322 NOTES TO PAGES 265–271
& Unwin, 1981); Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 1; and Israel, Radical
Enlightenment.
14. Cf. Graeme Garrard, “Rousseau, Maistre, and the Counter-Enlighten-
ment”, History of Political Thought, 15, no. 1 (1994): 97–120.
15. Michel Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?” in The Foucault Reader, ed.
Paul Rabinow, trans. Catherine Porter (New York: Pantheon, 1984), 45.
16. On the general issues raised by such a question, see Martin Hollis, “Is
Universalism Ethnocentric?” in Multicultural Questions, ed. Christian Joppke and
Steven Lukes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 27–43; and Seyla Ben-
habib, “‘Nous’ et ‘les Autres’: The Politics of Complex Cultural Dialogue in a
Global Civilization” in Multicultural Questions, 44–62.
17. Thus, my arguments in this section are confined to the strand of anti-
imperialist political theory that I have elaborated in the previous chapters. Some
of what I will argue will not apply entirely to other currents of eighteenth-century
anti-imperialist thought, those for instance that argued against European imperi-
alism partly upon commercial, economic grounds (e.g., Adam Smith) or anti-
imperialist philosophies that were premised explicitly upon a nonimperial civiliz-
ing process (e.g., Condorcet). On Adam Smith, see Donald Winch, Classical
Political Economy and Colonies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965),
chapter 2; on Condorcet, see Jean Starobinski, “The Word Civilization” in Bless-
ings in Disguise; or, The Morality of Evil, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1993), 1–35.
18. Histoire des deux Indes, Book IX, chapter 20.
19. Histoire des deux Indes, Book XI, chapter 24.
20. As Paul Hazard notes, in many respects, the rise of travel literature led
European thinkers “from a world of intellectual stability into one of movement
and flux.” (Hazard, The European Mind: 1680–1715, trans. J. Lewis May [Cleve-
land: Meridian, 1963], 28.) See also Henry Vyverberg, Human Nature, Cultural
Diversity, and the French Enlightenment (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1989), 88–97.
21. David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, in Enquiries
Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed.
L. A. Selby-Bigge, rev. P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975), 174.
22. Georges Gusdorf, L’av`enement des sciences humaines au si`ecle des lumi-
`eres (Paris: Payot, 1973). See also the essays in Christopher Fox, Roy Porter
and Robert Wokler, eds., Inventing Human Science: Eighteenth-Century Do-
mains (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); and Sergio Moravia,
“The Enlightenment and the Sciences of Man”, History of Science, 18 (1980):
247–68.
23. John Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H.
Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), 454. Further pagination from this
edition is noted in parentheses in the main text.
24. See Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians (Chicago: Henry
Regnery, 1959), 12–27; Hanke, All Mankind is One: A Study of the Disputation
Between Bartolom´e de Las Casas and Juan Gin´es de Sep ´ulveda in 1550 on the
Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indians (DeKalb: Northern
Illinois University Press, 1974), 3–56; and Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural