Massoud M. Engineering Thermofluids: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer
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Mahmoud Massoud
Engineering Thermofluids
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer
Mahmoud Massoud
Engineering Thermofluids
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer
With 345 Figures and 13 Tables
Dr. Mahmoud Massoud
University of Maryland
Department Mechanical Engineering
20742 College Park, MD
USA
mmassoud@umd.edu
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924007
ISBN 10 3-540-22292-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 13 978-3-540-22292-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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In loving memory of my dear father
Ghahreman Massoud
Preface
Thermofluids, while a relatively modern term, is applied to the well-established
field of thermal sciences, which is comprised of various intertwined disciplines.
Thus mass, momentum, and heat transfer constitute the fundamentals of ther-
mofluids. This book discusses thermofluids in the context of thermodynamics,
single- and two-phase flow, as well as heat transfer associated with single- and
two-phase flows. Traditionally, the field of thermal sciences is taught in universi-
ties by requiring students to study engineering thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,
and heat transfer, in that order. In graduate school, these topics are discussed at
more advanced levels. In recent years, however, there have been attempts to inte-
grate these topics through a unified approach. This approach makes sense as
thermal design of widely varied systems ranging from hair dryers to semiconduc-
tor chips to jet engines to nuclear power plants is based on the conservation equa-
tions of mass, momentum, angular momentum, energy, and the second law of
thermodynamics. While integrating these topics has recently gained popularity, it
is hardly a new approach. For example, Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot in Transport
Phenomena, Rohsenow and Choi in Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer, El-
Wakil, in Nuclear Heat Transport, and Todreas and Kazimi in Nuclear Systems
have pursued a similar approach. These books, however, have been designed for
advanced graduate level courses. More recently, undergraduate books using an in-
tegral approach are appearing.
In this book, a wide range of thermal science topics has been brought under one
umbrella. This book is intended for graduate students in the fields of Chemical,
Industrial, Mechanical, and Nuclear Engineering. However, the topics are dis-
cussed in reasonable detail, so that, with omission of certain subjects, it can also
be used as a text for undergraduate students. The emphasis on the application as-
pects of thermofluids, supported with many practical examples, makes this book a
useful reference for practicing engineers in the above fields. No course prerequi-
sites, except basic engineering and math, are required; the text does not assume
any degree of familiarity with various topics, as all derivations are obtained from
basic engineering principles. The text provides examples in the design and opera-
tion of thermal systems and power production, applying various thermofluid dis-
ciplines. The goal is to give equal attention to a discussion of all power produc-
tion sources. However, as George Orwell would have put it, power production
from nuclear systems has been treated in this book “more equally”!
As important as the understanding of a physical phenomenon is for engineers,
equally important is the formulation and solution to the mathematical model rep-
resenting each phenomenon. Therefore, rather than providing the traditional
mathematical tidbits, a chapter is dedicated to the fundamentals of engineering
VIII Preface
mathematics. This allows each chapter to address the subject topic exclusively,
preventing the need for mathematical proofs in the midst of the discussion of the
engineering subject.
Topics are prepared in seven major chapters; Introduction, Thermodynamics,
Single-Phase Flow, Single-Phase Heat Transfer, Two-Phase Flow and Heat Trans-
fer, Applications of Thermofluids in Engineering, and the supplemental chapter on
Engineering Mathematics. These chapters are further broken down into several
subchapters. For example, Chapter II for Thermodynamics consists of Chapter IIa
for Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Chapter IIb for Power Cycles, and Chap-
ter IIc for Mixtures of Non-Reactive Gases.
Each chapter opens by briefly describing the covered topic and defining the
pertinent terminology. This approach will familiarize the reader with the impor-
tant concepts and facilitate comprehension of topics discussed in the chapter. To
aid the understanding of more subtle topics, walkthrough examples are provided,
in both British and SI units. Questions at the end of each chapter remind the
reader of the key concepts discussed in the chapter. Homework problems, with
answers to some of the problems, are provided to assist comprehension of the re-
lated topic. Throughout this book, priority is given to obtaining analytical solu-
tions in closed form. Numerical solutions and empirical correlations are presented
as alternatives to the analytical solution, or when an analytical solution cannot be
found due to the complexities involved.
