Massoud M. Engineering Thermofluids: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

1108 References

Evans, Robley D., “The Atomic Nucleus,” McGraw Hill, 1972.

Griffith D. V. and I. M. Smith, “Numerical Methods for Engineers,” CRC Press, 1991.

Hildebrand, F. B., “Introduction to Numerical Analysis,” 2

Edition, Dover 1974.

Hildebrand, F. B., “Advanced Calculus for Applications,” 2

Edition, Prentice Hall, 1976.

Hunt, R. A., “Calculus with Analytic Geometry,” Harper & Row, 1988.

Kellison, Stephen G., “Fundamentals of Numerical Analysis,” Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 1975.

Korn & Korn, “Mathematical Handbook,” 2

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1968.

Krasnov, M., et. al., “Mathematical Analysis for Engineers,” Volume 2, Mir Publishers,

Moscow, 1990.

Kreyszig, E., “Advanced Engineering Mathematics,” 7

Ed. Wiley. 1993.

Kroemer, Herbert, “Quantum Mechanics for Engineering, Materials Science, and Applied

Physics,” Prentice Hall, 1994.

Modarres, Mohammad, “Reliability and Risk Analysis,” Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1993.

Meyer, Richard E., “Introduction to Mathematical Fluid Mechanics,” Dover Publication,

Inc., 1971.

Larson, Ronald E. and R. P. Hostetler, “Calculus with Analytic Geometry,” D. C. Heat &

Co., 1979.

Liboff, Richard L., “Introductory Quantum Mechanics,” Holden–Day Inc. 1980

Nakamura, Shoichiro, “Computational Methods in Engineering & Science,” Wiley, 1977.

Ozisik, Necati, “Finite Difference Methods in Heat Transfer,” CRC Press, 1994

Park, David, “Introduction to Quantum Theory,” McGraw Hill, 1964.

Pauli, Wolfgang, “Wave Mechanics,” Dover Publications, Inc., 1973.

Rossing, Thomas D and N. H. Fletcher, “Principles of Vibration and Sound,” Springer Ver-

log, 1995.

Schiesser, W. E., “Computational Methods in Engineering & Applied Science,” CRC,

1994.

Spiegel, Murray R., “Applied Differential Equations,” 3

. Ed., Prentice Hall, 1981.

Thomas, Jr. George B., “Calculus and Analytic Geometry,” Part 2, 4

Edition, Addison-

Wesley, 1972

Wylie, C. R. and L. C. Barnett, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics,” 5

Edition,

McGraw-Hill, 1982.

Appendix

Table A.II.1(SI), Table A.II.2(SI), Table A.II.3(SI), Table A.II.4(SI):

Sonntag, Richard E., Claus Borgnakke, and Gordon J. Van Wylen, “Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics,” Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.

Table A.II.1(BU), Table A.II.2(BU):

El-Wakil, M. M., “Nuclear Heat Transport,” International Textbook Company, 1971.

Table A.II.5(SI), Table A.II.5(BU):

Masi, J. F., Trans. ASME, 76:1067, October 1954.

–, National Bureau of Standards Circ. 500, February 1952.

–, API Research Project 44, national Bureau of Standards, Washington, December 1952.

References 1109

Table A.III.1(SI), Table A.III.2(SI), Table A.III.1(BU):

CRANE, “Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe,” Publication 410M (Metric

Edition), 1988.

Table A.III.2(SI):

CRANE, “Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe,” Technical Paper No. 410,

1988.

Table A.IV.1(SI), Table A.IV.2(SI), Table A.IV.3(SI), Table A.IV.4(SI),

Table A.IV.5(SI), Table A.IV.10:

Incropera, Frank P. and David P. De Witt, “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,”

Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.

Table A.IV.6(SI):

– Lyon, R. N., “Liquid Metal Handbook,” Atomic Energy Commission and Department of

the Navy, Washington D. C., 1952

– Weatherford, Jr., et al., “Energy Conversion and Heat-Transfer Fluids for Space Applica-

tions,” WADD Technical Report 61-96, November 1961

– –, “Metallic Elements and Their Alloys,” T. P. R. C. Data Book, Vol. 1, Purdue Research

Foundation, 1966.

Table A.IV.9, Table A.IV.10:

Suryanarayana, N. V., “Engineering Heat Transfer,” West Publishing Company, 1995.

Table A.IV.4(BU):

Kreith, Frank, “Principles of Heat Transfer,” 3

ed., Harper & Row, 1973.

Table A.IV.5(BU), Table A.IV.6(BU), Table A.IV.7(BU), Table A.IV.8:

Edwards, D. K., V. E. Denny, and A. F. Mills, “Transfer Processes, An Introduction to Dif-

fusion, Convection, and Radiation,” Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1979.

