–73, 275–77,

279–80. See also anti-imperialism; colo-

nization; empire

Inca, 17, 19, 91

incommensurability, 9, 268, 275–78, 282;

Diderot on, 81, 121, 276; Herder on,

212, 223–24, 232, 249, 258, 276,

318n. 14; Kant on, 209, 276; overall in-

commensurability, 276; partial incom-

mensurability, 282. See also Kant: on res

merae facultatis

India, 80, 88–90, 98, 113, 116, 117, 189,

279

Japan, 196, 298n. 23, 315n. 36, 324n. 38

just war theory, 272

Kant, Immanuel, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 72,

123–25, 237, 269; absence of non-

INDEX 345

Europeans in theorizing a state of na-

ture, 201; absence of race in later pub-

lished writings, 183–84; on ‘aesthetic

humanity’, 144–55, 169; on agrari-

anism, 185–86, 200–201, 316nn. 47

and 48; Anthropology from a Pragmatic

Point of View (1798), 149, 184, 205,

303n. 23, 311n. 19; on anti-paternalism,

155–62; on asceticism, 308n. 2; on can-

nibalism, 202, 316n. 41; categorization

of peoples, 172, 180–86; on ‘civilized’

sociability, 144–55; on climate, 182,

183; on colonization, 190, 198–99,

313–14n. 31; on commerce, 195; The

Conﬂict of the Faculties (1798), 158,

168, 307n. 60; Conjectures on the Begin-

ning of Human History (1786), 124,

126–30, 132, 133, 135–36, 165–66,

167–68, 170, 174, 184–86, 189, 207–

8, 301nn. 10 and 11; on cosmopolitan

right, 103, 172–73, 186–200, 297n. 14,

313n. 28; “Critique of Aesthetic Judge-

ment,” 304n. 33, 305n. 42; Critique of

Judgement (1790), 136, 145, 147, 148,

158, 159, 154, 164, 205, 231, 311n.

20; Critique of Practical Reason (1788),

130, 302n. 22; Critique of Pure Reason

(1781), 123, 125, 126, 142–43, 182;

on cultural agency, 124, 125–33, 135–

38, 140, 141, 144–55, 162–69, 174–

75, 177–78, 181, 257, 274–76, 303n.

23; on culture, 131, 136–37, 144–45,

170–71, 301n. 15; on dignity (W¨urde),

124, 138–41, 143–44, 169–70, 302–

3n. 22; Doctrine of Right, 149, 190,

199; Doctrine of Virtue, 151, 153, 154,

165, 172, 174, 175; on the duty of be-

neﬁcence, 155–56; The End of All

Things (1794), 152–53, 166–67; on en-

lightenment, 155, 160, 162, 180, 301n.

10; on ethnography, 305n. 37; on free-

dom, 124, 130–38, 155, 157–58, 170,

172, 173–86, 189, 207; on the globe,

192; Groundwork of the Metaphysics of

Morals (1785), 124, 130, 139, 159,

170, 172, 174, 302n. 22; on Herder,

305n. 37; on hospitality, 192; on hu-

manity, 9–10, 123–24, 128–30, 133–

35, 138–41, 169–71, 302n. 21; Idea for

a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan

Intent (1784), 156–57, 164–65, 168,

186, 209; on incommensurability, 209,

276; inﬂuence of the Histoire des deux

Indes on, 75; on inherited values, 301n.

10; on international right, 188–91; on

justiﬁcation of categorical imperative,

302–3n. 22; Kant’s ‘Copernican revolu-

tion’, 142; Kant’s philosophy of history,

162–69, 209; Kant’s social contract doc-

trine, 173, 200–209; Kant’s social criti-

cism, 135–38; on language, 312n. 23;

Logic, 123; The Metaphysics of Morals

(1797), 124, 130, 132, 134–35, 140,

150, 174, 185, 187, 189–90, 191, 194–

99, 202, 207, 301n. 13, 313n. 28, 313–

14n. 31; on nature, 163–64; on

noumenon/noumena, 124–25, 141–44;

Observations on the Feeling of the Beauti-

ful and Sublime (1764), 183; On the

Different Races of Man (1775), 182; on

personality, 133–35, 139–40; on

philosophers/philosophy, 162–63, 303n.

28; on the powers of understanding,

308n. 1; on property rights, 193–95; on

race, 182–84, 300n. 3, 311nn. 19–22;

Reﬂexionen, 159; Religion within the

Boundaries of Mere Reason

(1793), 124,

133–34, 135–36, 139–40, 170, 174–

75, 300n. 5, 301n. 11; on res merae fac-

ultatis, 178, 179, 187–88, 199, 200,

309n. 6; review of Herder’s Ideas, 146–

47; on Rousseau, 305n. 38; Rousseau’s

inﬂuence on, 135, 137–38, 139, 281;

on sociability, 144–55; on the social

contract, 125, 200–209, 316n. 46; The-

ory and Practice (1793), 160, 166, 201,

207, 307n. 68; Toward Perpetual Peace

(1795), 158, 168, 186, 189, 190, 193,

197, 201, 202, 267, 307–8n. 71, 313n.