Multi-authored references are cited only by the name of the first author. When
an author is cited twice in the same chapter, the date of the publication follows the
author’s name.
A CD-ROM containing menu-driven engineering software (ToolKit) is pro-
vided for performing laborious tasks. In addition to ToolKit, the CD-ROM con-
tains folders named after the associated chapters. These folders contain the listings
of computer programs, sample input, and sample output files for various applica-
tions. The items that are included in the software are identified in the text.
The data required in various chapters are tabulated in Chapter VIII, Appendi-
ces. To distinguish the appendix tables from the tables used in various chapters,
the table numbers in the appendices are preceded by the letter A.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to my contributors listed below, who kindly answered my questions,
provided useful comments and suggestions, or agreed to review several or all of
the chapters of this book:
– Professor Kazys Almenas
*
, University of Maryland
– Professor Morton Denn, City College of New York
– Dr. Thomas L. George, Numerical Applications, Inc.
– Mr. James Gilmer, Bechtel Power Corporation
– Professor Peter Griffith, MIT
– Dr. Gerard E. Gryczkowski, Constellation Energy
– Professor Yih Yun Hsu
*
, University of Maryland
– Dr. Ping Shieh Kao, Computer Associates, Inc.
– Professor Mujid S. Kazimi, MIT
– Professor John H. Lienhard IV, University of Houston
– Professor Anthony F. Mills, UCLA
– Professor Mohammad Modarres, University of Maryland
– Dr. Frederick J. Moody, General Electric and San Jose State University
– Professor Amir N. Nahavandi
*
, Columbia University
– Mr. Farzin Nouri, Bechtel Power Corporation
– Professor Karl O. Ott, Purdue University
– Dr. Daniel A. Prelewicz, Information System Laboratories, Inc.
– Professor Marvin L. Roush, University of Maryland
– Mr. Raymond E. Schneider, Westinghouse Electric Company
– Dr. Farrokh Seifaee, Framatome ANP, Inc.
– Mr. John Singleton, Constellation Energy
– Professor Neil E. Todreas, MIT
– Professor Gary Z. Watters, California State University at Chico
– Professor Frank M. White, University of Rhode Island
Technical assistance of Richard B. Mervine and Seth Spooner and editorial assis-
tance of Ruth Martin and Edmund Tyler are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are
due my students at the University of Maryland, Martin Glaubman, Katrina Groth,
Adam Taff, Keith Tetter, and Wendy Wong for providing useful feedback and
suggestions. I also appreciate the efforts of my editors Gabriel Maas of Springer-
Verlag and Danny Lewis and colleagues of PTP-Berlin GmbH. I commend all the
contributors for assisting me in this endeavor and emphasize that any shortcoming
is entirely my own.
*
Retired
Table of Contents
*
I. Introduction................................................................................................. 1
1. Definition of Thermofluids................................................................... 1
2. Energy Sources and Conversion ........................................................... 2
3. Energy in Perspective............................................................................ 4
4. Power Producing Systems..................................................................... 5
5. Power Producing Systems, Fossil Power Plants ................................... 6
6. Power Producing Systems, Nuclear Power Plants .............................. 11
7. Power Producing Systems, Greenpower Plants .................................. 17
8. Comparison of Various Energy Sources ............................................. 23
9. Thermofluid Analysis of Systems....................................................... 25
Questions .................................................................................................... 27
Problems ..................................................................................................... 28
II. Thermodynamics ...................................................................................... 31
IIa. Fundamentals.............................................................................................. 32
1. Definition of Terms............................................................................. 33
2. Equation of State for Ideal Gases........................................................ 41
3. Equation of State for Water ................................................................ 46
4. Heat, Work, and Thermodynamic Processes ...................................... 55
5. Conservation Equation of Mass for a Control Volume....................... 64
6. The First Law of Thermodynamics..................................................... 66
7. Applications of the First Law, Steady State........................................ 70
8. Applications of the First Law, Transient............................................. 81
9. The Second Law of Thermodynamics ................................................ 96
10. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics ........................... 105
11. Exergy or Availability....................................................................... 116
Questions .................................................................................................. 123
Problems ................................................................................................... 125
IIb. Power Cycles ............................................................................................ 144
1. Gas Power Systems........................................................................... 144
2. Vapor Power Systems....................................................................... 161
3. Actual Versus Ideal Cycles............................................................... 174
*
The related flow chart follows this section
XII Table of Contents
Questions .................................................................................................. 177
Problems ................................................................................................... 178
IIc. Mixtures.................................................................................................... 187
1. Mixture of Non-reactive Ideal Gases................................................ 187
2. Gases in Contact with Ice, Water, and Steam ................................... 193
3. Processes Involving Moist Air.......................................................... 196
4. Charging and Discharging Rigid Volumes ....................................... 203
Questions .................................................................................................. 217
Problems ................................................................................................... 218