Table A.V.1:

Tipton, C. R., Jr., “Reactor Handbook,” Vol. 1, Materials 2

Edition, Interscience, 1960.

Table A.V.2:

Almenas, Kazys, and Richard Lee, “Nuclear Engineering, an Introduction,” Springer-

Verlag, 1992.

Index

Absolute pressure, 36

Absorption cross section, 845, 847

Absorptivity, 573-727

Acceleration

convective, 237-379

local, 235

pressure drop, 319, 621, 880

Accuracy, 730

Acoustic velocity, 372

Adiabatic, 57

Affinity laws, 808

Air conditioning, 196

Amagat model, 188

Anemometer, 748-766

Angle

contact, 659

solid, 563

valve, 309

Angular velocity, 39

Annular fuel rod, 466

Annulus, 13

Anisotropic, 432

Aspect ratio, 366

Atomic mass unit, 41

Atomic number, 842

Augmented matrix, 971

Availability, 105

Avogadro, 42

Axial flow, 19, 749, 760, 770

Azimuthal angle, 563

Balance of plant, 162

Ball valve, 306-309

Barnett correlation, 663

Barometric pressure, 36

Bernath correlation, 663

Bernoulli equation, 244

Bernoulli-obstruction meters, 321

Bessel

functions, 915

differential equation, 914

Best efficiency point (BEP), 752

Biasi correlation, 663

Biomass, 24

Biot number, 443

Blackbody, 568

Blasius, 524

Body force, 226

Boiling

departure from nucleate, 662

film, 638

flow, 638

inception, 646

pool, 638

saturated, 638

subcooled, 638

transition, 650, 653

water reactor, 13

Bond number, 642

Borda-Carnot equation, 304

Boundary

layer, 231

value problem, 905

Bowring correlation, 664

Break flow split, 625

Brayton, 154

Breeder reactor, 5, 12

Buckingham pi, 748

Buckling, 859

Bulk:

modulus, 230

temperature, 519

Buoyancy, 366, 549

Butterfly valve, 309

1112 Index

Calibration, 729

Carnot

efficiency 101

principle, 100

Cavitation, 752

CD-ROM, 53, 85, 89, 92, 320, 329,

426, 499, 581, 591, 652, 697,

707, 718, 824, 970, 974, 981,

983, 984, 1009

Chain rule for derivatives, 906

Chen correlation, 658

Choked flow, 414

Churchill and Ozoe correlation, 528

Cladding, 17

Clapeyron equation, 54

Clausius statement, 97

Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 54

Cleanliness factor, 690

Coal, 4, 6, 22

Coefficient of:

contraction, 322

performance, 103

volume expansivity, 47

Colburn analogy, 521

Compressible flow, 399

Compressibility:

isentropic, 47

isothermal, 47

Compressed liquid, 46, 50

Compressor, 10, 11, 71, 74

Concentric heat exchanger, 688, 694

Condensation, 435, 677, 678

Condenser, 6, 710

Conduction equation, 437-438

Conservation equation, 26, 64, 67,

Contact resistance, 436

Containment, 12, 187, 207-221, 819

Continuum, 225

Continuity equation, 64

Control valve, 306-309

Convection, 256, 259, 260, 435

Conversion factors, 1018

Cooling tower, 6, 97, 209

Control surface, 35

Control volume, 57

Coordinate systems, 225, 943, 944,

947

Coriolis acceleration, 743

Cramer’s rule, 974

Creeping flow, 252

Critical flow, 414

Critco correlation, 424

Henry-Fauske correlation, 622-

631

Moody model, 628

Rateau correlation, 425

Critical heat flux (CHF), 650, 876

Barnett correlation, 663

Biasi correlation, 663

Bowring correlation, 664

CISE-4 correlation, 665

Katto correlation, 666

Critical:

pressure, 41

temperature, 41

Cryogenic, 464

Curl operator, 950

Curvilinear coordinate, 943

Cycle:

