Muthu S. Enlightenment against Empire
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Index
Aeneid (Virgil), 297n. 14
Africa, 91, 92–93, 183
Agnani, Sunil, 296n. 5
agrarianism: Herder on, 241–42; Kant on,
185–86, 200–201, 316nn. 47 and 48;
linkage to political (or civil) life, 203,
206; Rousseau on, 35
Alexander the Great, 252
Allison, Henry, 134
Amerindians, 188, 197; as Aristotle’s natu-
ral slaves, 271, 272; as empirical exam-
ples of purely natural humans, 7, 13–14,
15–16, 22, 274; as empirical illustration
in social contract theory, 200, 274;
Herder on, 240–41; and human being
status, 272–73; Kant on, 201–2; Rous-
seau on, 39, 42, 65–66, 67. See also ‘no-
ble savage’ theory
anthropology, 270, 294n. 64. See also eth-
nography; travel literature
anti-imperialism, eighteenth-century, 1, 3,
4–5, 11, 259, 312n. 22, 322n. 17; fail-
ure to generate a legacy, 5, 278; as a his-
torical anomaly, 3–6; philosophical
sources of, 266–81; understanding of
humanity, 69; view of humans as cultural
agents, 46, 69, 70. See also Diderot,
Denis; Herder, Johann Gottfried; Kant,
Immanuel
anti-slavery writings, 3, 5,12, 278, 312n.
22
Arendt, Hannah, 323n. 26
Aristotle, 206, 311n. 14
Asia, 118–19, 242. See also China; India;
Japan
Australia, 188
Baker, Polly, 64, 293n. 60
barbarism: ancient Greek view of, 153–54,
269; and ‘the Enlightenment project’,
262
Barbary coast, 109, 195–96
Bayle, Pierre, 324n. 38
Beattie, James, 311n. 14, 319n. 22
Bedouins, 196, 208
Beiser, Frederick, 161, 257, 303–4n. 30
Bentham, Jeremy, 4
biological sciences, 68, 312n. 22
Blackburn, Robin, 3
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 182, 279
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 49, 191;
Voyage autour du monde [Voyage around
the world], 49, 51, 54, 55
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de, 182,
279
Burke, Edmund, 4, 5, 8, 72, 265, 317–
18n. 6; Philosophical Inquiry into the Or-
igin of our Ideas on the Sublime and the
Beautiful (1757), 154; Reflections on the
Revolution in France, 154, 225
cannibalism: as a favourite theme of impe-
rial apologists, 273; Herder on, 237;
Kant on, 202, 316n. 41; Montaigne on,
21
Caribs, 38, 39, 40, 65
Cassiodorus, 298n. 22
Cassirer, Ernst, 302n. 20, 321n. 9
caste system in India, 80, 116–17, 277
Catherine II, 51, 53, 116
Catholic Church, 56, 112
China, 28, 75, 82, 196, 298n. 23, 313n.
30, 314n. 35, 315n. 36; as super-
civilization, 27–28, 104
Christianity, and the justification of impe-
rial activity, 272. See also Catholic
Church; missionaries
‘civilization’, 262. See also agrarianism
climate, 17, 37–38, 244; Beattie on, 311n.
28; Diderot on, 53–54; Herder on,
239–40, 244–45; Kant on, 182, 183;
Montaigne on, 17; Montesquieu on, 37;
Rousseau on, 38, 53–54
colonization, 324n. 39; agriculturalist ap-
proach to private property, 187; Diderot
on, 74–76, 101–2, 105–6, 111, 315n.
