Meyer Franz. A Handbook of Ornament

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VASES.

351

-i

1 1

Various

Drinking Vessels.

Plate

207.

852

Various

Glasse»

Various

Glasses.

(Plate

207.)

The Plate contains

a selection

of other

Old

German

drinkiufr

vessels. What

manifold

varieties

of drinking

glasses existed,

the

16th

century, for instance,

may

be seen in

Fischart's

romance

"Gar-

gantoa

and Pantagruel", which

sociologically

so interesting.

In the

eight

chapter, entitled "a

conversation

on drinking",

says: "Da

stachen

sie eynander

die Pocal

auff

die Prust,

flogen

die

muhele,

da stibeten

die

Romercken, da raumt

man die

dickelbdcher,

soffen

je zween

und zween aus

dopplcten,

die man von

eynander

hricht, ja

sofjf

aus

gestifleten

Eriigen,

da stiirzt

man die

Pott, da schwang

man

den

Cfutruff",

da trdhet man

den

Angster, da riss

und schdlt man

den

Wein aus

Poiten, aus Kelchen,

Napffen,

Gonen;

Hoffbech'ern:

Tassen:

Trinkschalen:

Pfaffenmasen:

Stauffen

von hohen

stauffen:

Kitten:

Kdlten: Kanuten:

Kopffen:

Knartgen:'

Schlauchen: Pipen:

Ntissen:

Fiolen:

Lampeten:

Kufen:

NUsseln: Seydeln:

Kiilkesseln,

Mdlterlin:

Melkgelten,

Spitzmasen,

Zolcken, Kannen,

Schndulzenmas

, Schoppen-

kdnnlein, Stotzen: Da

klangen die Gldser,

funckelten die

Krausen."

We here offer

a few forms,

some

of them

named in the

above descrip-

tion

Fischart's.

The name

Angster

applied

to a high narrow-necked drinking

bottle (from the

Latin

angustv^,

narrow).

The

neck,

which

rises

out

of a spherical, bulbous body, often

consisted of

or more tubes

wound

round one another, frequently

bent to

one

side and broadening

at the top into

cup -like mouth (fig.

8).

These

glasses belong

the category of Puzzle-glasses,

extract

the wine

from which was

matter of "anguish".

Semper's

observation

is very

true

for

such

puzzle-glasses: "it

-would

really seem as if fashion and the toper's

humor

of the

competitors, in drinking-bouts with obstacles, had

spe-

cially invented

forms

of vessels which demanded

most uncomfortable

and ingenious

mode of drinking."

The Gutrolf (gutterer,

kutrof, perhaps from the Latin

gutturnium),

seems to have been a

similar glass with a straight neck

(figs.

and

9).

The

Spechter

(presumably from Spessart) is a tall, narrow,

cy-

lindrical glass

with a low

foot, decorated with bosses, scrolls,

&c.

(figs.

4, 5).

The Passglas

(peg-tankard) resembles the

spechter, but is divided

rings into

equal divisions

which

served as

a scale in

drinking bouts.

often

bears painted figures,

inscriptions

&c.,

(figs.

3).

The

form of the cabbage-stalk

glass

in sufficiently

indicated by

the

name (fig.

1).

The

Tummler and

Handtummler

(tumbler) are glasses

without

feet,

which

totter

when

set

down;

and if

laid

their side at once

Various

Glasses.

—

The

Mug.

353

&•

resume a vertical position

(figs.

14,

15);

as also

glasses like that

shown in fig.

13,

which must first be

drunk empty

before they can

be set

down.

To those times also belonged:

Puzzle-glasses from

which

the

liquor had

to be

sucked

out at the

end

of the

handle

(fig.

10);

vessels in the shape of

ladies (figs.

—

12),

and of fantastic

animals.

would carry us too

far to

enter upon the

details of manu-

facture:

we therefore refer

the

reader once

more to

Friedrich's

''Altdeutsche Gldser".

Plate

207.

Various

Drinking

Vessels.

Green cabbage

-stalk Glass, Germanisches Museum, Nuremberg.

—3.

Old German

Peg-tankards, painted.

—

Old German Spechters.

Kutrolf

(Angster), 16th

century.

Bavarian Gewerbemuseum,

Nurembercr.

—

Old

German Angsters,

No.

the

Bavarian

Gewerbe-

museum,

Nuremberg.