Air standard, 147

Brayton, 147

Carnot, 104

Diesel, 152

Ericsson, 158

Joule, 154

Otto, 150

power, 144

refrigeration, 99, 103

regenerative, 157, 169, 171

reheat, 167

Stirling, 158

thermodynamic, 6

Cylindrical coordinates, 943

D’Alembert paradox, 233

Dalton model, 189

Darcy formula, 299

Darcy-Weisbach, 301

Darrieus wind machine, 21

Dead state, 116

Decay heat, 882

Index 1113

Deformation of a fluid element, 264

Degree

Centigrade, 37

Fahrenheit, 37

of subcooling, 53

of superheat, 167

Del operator, 947

Density, 33

Departure from nucleate boiling

(DNB), 662

Design parameters, 26

Determinant, 966

Deuterium, 5, 847

Dew point, 196

Diameter

equivalent, 309

heated, 663

hydraulic, 309

Differential analysis, 239

Differential equations

Bernoulli, 911

Bessel,

Chebyshev

Euler-Cauchy, 912

Gauss

Hermite

Jacobi, 912

Laguerre, 912

Legendre, 913

linear, 904, 911

nonlinear, 904

ordinary, 911

partial, 916

Poisson, 916

Riccati, 911

Diffuser, 71

Diffusion, 432

Diffusivity, 435

Dilatant fluid, 228

Discharge coefficient, 321

Dittus-Boelter correlation, 538

Divergence operator, 949

Division at the break, 820

Domain, 901

Downcomer, 12-16, 134, 791, 827

Drag, 232, 233, 365-366, 521, 733

Drift flux, 609

Dry-bulb temperature, 202

Dryout, 658, 662, 663

Dynamic viscosity, 227

Dynamics of

gas filled vessels, 90

mixing tanks, 83

Eckert number, 520

Eddy diffusivity, 289, 535

Effectiveness, 120

Efficiency

Carnot, 101

thermodynamic, 11, 100, 101

Eigenvalue, 905, 907

Einstein, 4, 842, 932

Elastic

analysis, 344

scattering, 843

Electromagnetic flowmeter, 738

Elbow meter, 735

Electron, 841

Electron volt, 842

Elevation head, 263

Emissivity, 436, 568-579, 1086

Empirical relations, 534

Energy

balance, 57

binding, 843

grade line, 263

internal, 39

kinetic, 38

mechanical, 1-3, 9, 261

potential, 39

Engine

internal combustion, 2-8

jet, 2, 9-10, 71, 97, 103, 160

reciprocal, 9-11, 750

rotary, 6, 8-9

English engineering system of units

(BU), 33

Enthalpy, 39

Entrance length, 231

Entropy, 39

EPRI-1 correlation, 666

Equation

1114 Index

Euler, 252, 265

of state, 26, 41-46

Equilibrium

bubble, 642-644

thermal, 35

Error, 728

fixed, 728

function, 488, 489, 491

random, 728

Eta factor, 852

Eulerian approach, 230

Evaporation, 37, 49-50

Exergy, 105

Expansion coefficient, 413

thermal, 47

volumetric, 549

Explicit method, 994

Extended surfaces, 477

Feedwater, 12-16

Fertile, 5, 846, 847

Fick’s law, 26, 841

Field, 225

Film

boiling, 638

condensation, 678

temperature, 520

Fin

annular, 480-484

cylindrical spine, 483

longitudinal, 483

First law of thermodynamics, 67

Fissile, 846

Fission, 845

Fissionable, 846

Fittings, 175, 224, 286, 295, 302

Flash, 79, 89, 173, 622, 637, 812

Flooding, 604

Flow

critical, 399, 622

coefficient, 307, 322

compressible, 399

dimensions, 232

external, 99, 223, 230-233

incompressible, 231

internal, 232

laminar, 230

loop, 20, 325, 549, 799

measurement, 321, 412, 728

over flat plate, 230, 521-535

pattern, 555, 605, 606

reversal, 605, 614, 765

turbulent, 230

two-phase, 602

Flowmeter, 302, 321, 728

Bernoulli, 321

Coriolis, 733

elbow, 735

electromagnetic, 738

installation, 744

laser Doppler, 728, 740

mass, 741

nozzle, 321

positive displacement, 741

pulsed neutron, 740

rotameter, 733

straightener, 744

turbine, 737

ultrasonic, 739

venturi, 321

vortex, 738

Fluid

ideal, 223-224

Newtonian, 228

non-Newtonian, 228

Forced convection, 518

Form loss, 175, 306, 419

Forster-Zuber, 660

Fouling

factor, 669, 690, 707

resistance, 690, 718

Fourier equation, 439

Fourier number, 437

Fourier transform, 908

Friction

factor, 292-299, 305, 1005

pressure drop, 242, 312, 617

velocity, 293

Fuel

fossil, 4

nuclear, 4, 23

pellet, 17, 466, 468

Index 1115

rod, 14, 16, 17