37; Herder on, 243; Kant on, 198–99,
313–14n. 31
commerce, 97; ambiguity of the concept,
98; Diderot on, 85, 86, 97–104;
342 INDEX
commerce (cont.)
eighteenth-century understanding of,
253; European discourse about the
relationship among travel, com-
merce, and the rights of hospitality,
297n. 14; Herder on, 253–54; Kant on,
195
commercium, 98, 195
Condorcet, Marquis de, 4, 160, 322n. 17
Conquest of Granada, The (Dryden),
287n. 1
Constant, Benjamin, 5
Corr´eal, Fran¸cois, 40
Cort´es, Hern´an, 90
cosmopolitanism, 95, 150, 152–54, 168,
210, 226, 313n. 28. See also Kant: on
cosmopolitan right
‘Counter-Enlightenment’, 210
crusades, the, 104, 217, 254
cultura, 8, 175, 304n. 31
cultural agency, 7–8, 11, 46, 67, 69, 124,
174, 268, 274–75; Diderot on, 79, 92,
121, 274–76; Herder on, 228, 232,
257, 274–76; Kant on, 124, 125–33,
135–38, 140, 141, 144–55, 162–69,
174–75, 177–78, 181, 257, 274–76,
303n. 23
culture, 8, 294–95n. 67; centrality of to
human existence, 69; in contrast to
nineteenth-century view of cultures, 7,
318n. 10; Herder on, 318n. 10; human
dependence on cultural knowledge, 69;
Kant on, 131, 136–37, 144–45, 170–
71, 301n. 15
d’Alembert, Jean, 72
d’Arce, Louis-Armand de lom. See Lahon-
tan, Baron de
Davis, David Brion, 3, 11–12
Defoe, Daniel, 147
De l’homme (Helv´etius), 80
demographics, 57–58; Rousseau’s prescrip-
tion for, 293n. 54
Denmark, 107–8
d’Holbach, Baron de, 265
Diderot, Denis, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20, 270;
“Black Spartacus” prediction, 109, 299n.
25; Ceci n’est pas un conte [This is not a
story], 49; on church and state, 113–14;
on ‘civilization’, 118–19; classification of
peoples, 181; on climate, 53–54; on col-
onization, 74–76, 101–2, 105–6, 111,
315n. 37; on commerce, 85, 86, 97–
104; commitment to humanistic con-
cepts and principles in later thought,
297n. 11; contributions to the Histoire
des deux Indes, 58, 66, 70, 72–76, 100,
109, 118, 205, 234, 295n. 2, 314n. 35;
on cultural agency, 79, 92, 121, 274–
76; on the cyclical process of history, 84;
on dignity, 269–74; on diverse ways of
life, 80–84; “Droit Naturel” [“Natural
Right”], 77–78; as editor of the Encyclo-
p´edie, 57; on the effects of empire on
Europeans, 104–11; Encyclop´edie, 72; on
European imperialism, 87–97; on the
general will of humanity, 74, 77–80, 86,
92, 95, 121, 296n. 10; “Hobbism,” 51–
52; on hospitality, 84–86; on human
needs and property relations, 60–63; on
incommensurability, 81, 121, 276; influ-
ence of Lahontan on, 24; on injustices
against aboriginal peoples, 67; Madame
de La Carli`ere, 49, 292n. 46; on ‘natural
humanity’, 66–71; on ‘natural’ religion,
26; Observations sur le Nakaz, 51, 53,
62; on patriotism, 95; on philosophers/
philosophy, 119; on property rights, 62–
63, 93–94; on the relationship between
self-interest and social goods, 59; rela-
tionship with Rousseau, 47–49; on reli-
gion, 112; review of Bougainville’s
Voyage, 49; Rousseau’s influence on, 44–
45, 281; on slavery, 93, 105, 108–9,
298n. 24, 299n. 26; on sociability, 54–
57; on social life, 57–60; on social wel-
fare, 54–57; Suite de l’Apologie de l’abb´e
de Prades (1752), 51; Suppl´ement au
Voyage de Bougainville [Supplement to
Bougainville’s Voyage], 9, 27, 46–52, 58,
59, 63–65, 71, 78, 112, 117, 191–92,
292n. 48; on travel, 84–87, 96, 193–
94; on the unfitness of Europe as a civi-
lization for export, 111–21; use of dia-
logic device, 88–
89; on women, 63–66,