Kutrolf

(Angster) with winding neck.

10. Puzzle

-mug,

(Friedrich).

—

12.

Old

German

Glasses, in the form of

ladies, No.

in the

Bavarian

Gewerbemuseum, Nuremberg.

13.

Large

Tumbler,

18th

century,

with

metal handle;

in the

original a

figure of Mercury

stands on the

ball,

Bavarian

Gewerbemuseum,

Nuremberg.

1 4.

Painted glass

Tumbler, (Friedrich).

14.

Hungarian coronation Glass,

painted.

The Mug.

(Plate

208.)

accordance with its

purpose,

the form of

the Mug is

essen-

tially different

from that of other

drinking vessels.

The body usually

has

a cylindrical

form, and is

without a

foot, or

with only

ring

foot. A

movable

lid

metal,

mostly

tin, is attached by a

hinge

the

vertical

handle, in order to

keep

the liquid as

fresh as

possible,

in view

of the

great surface of

evapora,tion.

For the

same

reason

the

material is

preferably

stoneware.

That glass

has of late

years

been preferred

stoneware, is

due to

the fact

that the liquid

visible and

easily

investigated

glass vessels;

and that these

are more

easily

cleaned.

Compared

with the

wine-glass, the Mug

will always

have a

greater

circumference,

and show a more robust

treatment.

The hin^e

must be

attached that

when the lid

is wide

open,

forms

obtuse

angle

with

the

rim.

Meyer,

Handbook of

Ornament.

"^"^

354

VASES.

Plate 208.

The

Mug.

The Mug.

—

The

Tankard-

—

Modern

Drinking

Glasses.

355

Plate

208.

The

Mug.

1. Renascence

Mug

(schnelle),

stoneware,

German.

Renascence

Mug,

chased silver,

Regensburg

treasure, (Ge-

werbehalle).

Old

German Beermug,

brown

glass,

painted,

Bavarian Ge-

werbemuseum,

Nuremberg.

7. Old

German stoneware

Beermugs.

Old

German glass

beermug.

Renascence

Mug, amber,

mounted

with silver,

Grunes

Ge-

wolbe, Dresden.

—10.

Modern stoneware

Beermugs,

from

old

patterns.

11. Modern Beermug,

brown glass,

with green bosses.

The Tankard.

(Plate

209.)

The

Tankard

drinking

vessel,

more or

less coarse in

shape

cylinder or an

inverted

cone;

and

made of

glass,

stone-

ware,

&c.

The

name is also

given

vessels of

architectural

pretensions,

that in fig.

9. The

Tankard is

less

for

individual

than

for social use;

and is

intended

chiefly for

beer,

hence its size

and

robust form.

special

importance are

the eagle,

imperial,

electoral, and

guild Tankards of

the Renascence

period.

Plate 209. The Tankard.

1. Roman Glass, of tankard

form, found in

Pompeii, (Deville).

2. Ditto, (Ditto).

3. Old German green glass

Tankard, (compare

this form with

that of the Rummer on Plate

206).

4. Ditto.

—

Old German

glass

Tankards.

7. Old German armorial

Tankard, (Friedrich).

8. Modern brown

glass Tankard.

9. Modern brown glass Tankaid, painted,

(ICeller-Leuzinger).

Modern Drinking Glasses.

(Plate

210.)

Great laxity

apparent

the forms

of modem

drinking

vessels. Alongside

coarse forms in transparent

blown and

cast glass:

delicate glasses,

cut and

etched,

appear in the

market. Of

late years

old examples of

coloured

glass have

been frequently

copied,

with

856

VASES.

Plate 209.

The Tankard.

VASES.

357

Modern

Drinking Glasses.

Plate 210.

358

Modem

Driiilring Glasses.

less

skill and

intelligence.

It is

to be hoped that

the

general revival

Applied Art will lead

to the attainment

of high-

class results in this branch also.

Plate 210, Modern Drinking Glasses.

—

11. Various modern

Glasses

for water, wine, and beer, of white

and

coloured

glass.

Plates

191

—

210

present some

different classes of

vessels

nearly

600

specimens.

But even this copious

material was

far

from permitting,'

every

form

be taken into

consideration.