spent, 23, 459, 559, 833

utilization factor, 859

Fusion, 3, 5, 25

Gage pressure, 36

Gamma radiation, 436, 456-458

Gap, 17

Gas turbine, 6-11, 66, 97, 154

Gate valve, 305

Gauss divergence theorem, 956

Gauss-Seidel iteration, 971 - 974

General electric correlation, 667

Geothermal energy, 22

Gibbs function, 47, 639

Globe valve, 305

Gradient operator, 947

Grashof number, 549

Gray surface, 578

Greenhouse effect, 11

Greenpower, 17

Hagen-Poiseuille, 291

Hardy Cross method, 338

Hazen-Williams formula, 301

Head, 18, 224

Heat

engine, 99

flux, 129, 256, 432

pump, 25, 31, 97, 103

sink, 6, 21, 96, 97

source, 6, 20, 22, 70, 96, 97

Heat exchanger, 71, 76, 147-167,

687

Heat transfer coefficient, 435

Heisler, 493, 497

Helmholtz function, 46

HEM, 602, 616, 619, 621, 623, 785

Hemispherical, 574, 576

Homogeneous, 432

Heterogeneous, 432

Hewitt map, 606

Humidity ratio, 195

Hydraulic grade line, 263

Hydraulic jump, 270, 408

Hydrostatic head, 796-799

Hysteresis, 729

Ideal gas, 41

Implicit method, 976, 994

Integral analysis, 240, 248

Invasive, 728

Inviscid, 223, 228, 231, 252, 259

Irreversibility, 98, 99, 105, 109

Isotope, 5, 11, 740, 842, 844, 845

Isotropic, 229, 432, 562-566, 848

Jakob number, 678

Jacobian matrix, 1005

Jet pump, 13, 749

Katto correlation, 666

Kelvin, 33, 98

Kinematic viscosity, 228

Kinetic energy, 38

Kirchhoff, 338, 369, 442, 578

Kutateladze, 605, 652, 682

Lagrangian, 234, 237, 238-259

Laminar

boundary layer, 535

flow, 230

Laplace transform, 909

Laplacian operator, 949

Latent heat, 51, 53

Le System International d’Unites,

Leading edge, 232, 519

Least-square, 1006

Leidenfrost point, 650, 654

Leibnitz rule, 960

Line integral, 951

Linear heat generation rate, 432

Liquid compressibility, 373

Logarithmic mean temperature

difference (LMTD), 691

correction factor, 696

Lumped, 57, 207, 255, 431, 443

Lyon-Martinelli correlation, 540

Mach number, 230

Maclaurin series, 855, 902

1116 Index

Manning formula, 301

Manometer, 36, 37, 272, 322

Martinelli-Nelson, 622

Mass defect, 842

Mass flow rate, 58

Mass flux, 65

Mass number, 842

Matrix inversion, 968

McAdams correlation, 299

Metastable state, 816

Maxwell relations, 47

MDNBR, 877

Minimum stable film boiling

(MSFB), 653

Minimum stable film boiling

temperature, 656

Minor loss, 301, 302

Moderator, 5, 11, 847

Modulus of elasticity, 375

Moist air, 187-189

Moisture separator, 162

Molecular diffusion, 431, 535

Molecular weight, 41

Momentum

conservation equation, 241, 248

flux, 242, 262, 372, 399, 526, 778

Napier’s correlation, 425

Natural convection, 549

Natural circulation, 549, 796, 800

Navier-Stokes equations, 249, 251

Net expansion factor, 412

Net positive suction head (NPSH),

753, 757, 760-762

Neutron

current, 849

fast, 5, 846, 847, 851

flux, 457, 466, 671, 841, 848

thermal, 11, 846, 847, 851, 852

transport equation, 841, 853

Newton’s law of cooling, 435

Newton-Raphson method, 1004

Nozzle, 10, 70-72, 321, 323, 324

Nuclear

power plant, 4, 11, 144, 786

resonance, 844

Nucleate boiling, 638

Nucleation

homogeneous, 637

heterogeneous, 637

onset, 644, 646, 650

Number of transfer unit (NTU)

method, 698

Nusselt number, 520

Nuclei, 5, 844, 845

Opaque, 575, 576, 577

Ordinary differential equations, 911

Adam’s method, 985

Euler method, 981

Runge-Kutta methods, 982

Orifice meter, 321

Orthogonality, 908

Partial differential equations, 903

Partial pressure, 189

Peaking factor, 866, 874-875

Peclet number, 541

Perfect gas, 42

Pitot tube, 733, 736, 737

Planck:

constant, 562

distribution, 569

statement, 97

Poisson equation, 439

Power

cycle, 144

density, 23, 865, 1020

hydro, 17

tidal, 22

Prandtl number, 520

Precision, 729

Pressure drop in

bends, 302

internal flow, 295

Bernoulli obstruction meters, 323

Pressure gradient due to:

