McMahon D. String Theory Demystified
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Demystified Series
Accounting Demystified
Advanced Calculus Demystified
Advanced Physics Demystified
Advanced Statistics Demystified
Algebra Demystified
Alternative Energy Demystified
Anatomy Demystified
Astronomy Demystified
Audio Demystified
Biochemistry Demystified
Biology Demystified
Biotechnology Demystified
Business Calculus Demystified
Business Math Demystified
Business Statistics Demystified
C++ Demystified
Calculus Demystified
Chemistry Demystified
Circuit Analysis Demystified
College Algebra Demystified
Complex Variables Demystified
Corporate Finance Demystified
Databases Demystified
Diabetes Demystified
Differential Equations Demystified
Digital Electronics Demystified
Discrete Mathematics Demystified
Earth Science Demystified
Electricity Demystified
Electronics Demystified
Engineering Statistics Demystified
Environmental Science Demystified
Everyday Math Demystified
Fertility Demystified
Financial Planning Demystified
Forensics Demystified
French Demystified
Genetics Demystified
Geometry Demystified
German Demystified
Global Warming and Climate Change Demystified
Hedge Funds Demystified
Investing Demystified
Italian Demystified
Java Demystified
JavaScript Demystified
Lean Six Sigma Demystified
Linear Algebra Demystified
Macroeconomics Demystified
Management Accounting Demystified
Math Proofs Demystified
Math Word Problems Demystified
MATLAB
®
Demystified
Medical Billing and Coding Demystified
Medical Charting Demystified
Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
Medical Terminology Demystified
Meteorology Demystified
Microbiology Demystified
Microeconomics Demystified
Nanotechnology Demystified
Nurse Management Demystified
OOP Demystified
Options Demystified
Organic Chemistry Demystified
Pharmacology Demystified
Physics Demystified
Physiology Demystified
Pre-Algebra Demystified
Precalculus Demystified
Probability Demystified
Project Management Demystified
Psychology Demystified
Quantum Field Theory Demystified
Quantum Mechanics Demystified
Real Estate Math Demystified
Relativity Demystified
Robotics Demystified
Sales Management Demystified
Signals and Systems Demystified
Six Sigma Demystified
Spanish Demystified
SQL Demystified
Statics and Dynamics Demystified
Statistics Demystified
String Theory Demystified
Technical Analysis Demystified
Technical Math Demystified
Trigonometry Demystified
Vitamins and Minerals Demystified
String Theory
Demystifi ed
David McMahon
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London
Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan
Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except
as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
0-07-159620-8
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149870-2.
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a
trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of
infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate
training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212)
904-4069.
TERMS OF USE
This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the
work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and
retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works
based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior con-
sent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right
to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES
AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE
WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTH-
ERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-
Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its
operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any
inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no respon-
sibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licen-
sors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability
to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to
any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
DOI: 10.1036/0071498702
We hope you enjoy this
McGraw-Hill eBook! If
you’d like more information about this book,
its author, or related books and websites,
please click here.
Professional
Want to learn more?