III. Fluid Mechanics ...................................................................................... 223
IIIa. Single-Phase Flow Fundamentals............................................................. 224
1. Definition of Fluid Mechanic Terms ................................................ 224
2. Fluid Kinematics............................................................................... 233
3. Conservation Equations .................................................................... 239
Questions .................................................................................................. 274
Problems ................................................................................................... 275
IIIb. Incompressible Viscous Flow................................................................... 286
1. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow ............................................... 286
2. Steady Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow.................................. 289
3. Pressure Drop in Steady Internal Incompressible
Viscous Flow .................................................................................... 295
4. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow in Piping Systems.................. 310
5. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow Distribution
in Piping Networks ........................................................................... 337
6. Unsteady Internal Incompressible Flow............................................ 343
7. Fundamentals of Waterhammer Transients ...................................... 371
Questions .................................................................................................. 383
Problems ................................................................................................... 383
IIIc. Compressible Flow ................................................................................... 399
1. Steady Internal Compressible Viscous Flow .................................... 399
2. The Phenomenon of Choked or Critical Flow .................................. 414
Questions .................................................................................................. 426
Problems ................................................................................................... 427
IV. Heat Transfer.......................................................................................... 431
IVa. Conduction................................................................................................ 431
1. Definition of Heat Conduction Terms .............................................. 432
2. The Heat Conduction Equation......................................................... 437
3. Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction Equation............................ 444
Table of Contents XIII
4. Lumped-Thermal Capacity Method
for Transient Heat Conduction.......................................................... 445
5. Analytical Solution of 1-D S-S Heat Conduction Equation,
Slab ................................................................................................... 448
6. Analytical Solution of 1-D S-S Heat Conduction Equation,
Cylinder ............................................................................................ 461
7. Analytical Solution of 1-D S-S Heat Conduction Equation,
Sphere ............................................................................................... 474
8. Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction Equation,
Extended Surfaces............................................................................. 477
9. Analytical Solution of Transient Heat Conduction........................... 485
10. Numerical Solution of Heat Conduction Equation............................ 499
Questions .................................................................................................. 501
Problems ................................................................................................... 502
IVb. Forced Convection.................................................................................... 518
1. Definition of Forced Convection Terms ........................................... 518
2. Analytical Solution ........................................................................... 521
3. Empirical Relations........................................................................... 534
Questions .................................................................................................. 541
Problems ................................................................................................... 541
IVc. Free Convection........................................................................................ 549
1. Definition of Free Convection Terms ............................................... 549
2. Analytical Solution ........................................................................... 550
3. Empirical Relations........................................................................... 553
Questions .................................................................................................. 557
Problems ................................................................................................... 558
IVd. Thermal Radiation .................................................................................... 561
1. Definition of Thermal Radiation Terms............................................ 561
2. Ideal Surfaces.................................................................................... 568
3. Real Surfaces .................................................................................... 573
4. Gray Surfaces.................................................................................... 578
5. Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces............................................. 579
Questions .................................................................................................. 592
Problems ................................................................................................... 592
V. Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer...................................................... 601
Va. Two-Phase Flow Fundamentals................................................................ 601
1. Definition of Two-Phase Flow Terms............................................... 601
2. Two-Phase Flow Relation................................................................. 606
3. Two-Phase Critical Flow .................................................................. 622
Questions .................................................................................................. 632
Problems ................................................................................................... 632