acceleration, 616

friction, 616

gravity, 618

Pressurized water reactor, 5

Pressurizer, 12, 14, 811

Index 1117

Primary dimensions, 33, 748

Primary side 784-785

Process

adiabatic, 57

isentropic, 59

isobaric, 59

isothermal, 59

polytropic, 59

reversible, 57

Property:

critical, 41

extensive, 40

intensive, 40

reduced, 41

Pump

Booster, 173, 877

canned-motor, 800

centrifugal, 749

characteristic curve, 749, 757

head, 263, 313, 762

homologous, 748, 755-769

jet, 13, 749

positive displacement, 749

Pumping power, 75, 76, 169, 314

Pure substance, 34

Quality

steam, 50

void and slip relation, 602

Quantum number, 884, 935

Quasi-steady, 348

Quench tank, 204

Quiescent fluid, 550, 650

Radial flow, 10, 20, 749

Radiation heat transfer, 26, 436, 561

Radiosity, 565

Range, 729

Rankine cycle, 161-162

Rateau correlation, 125

Rayleigh number, 550

Reactor shutdown, 882

Reciprocity, 581

Recirculation, 13, 16, 134, 827

Reduced pressure, 41

Reflectivity, 573, 575

Refrigerant, 662

Regression, 1007

Relative humidity, 194

Relative roughness, 312

Repeatability, 729

Resolution, 729

Resonance, 845

Reynolds-Colburn analogy, 521

Reynolds number, 230

Reynolds transport theorem, 240,

961

Rigid column theory, 344, 371

Rohsenow correlation, 651

Safety valve, 307

Saturation

pressure, 54, 637

temperature, 46

Scaling laws, 747

Scattering:

elastic, 843

inelastic, 843

Seban-Shimazaki correlation, 540

Second law of thermodynamics, 96

Secondary side, 12-16, 30, 97, 134

Seider-Tate correlation, 538

Semi-infinite solid, 485

Sensitivity, 729

Separated flow model, 616, 621

Shaft work, 60, 69-77

Shape factor, 581

Shear work, 60, 262, 792, 816

Shearing strain, 226

Shell and tube, 688

Shell side, 314-315, 465, 688

Shock wave, 98, 151, 408

Shroedinger wave equation, 932

Similarity, 747

Siphon, 284, 285

Six factor formula, 851

Skin friction, 302

Slab, 443

Slip ratio, 603

Solar, 3, 6, 17-22, 129, 133, 727

Solid angle, 563

Specific

1118 Index

enthalpy, 40

entropy, 40

gravity

heat, 40

humidity, 195

power, 9, 145, 156, 865

speed, 758

volume, 38

Spherical coordinate system, 251

Spray, 211-214, 329, 818

Stagnation enthalpy, 417

Standard temperature and pressure

(STP), 37

Standard temperature, 37

Stanton number, 520

State

equilibrium, 35

steady, 32, 66

unsteady, 66

thermodynamic, 38, 55, 815

Steam extraction, 12, 167-172

Steam generator, 2, 3, 12-16, 77,

702

Stefan-Boltzmann law, 26, 436, 568

Steradian, 564

Stokes hypothesis, 249

Streamline, 230

Stress

normal, 224

shear, 224

tensor, 226

Sturm-Liouville, 860, 913

Subcooled, 46

Sublimation, 48

Subsonic, 230

Substantial derivative, 235

Sudden:

contraction, 303

expansion, 303

Superheated vapor, 46

Supersonic, 230, 407

Surface force, 226

Surface roughness, 98, 224-299

Surface tension, 229, 618, 639, 651

Surge tank, 357

Surroundings

System

closed, 56

isolated, 56

open, 57

Taylor series, 902

Terminal temperature difference

(TTD), 710

Terminal velocity, 366

Thermal

capacitance, 434

center, 796

conductivity, 433

diffusion, 432

expansion, 40, 47

neutron, 846

pollution, 101

radiation, 436, 561

resistance, 435

Thermodynamic

availability, 105

cycle, 6

efficiency, 100

irreversibility, 99

process, 36

property, 40

state, 38

system, 35

Thermofluids, 1

Time constant, 446

Total directional emissivity, 579

Total hemispherical absorptivity,

576

Total hemispherical emissivity, 575

Trailing edge, 519

Transient, 32, 66, 81-95

Translation, 39, 265

Transmissivity, 575

Tube bundle, 15, 77, 537, 690

Tubesheet, 15, 16, 688, 795

Turbine

efficiency, 175, 776

Francis, 20, 772

gas, 6-11, 66, 97, 154

impulse, 19, 770

Kaplan, 17, 19, 772