Мартыненко Т.П. и др. Практический курс физики. Квантовая физика. Элементы физики твёрдого тела и ядерной физики
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2008
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53 (075)
22.3
67
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2008. - 210 .: .
ISBN 978-5-903111-25-1
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53 (075)
22.3
ISBN 978-5-903111-25-1
@ . . , . . ,
. . , . . 2008
3
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4
1.
.
,
.
,
, , . .
.
-
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
( ).
– , ,
:
dSdt
dW
M
e
= ,
dS
d
M
e
e
Φ
= , (1.1)
dt
dW
e
=Φ .
.
( ).
–
T
M
ν
–
T
M
λ
,
:
ν
=
ν
d
dM
M
e
T
,
λ
=
λ
d
dM
M
e
T
(1.2)
λ
ν
:
ν
⋅
λ
=
c
λ
=
ν
/
c
( –
). λ
λ
=ν d
c
d
2
.
(1.2) :
2
TTT
c
M
d
d
MM
λ
⋅=
λ
ν
⋅=
ννλ
(1.2)
:
5
λ=ν=
λν
dMdMM
0
T
0
Te
(1.3)
. ,
,
(
)
T
d
d
dW
dW
a
Φ
Φ
==
ν
(1.4)
e
dΦ
–
d , ;
dΦ
–
.
- ,
.
1a
T
≤
ν
.
(
1
a
T
=
ν
) « ».
,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
T
M
ν
T
a
ν
,
,
0
T
M
ν
:
0
T
2
T
T
1
T
T
M
a
M
a
M
ν
ν
ν
ν
ν
== (1.5)
,
–
0
T
M
ν
:
0
TTT
MaM
ννν
⋅= (1.6)
0
0
dν⋅=
νν
. (1.7)
6
(1.7) ,
TT
aa
=
ν
,
0
eT
0
0
T
0
0
Madad =ν=ν=
ννν
, (1.8)
0
00
e
dM ν=
ν
(1.9)
,
T
a –
( ).
.
.
,
, . ,
,
.
:
ν
⋅
=
ε
h
,
h = 6,62·10
–34
· – .
1
e
1
c
h2
M
kT/h2
3
0
T
−
⋅
νπ
=
ν
ν
(1.10)
1
e
1hc2
M
kT/hc5
2
0
T
−
⋅
λ
π
=
λ
λ
(1.11)
.
,
.1.1. ), ).
1
2
>T
1
ν
1
ν
2
ν
. 1.1 )
0
T,
M
ν
1
2
>T
1
0
T,
M
λ
λ
2
λ
1
λ
. 1.1. )
7
- .
(1.10) (1.3) ( .
1.1) - ,
:
40
e
TM ⋅σ= (1.12)
= 5,67·10
–8
/(
2
·
4
) – - .
-
.
:
4
Te
TaM ⋅σ⋅= , (1.13)
.
(1.11) ,
,
m
λ
,
:
T
b
m
=λ , (1.14)
b = 2,90·10
–3
· .
(1.14) ,
, ,
.
(1.14) (1.11)
50
T
TCM ⋅=
λ
, (1.15)
= 1,29·10
–5
/(
3
·
5
).
.
. , .
. , . ,
,
.
( ) ,
( ), .
– ,
.
8
,
. ,
= 3·10
8
/
.
( )
ν
⋅
=
ε
h
. (1.16)
, ,
:
22
c/hc/m ν=ε=
. (1.17)
c/hmcc/p
ν
=
=
ε
=
. (1.18)
,
k
kp = , kp
=
(1.19)
λπ== /2kk – , 1005,12/h
34
⋅⋅=π=
−
–
.
λ
=
ν
/
c
,
λ
=
h
p (1.20)
–
ν
=
ε
h
.
••
⋅ν=⋅ε=Φ NhN
e
, (1.21)
( ,
)
••
⋅ν=⋅ε=
⋅
⋅
ε
=
⋅
= nhn
dtdS
dN
dtdS
dW
E
e
. (1.22)
dt
dN
N =
•
( ,
)
dtdS
dN
n
⋅
=
•
–
( ,
).
.
, ,
- , .
,
θ⋅cosp , – θ⋅cosp2 , –
9
.
,
,
:
+θ=θ⋅+θ⋅=
••
NN2cosp
dt
dN
cosp
dt
dN
cosp2
dt
dp
n
.
dN dN –
dt.
•••
=+ NNN .
( )
ρ−=−=
••••
1NNNN ,
dN
dN
dN
dN
dW
dW
=
⋅ε
⋅
ε
==ρ –
, , .
, ,
, :
( ) ( )
θρ+=ρ−+ρθ=
•••
cos1NpN1N2cosp
dt
dp
n
.
(
)
dtS/dpS/FP
nn
⋅
=
=
(1.18), ,
,
, :
( )
( )
Sc
N
1
S
Np1
P
⋅
ε
⋅ρ+=
⋅ρ+
=
••
(1.23)
( )
c
E
1P
e
ρ+= (1.24)
– (1.22).
(1.23) ,
w)1(P
ρ
+
=
,
w
dtcS
dN
dV
dW
w
⋅⋅
⋅
ε
== .
10
( ).
(
)
.
–
,
.
( ),
( ) – .
( ).
.
, ,
.
max
TA
+
=
ε
. (1.25)
maxi
TE
+
=
ε
, (1.26)
λ
=
ν
=
ε
/
hc
h
– ,
max
–
, -
,
i
– .
– ,
.
.
2
vm
T
2
maxe0
max
= , (1.27)
5,0cm
2
e0
≈<<ε .
,
−
−
= 1
c/v1
1
cmT
22
max
2
e0max
, (1.28)
max
v – ;
e0
m –
.
,