The first place was accorded

definite groups and

conventional,

ever-recurring shajjes; while the

arbitrary,

sporadic, accidental,

and

barocco,

were excluded. Still,

it is

possible that we

have

not succeeded in

giving a

general view

of the

group

of pottery

and

vessels.

Readers

who desire to

pursue

their

studies

further

are referred

the special

works and

periodicals

dealing with this subject.

859

METAL

OBJECTS.

(UTENSILS.)

Utensils are very

various;

and

exhaustive

treatment of

them

is quite impossible

within the scope

this

Handbook. Beside

this,

decoration is quite excluded

many cases.

Still, definite

divisions

of this group have been

created by

the fact,

that their

representatives

in certain

periods have

received

artistic

treatment;

and hence

they

may

reduced to a system.

Although, on the one

hand, a

number

utensils have

found

place

the Plates devoted to

this

group: \?e

have, on the

other

hand,

been

able

form

a number

subsidiary

divisions, each

com-

plete in itself. Thus,

for

example:

chapterc

211

—

220

will

deal

with

the interesting subject

utensils for

Illumination,

chapters

221—225

with the

utensils of

Ritual, chapters

226—230

with the

utensils of

War

and

Hunting, chapters

231

—235

with

those

of the

Table, and chapters

236

—

240

with a

variety

Household

and

Toilet

utensils. Tools, kc.

a. Utensils

for

Illumination.

Utensils of illumination, both

for

religious

and

household use,

are

extremely

numerous.

Great

attention

and

artistic

finish have

been

lavished upon

them in all styles;

and

especially

in the

Antique.

need only

mention the

Candelabra of

the

Antique and

the Renas-

cence, Greek

Lamps, the

Chandeliers

of the

Middle Ages,

&c.

360

The

Candelabrum.

The forms and

the

finish of the different utensils

have

changed

along

with the radical changes

which the mode of

illumination

has

undergone in the

course

of time. Oil,

lamp-light, candle,

torch-light,

gas-light,

and our latest

achievement, the electric

light, all

demand

special, different

forms of

bearers, and

apparatus.

The predominant

material would seem

metal; and,

this,

clay, and glass;

while

imflammable materials like

wood

are,

by their very

nature,

almost

excluded.

Here, too,

is proper to

call

attention to a difference

which

must

borne

in mind

between

Antique and

Modern

illuminating

utensils.

The difference

is this:

that whereas

the Antique

with

all

its artistic perfection,

very

defective from a

practical

point of

\'iew;

Modem

apparatus, while

surpassing

the

Antique in the

matter

technical

adaptation

its

purpose,

scarcely

ever reaches the

Antique

beauty, and

generally

falls

below it.

•

We will consider

the

Candelabrum, the

Antique Lamp,

the

different

kinds of

Standard, Hand,

and Bracket

Candlesticks,

Hanging

Lamps,

Lanterns,

Chandeliers,

and

Modern Lamps; taking

them in

this order.

The

Candelabrum. (Plates

211—212.)

The

Candelabrum

(from candela

candle)

was, as its

name in-

dicates,

originally

intended

carry

a candle.

But as candle-light,

like the

illumination

means

torches

and pitch-pans,

gradually

receded

before

the use of

Lamps in

Antique

times, and was more

and more reserved for

the purposes of

ritual; the Antique

Cande-

labrum

came

employed

as a

Lampstand

or Lampadurium.

Hence it comes that the

upper end of a

Candelabram

furnished

sometimes

with

bowl, sometimes

with

pricket

or socket to

receive

the

candle, sometimes

with a flat disc, and,

sometimes

with project-

ing clips and hooks to

hold the lamp or to

suspend it

from. The

last is

the most frequent

form. The great

State

candelabra, for

religious observances,

have bowls; and are

made of

marble.

The shaft

of such a

Roman Candelabrum

of conventional

form is given

Plate

121,

fig. 2.

Candelabra for

household use

were made of

bronze. Li

height: they are of

two different

dimensions,

according

they were

meant

stand on the ground,

or on a

table.

The

former are

of an

extremely slender construction

(Plate

211.

1),

of an

average

height

3 feet

tof

ft. 6 ins. The

form of

the latter

class

(candelabrum

humile) is less

slender-

(Plate

211. 5

and

6),

and the

extreme

height

about 1 ft. 8 ins. The

design

the Antique

Candelabrum

either

of architectonic

character,

or free

and natura-