CONTENTS
Preface xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
A Quick Overview of General Relativity 2
A Quick Primer on Quantum Theory 3
The Standard Model 8
Quantizing the Gravitational Field 8
Some Basic Analysis in String Theory 10
Unifi cation and Fundamental Constants 11
String Theory Overview 12
Summary 18
Quiz 18
CHAPTER 2 The Classical String I: Equations of Motion 21
The Relativistic Point Particle 22
Strings in Space-Time 28
Equations of Motion for the String 32
The Polyakov Action 36
Mathematical Aside: The Euler Characteristic 36
Light-Cone Coordinates 39
Solutions of the Wave Equation 43
Open Strings with Free Endpoints 44
Closed Strings 46
For more information about this title, click here
Open Strings with Fixed Endpoints 47
Poisson Brackets 49
Quiz 49
CHAPTER 3 The Classical String II: Symmetries and
Worldsheet Currents 51
The Energy-Momentum Tensor 52
Symmetries of the Polyakov Action 53
Transforming to a Flat Worldsheet Metric 59
Conserved Currents from Poincaré Invariance 63
The Hamiltonian 67
Summary 67
Quiz 67
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization 69
Covariant Quantization 70
Light-Cone Quantization 85
Summary 87
Quiz 87
CHAPTER 5 Conformal Field Theory Part I 89
The Role of Conformal Field Theory
in String Theory 92
Wick Rotations 93
Complex Coordinates 94
Generators of Conformal Transformations 98
The Two-Dimensional Conformal Group 100
Central Extension 104
Closed String Conformal Field Theory 105
Wick Expansion 107
Operator Product Expansion 110
Summary 114
Quiz 114
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 115
BRST Operators and Introductory Remarks 116
BRST-Invariant States 118
vi
String Theory Demystifi ed
BRST in String Theory-CFT 120
BRST Transformations 121
No-Ghost Theorem 125
Summary 125
Quiz
126
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 127
The Superstring Action 128
Conserved Currents 133
The Energy-Momentum Tensor 136
Mode Expansions and Boundary Conditions 140
Super-Virasoro Generators 143
Canonical Quantization 144
The Super-Virasoro Algebra 145
The Open String Spectrum 147
GSO Projection 148
Critical Dimension 149
Summary 150
Quiz 150
CHAPTER 8 Compactifi cation and T-Duality 153
Compactifi cation of the 25th Dimension 153
Modifi ed Mass Spectrum 155
T-Duality for Closed Strings 159
Open Strings and T-Duality 162
D-Branes 164
Summary 165
Quiz 165
CHAPTER 9 Superstring Theory Continued 167
Superspace and Superfi elds 168
Superfi eld for Worldsheet Supersymmetry 171
Grassman Integration 173
A Manifestly Supersymmetric Action 174
The Green-Schwarz Action 175
Space-Time Supersymmetry and Strings 180
Contents
vii
Light-Cone Gauge 181
Canonical Quantization 184
Summary 185
Quiz
186
CHAPTER 10 A Summary of Superstring Theory 187
A Summary of Superstring Theory 187
Superstring Theory 190
Dualities 192
Quiz 193
CHAPTER 11 Type II String Theories 195
The R and NS Sectors 195
The Spin Field 200
Type II A String Theory 201
Type II B Theory 203
The Massless Spectrum of Different Sectors 203
Summary 204
Quiz 205
CHAPTER 12 Heterotic String Theory 207
The Action for SO(32) Theory 208
Quantization of SO(32) Theory 209
The Spectrum 214
Compactifi cation and Quantized Momentum 216
Summary 219
Quiz 219
CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 221
The Space-Time Arena 223
Quantization 225
D-Branes in Superstring Theory 230
Multiple D-Branes 230
Tachyons and D-Brane Decay 235
Summary 237
Quiz 237
viii
String Theory Demystifi ed
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 239
Black Holes in General Relativity 240
Charged Black Holes 243
The Laws of Black Hole Mechanics 246
Computing the Temperature of a Black Hole 247
Entropy Calculations for Black Holes
with String Theory 249
Summary 253
Quiz 253
CHAPTER 15 The Holographic Principle and AdS/CFT
Correspondence 255
A Statement of the Holographic Principle 256
A Qualitative Description of AdS/CFT
Correspondence 257
The Holographic Principle and M-Theory 258
More Correspondence 260
Summary 262
Quiz 262
CHAPTER 16 String Theory and Cosmology 265
Einstein’s Equations 266
Infl ation 266
The Kasner Metric 268
The Randall-Sundrum Model 273
Brane Worlds and the Ekpyrotic Universe 275
Summary 277
Quiz 278
Final Exam 279
Quiz Solutions 285
Final Exam Solutions 291
References 297
Index 299
Contents
ix