Mills Martin. Nexus: Student's Book (English for Advanced Learners)
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STUDY PAGES UNIT 1 3
If you are studying in Britain, interview five native
English-speakers about: the things which annoy them
most when driving; the last time they did something
which they feel was bad driving.
Write up your findings, pointing out anything
interesting or instructive. If interviews are recorded,
play them to your class, commenting on the
speakers. Note motoring vocabulary and open a list
in your file,
B ! Grammar
Modal auxiliaries used for logical deductions
1 Language description
a i I know for a fact it is.
ii I'm sure it is because of its appearance.
b i I know for a fact he isn't.
ii I'm sure he isn't; maybe he isn't answering his
phone.
c i It's possible that's what they're doing.
ii I'm sure they are.
d i I'm sure he didn't.
ii It's possible he didn't.
e i I'm sure you are.
ii I'm sure you were.
i I'm sure they are.
ii I'm sure they aren't
i I know for a fact they were.
ii I'm sure they were.
i It's possible that she was.
ii I'm sure that she wasn't.
Statements of this kind, using must and can't, are the
result of logical thinking, not expressions of known
fact. They are not always, however, less sure or less
true than factual statements.
Example: Someone commits suicide, and we say,
She can't have been very happy.
This is said, not because we are less than 100% sure
(it is 100% certain that she wasn't happy), but
because we didn't know her, and so have to rely on
logical reasoning.
She committed suicide. People who commit suicide
aren't happy. Therefore: She can't have been happy.
We use must when we are sure something is so.
We use can't when we are sure it isn't so.
When we are not sure, we use might.
Talking of the past we use must/can't/might/have done
rather than do.
Talking of an action in progress we use the present
participle of the verb after be: must/can't/might be
doing (present); or have been: must/can't/might have
been doing (past).
UNIT
13
Projects and assignments
1 If you are studying in Britain, prepare an itinerary for
a holiday in your country. You should be able to find
information and pictures in a travel agent's. Most
will let you take out brochures. If there is somebody
else from your country in your class, consider working
together. Describe the holiday to your class, and
answer any questions that come up. (Anticipate
these, and prepare accordingly.) If more than one
student describes a holiday, each class member should
decide which holiday she/he would prefer, giving
reasons.
2 If you are studying in your own country, interview
five {not necessarily native) English-speaking tourists
about their holiday in your city. Prepare questions or
a questionnaire. (Also offer to answer any questions
they may have about your city.) Write a report on
your findings. If interviews are recorded, play the
recording to your class, commenting on the speakers.
3 If you have a primitive community (like the Indians
in F Listening) in your country, write a description of
them, their lifestyle, etc.
4 If you are studying in Britain, spend a weekend in
London, or another large city, staying in at least one
hotel within your price range. Write a report on the
hotel(s), like that in A Reading 1.
If a number of students do this, prepare an
information sheet or wall-display for students new to
Britain.
5 If you are studying in your own country, write a piece
recommending the sights, museums, etc, in your city
which you personally feel shouldn't be missed by
tourists.
B [ Grammar
'Fronting' for emphasis
1 Language description
a Adverbs and adverbial phrases used in the
'fronted' position
Never Hardly ever Rarely Nowhere
Examples:
Hardly ever has there been such interest in a Royal visit.
Nowhere has there been more interest than in the schools.
Hardly . .. when No sooner ... than
Only then Not until
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STUDY PAGES UNIT
13
Examples:
Hardly had we arrived when things began to go wrong.
Not until I had got on the bus did 1 realise that I'd left my
purse at home.
The driver asked for my fare. Only then did I realise that
I'd left my purse at home.
In no circumstances On no account In no way
At no time
Examples:
On no account should this door be left open.
At no time was any warning given by the police.
In no way are my comments intended as a criticism.
Only by (doing) Only in this way Only if
Examples:
Only by examining all the facts can we be sure of a fair
verdict.
We must examine all the facts. Only in this way can we
be sure of a fair verdict,
b How the sentence structure changes
The verb phrase following the adverbial is inverted.
Not until is an exception: the verb in the main clause
is inverted.
In story-telling, Hardly, Not until, and No sooner are
usually followed by a verb in the past perfect tense.
On no account and In no circumstances can also be
followed by the imperative form.
c Examples of fronting in less formal English
There are more than is sometimes imagined.
Examples:
Never in my life had I seen such a mess.
Not only did he borrow my car without asking, he also
brought it back covered in mud.
Of course, no sooner had she left than Doris rang, asking
for her.
No way would you find a house for that price in London.
(The last example is still considered sub-standard
English by many.)
d Why fronting sometimes sounds strange
There is no reason to use an emphatic stylistic device
to say banal, ordinary things. Don't use fronting
indiscriminately.
Vocabulary
Phrasal verbs 2
explain something away, dismiss complaint, etc. by
giving explanation
bear something out, confirm story, statement, etc.
come across something, find by accident
pull up, stop (vehicle)
dawn on someone, be realised (It dawned on me that...)
head for something, go towards a place
flick through something, look at book, etc. while
turning pages quickly
make up for something, compensate for something
end up, conclude a series of actions in a certain state,
place, etc.
side with .someone, be on someone's side in a
disagreement
cash in on something, take advantage, make a profit for
yourself from something
set something up, establish
put something off, postpone
put something by, save (usually money)
pay something off, pay money back in instalments
read up on something, inform yourself about something
by reading about it
.shop around, compare prices, quality, etc. before
buying
talk someone into something, persuade someone to do
something
go through with something, actually do something
you've promised, threatened, planned, etc- to
do
take someone aback, startle, surprise someone
allow for something, include something in your
calculations
boil down to something, may be reduced to something
(an essential fact)
come up with something, discover, invent, provide, a
suggestion, solution, idea, etc.
get out of something, avoid doing some unpleasant
duty, etc.
splash out on something, spend a lot of money on
something you want but don't really need
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