28; on travel, 193–94; on universal dig-

nity, 269–74; use of the biblical book of

Genesis, 126–28; What Does It Mean to

Orient Oneself in Thinking? 160–61;

“What is Enlightenment?” 162

Kelly, George Armstrong, 163

Korsgaard, Christine, 302n. 21

Kultur, 8, 136, 301n. 15, 318n. 10

Lahontan, Baron de, 9, 12, 17, 74, 122;

dehumanization of Amerindians, 68; Di-

alogues Curieux entre l’Auteur et un

Sauvage de bons sens qui a voyag´e [Cu-

346 INDEX

Lahontan, Baron de (cont.)

rious dialogues between the author and a

savage of good sense who has travelled],

24–31, 47; M´emoires de l’Am´erique Sep-

tentrionale [Memoirs of North America],

24; Nouveaux Voyages [New Voyages]

(1703), 24, 31; use of dialogic device,

La Mettrie, Julian Offray, 80

L’An 2440 (Mercier), 299n. 25

Las Casas, Bartolom´e de, 4, 206, 273,

275; Apologetica Historia, 275

Laursen, John Christian, 306n. 54

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: on China, 27–

28; Novissima Sinica (1697), 28

Linnaeus, 279

Locke, John, 17, 23, 165, 187, 271, 277,

315n. 39; Essay Concerning Human Un-

derstanding, 271

Louis XVI, 116, 159, 306n. 56

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 109

Lukes, Steven, 276

Lycurgus, 19

MacIntyre, Alisdair, 261, 320n. 2

Maistre, Joseph de, 265

Malthus, Thomas, 56

Marx, Karl, 259, 279, 280

Meinecke, Friedrich, 233

Mendelssohn, Moses, 162, 166

Mercier, Sebastien, 299n. 25

metaphysics, 142, 303n. 25

Mexica, 17, 19, 39

Mill, John Stuart, 259, 280; justiﬁcation of

British imperial rule over India, 279

missionaries: Herder on, 243; as hypo-

crites, 26; linkage with military con-

quest and loss of political independence,

324n. 38; writings about Amerindians,

‘modernity’, 137, 144–46, 261, 301n. 16

moeurs, 8, 79–87, 278, 297n. 13

Montaigne, Michel de, 9, 12, 80, 237;

“The Apology for Raymond Seybond”

(1575–76), 21; on climate, 17; “Des

Cannibales” [“Of Cannibals”] (1578–

80), 14–23, 26, 202, 290n. 22; “Des

Coches” [“Of Coaches”] (1585–88),

17, 19, 22–23, 289n. 11; distinctive fea-

tures of Montaigne’s thought, 20–21; as

philosophes’ exemplary hero, 47

Montesquieu, Baron de, 5, 265; categori-

zation of peoples, 180; on climate, 37,

298n. 21; inﬂuence of Lahontan on, 24;

Lettres Persanes (1721), 60; The Spirit of

the Laws (1748), 37, 180, 298n. 21

Moreau, Jacob, 46

multidimensional social theory, 294n. 66

nation, in Enlightenment writings, 279

national character, 73; and Diderot’s mask

metaphor, 73–74; Herder on, 224–25

natural right theory, 7, 11, 268; human-

itarian core of, 272

Netherlands, 99, 106, 110–11, 114

New World, as a device of social criticism,

59–66

New Zealanders, 236, 239

‘noble savage’ theory, 3, 7, 9, 11–14, 66,

70, 274, 287n. 1; animalization of New

World peoples, 43–44; and Christianity,

26, 29; and ethnography, 20; focus on

problems facing Europeans, 67; and the

infantilization of New World peoples,

22–23; and natural instinct, 18–19; and

the ‘natural man’, 74; ‘noble savage’

concept as a device of social criticism,

20–22; principal anthropological claim

of, 29; and the status of women, 26–27;

tensions within, 19, 34, 39, 52. See also

Lahontan, Baron de; Montaigne, Michel

de: “Des Cannibales”; Rousseau, Jean-

Jacques

oriental despotism, 28, 118, 289n. 17

Pagden, Anthony, 194, 286n. 4, 297n. 14,

314n. 32, 318n. 14

Paine, Thomas, 160

Parekh, Bhikhu, 304n. 36

patriotism, 95, 153, 254

Peru, 119

Pesherays, 230, 231, 236

philosophers/philosophy: Diderot on, 119;

Herder on, 214–15, 317–18n. 6; Kant

on, 162–63, 303n. 28

philosophes, 261; emphasis on individuals,

59; on the higher sciences, 57; on hu-

manity, 69

Plato, 17, 19, 32, 141

Pliny, 236

Pocock, J.G.A., 263–64

INDEX 347

Pr´evost, Abb´e, 42

property rights: Diderot on, 62–63, 93–

94; Kant on, 193–95; Roman jurispru-

dential concept of, 273; Rousseau on,

35, 62–63

Prussia, 160–61

Pufendorf, Samuel von, 17, 304n. 35

race: Forster–Kant debate on, 300n. 3;