293n. 61
dignity, 7; Diderot on, 269–74; Herder
on, 258; Kant on, 124, 138–41, 143–
44, 169–70, 302–3n. 22
Dienstag, Joshua, 165
Diodorus, 236
Dryden, John, 287n. 1
INDEX 343
East India Company: Burke’s legislative at-
tempts to regulate, 4; Diderot on, 88,
89, 90, 100, 110; Herder on, 254; Kant
on, 192, 196
Einf¨uhlung (empathy), 233
empire, 285n. 2; nineteenth-century dis-
course on, 6, 9. See also anti-imperialism;
colonization; imperialism
Encyclop´edie (Diderot and d’Alembert,
eds.), 72
enlightenment, 162; Kant on, 155, 160,
162, 180, 301n. 10
Enlightenment, ‘the’, 1–2, 259; historical
and methodological issues raised by typi-
cal characterizations of, 210, 260–64;
pluralization of, 210, 264–66; portrayal
of as universalist, 261; recent classifica-
tions of, 321n. 13
‘Enlightenment project’, 1–2, 162, 259,
266–67; historical and methodological
issues raised by typical characterizations
of, 260–64
‘Enlightenment universalism’, 10, 259,
266–67
Essay on the Nature and Immutability of
Truth, in Opposition to Sophistry and
Skepticism, An (Beattie), 311n. 14,
319n. 22
Essay on the Principle of Population (Mal-
thus), 56
ethnography, 19, 55, 180–82, 270; Herder
on, 238–39; Kant on, 305n. 37. See also
anthropology; travel literature
Europe: as benchmark against which to as-
sess the New World, 58; contested
boundaries with the non-European
world, 285n. 3; diseases in, 17; Herder
on, 216–17, 218, 255–57; social
criticism of in noble savage literature,
21–22; and the trope of judging
Europe from a non-European viewpoint,
60
F´enelon, Fran¸cois de, 59; T´el´emaque
(1699), 47
Ferguson, Adam, 70, 315n. 39; An Essay
on the History of Civil Society (1767),
315n. 39
Fichte, J. G., 144, 314n. 33
Forster, Georg, 126, 182; on race, 300n. 3
Foucault, Michel, 266
France, 27, 62, 116, 225–26, 280; and the
language of sociability, 146; loss of colo-
nial possessions, 106, 324n. 39
Franklin, Benjamin, 293n. 60
Frederick the Great, 115–16, 160
freedom, 8, 281; Kant on, 124, 130–33,
155, 157–58, 170, 172, 173–86, 189,
207; negative freedom, 157. See also cul-
tural agency
Freemasons, 153, 161
French Revolution, 5; and enthusiasm for
‘civilization’, 280; Kant on, 159
Friedrich Wilhelm II, 160, 163
Geertz, Clifford, 69, 294–95n. 67
Geuss, Raymond, 318n. 10
Girtenner, Christoph, 184
Gordon, Daniel, 146, 304n. 34
Gray, John, 262
Great Britain, 88–90, 98, 100–101, 106,
314n. 31
Greece (ancient), 219; view of barbarians,
153–54, 269
Grimm, Friedrich, 292n. 48
Grotius, Hugo, 7, 17, 268, 277
Gusdorf, Georges, 270
Hamann, J. G., 257
Hastings, Warren, 4, 5
Hazard, Paul, 322n. 20
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 164,
165, 259, 279, 280
Helv´etius, Claude-Adrien, 80
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9,
10, 72, 265; Abhandlung ¨uber den
Ursprung der Sprache [Essay on the Ori-
gin of Language] (1772), 229; Adrastea,
254; on agrarianism, 241–42; Auch eine
Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit
[Yet Another Philosophy of History of Hu-
mankind] (1774), 211, 212, 217, 218,
221, 222, 224, 227; on cannibalism,
237; on climate, 239–40; on coloniza-
tion, 243; on commerce, 253–54; on
the compass, 220; on cosmopolitanism,
226; on cultural agency, 228, 232, 257,
274–76; on culture, 318n. 10; on dig-
nity, 258; on domestication of animals,
240–41; on ethnography, 238–39; on
Europe, 216–17, 218, 255–57; on the
flux of history, 218–20; on generaliza-