Herder on, 245–46; Kant on, 182–84,

300n. 3, 311nn. 19–22; in the nine-

teenth century, 279; and race theory,

181, 182, 323n. 28

Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, 2, 9, 72. See

also Histoire philosophique et politique des

´etablissements et du commerce des Euro-

p´eens dans les deux Indes

Reinhold, Karl Leonard, 144

‘Republic of Letters’, 6

Riebeeck, Jan van, 110

Robertson, William, 217

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 147

Roman Empire, 252, 256, 257

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 2–3, 6, 8, 9, 17,

78, 122; on agrarianism, 35; on amour

de soi, 33–34; on amour propre, 34, 35,

38, 61, 129; categorization of peoples,

180–81; on climate, 38, 53–54; Consid-

erations on the Government of Poland,

36; Discourse on Inequality (1755), 12–

13, 20, 27, 28, 31, 33–34, 39–45, 48–

49, 52, 57, 68, 69–70, 127–28, 180,

184–85; Discourse on the Sciences and

Arts (1750), 28, 36, 45, 48, 57, 211;

Emile, 36–37, 149, 305n. 38; Emile et

Sophie, 36–37; Essay on the Origin of

Languages, 3, 39, 43; on European sub-

jection of the New World, 45; on feral

children, 41; Geneva Manuscript, 45–46,

296n. 10; and the golden age, 36; on

human needs and property relations, 60–

63; inﬂuence of Lahontan on, 24, 25;

La D´ecouverte du Nouveau Monde [The

Discovery of the New World], 45; on lan-

guage, 43; on the mental qualities of

natural humanity, 41–42; multidimen-

sional character of Rousseau’s social the-

ory, 67–68; negative view of social life,

148–49; New World peoples in Rous-

seau’s conjectural history, 31–46; On the

Social Contract, 35–36, 45, 293n. 54,

305n. 38; on orangutans as natural hu-

mans, 42–43, 236, 291n. 31; on perfec-

tibilit´e (perfectibility), 43, 67, 69; on

property rights, 35, 62–63; relationship

with Diderot, 47–49; on sociability,

148–49; on Sparta, 36; on women, 27,

63–66, 294n. 62

Seidman, Steven, 294n. 66

Seneca, 307–8n. 71

Shakespeare, William, 15, 288n. 8

Shell, Susan, 311n. 20

Shklar, Judith, 36, 264

slavery, 122; Diderot on, 93, 105, 108–9,

298n. 24, 299n. 26. See also anti-slavery

writings

Smith, Adam, 4, 322n. 17

sociability, 8, 38, 78–79; Diderot on, 54–

57; Herder on, 233–34; Kant on, 144–

55; and the public sphere, 146; Rous-

seau on, 148–49

social contract theory, 7, 23, 268; evolu-

tionary or developmental emphasis of,

209; humanitarian core of, 272; Kant

on, 200–209; treatment of Amerindians

and other New World inhabitants, 17,

200, 203, 274

soci´ete, 304n. 35

South Paciﬁc Islanders, 274. See also Tahiti

Spain, 81, 90–91, 92, 95, 106, 270

Strugnell, Anthony, 295n. 1

Swift, Jonathan, 24, 149

Tahiti, 191; diet of Tahitians, 239; Kant

and Herder on, 146–48; as the New

Cythera, 54; presentation of in Diderot’s

Suppl´ement au Voyage de Bougainville,

49–59, 68, 117, 147

Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 15, 288n. 8

Terjarian, Anoush, 296n. 5

“Tlascalans,” 81

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 259, 280; on colo-

nization of Algeria, 280

Toulmin, Stephen, 320n. 3

travel: ancient European tradition of, 194;

Diderot on, 84

–87, 96, 193–94; Euro-

pean discourse about, 297n. 14; Kant

on, 193–94

travel literature, 32, 48–49, 60, 66, 68,

270; and the analysis of European life,

60; and arguments about the role of

348 INDEX

travel literature (cont.)

women in society, 26–27; Montaigne

on, 290n. 22. See also ethnography

Tungusi, 197, 205

Uber das kantische Prinzip f¨ur die

Naturgeschichte [On the Kantian Princi-

ple for Natural History] (Girtenner), 184

universalism, moral, 9, 11, 212, 261, 269,

277–78, 282

Vattel, Emmerich de, 7, 273, 277; Law of

Nations, 309n. 6

Verkehr, 297–98n. 20

Vespucci, Amerigo, 14, 18; Mundus Novus

(1503), 14

Virgil, 297n. 14

Vitoria, Francisco de, 37, 273, 314n. 33

Voltaire, 24, 47, 217; Candide, 109; on

China, 27; and ‘natural’ religion, 26

Voyage autour du monde (Bougainville),

49, 51, 54, 55

Voyage aux Indes Occidentales (Corr´eal), 40

Wechselwirkung, 297–98n. 20

Wolff, Christian, 24

W¨ollner, Johann Christoph, 160

Wood, Allen, 161

Yovel, Yirmiyahu, 168

Zammito, John, 126