Martienssen W., Warlimont H. (Eds.). Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

152 Part 2 The Elements

Table 2.1-26B(a) Actinides. Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-26C for allotropic and high-pressure modiﬁcations)

Element name Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium

Chemical symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cu

Atomic number Z 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Units

Modiﬁcation α-U α-Pu

Crystal system, Bravais lattice cub, fc tetr, I orth, C orth, P mon, P hex hex

Structure type Cu α-Pa α-U α-Np α-Pu α-La α-La

Lattice constant a 508.51 394.5 285.38 666.3 618.3 346.8 349.6 pm

Lattice constant b 586.80 472.3 482.2 pm

Lattice constant c 324.2 495.57 488.7 1096.8 1124.1 1133.1 pm

Lattice angle γ 101.78 deg

Space group Fm 3m I4/mmm Cmcm Pn m a P2

/m P6

/mmc P6

/mmc

Schoenﬂies symbol O

Strukturbericht type A1 A6 A20 A



Pearson symbol cF4 tI2 oC4 oP8 mP16 hP4 hP4

Number A of atoms per cell 4 2 4 8 16 4 4

Coordination number 12 8 +2 2 +2 +4 +4 8+6 6 +6 6 +6

Shortest interatomic distance, solid 360 321 276 259–335 257–278 347 349 pm

Element name Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Chemical symbol Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Atomic number Z 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Units

Crystal system, Bravais lattice hex hex hex

Structure type α-La α-La α-La

Lattice constant a 341.6 pm

Lattice constant c 1106.9 pm

Space group P6

/mmc P6

/mmc

Schoenﬂies symbol D

Strukturbericht type A3



Pearson symbol hP4 hP4 hP4

Number A of atoms per cell 4 4 4

Part 2 1.5

The Elements 1.5 Data 153

Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties

Element name Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium

Chemical symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cu

Atomic number Z 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Units

Modiﬁcation α-Pu

Density , solid 11.70 15.40 18.90 20.40 19.80 13.60 13.510 g/cm

Density , liquid 10.35 17.907 16.623

Molar volume V

mol

19.80 15.0 12.56 11.71 12.3 17.78 18.3 cm

/mol

Viscosity η, liquid 7.4 mPa s

Surface tension, liquid 1.05 1.53 0.55 N/m

Temperature coefﬁcient

−0.14×10

−3

N/(mK)

Coefﬁcient of linear thermal expansion α 12.5×10

−6

7.3×10

−6

12.6×10

−6

27.5×10

−6

55× 10

−6

1/K

Sound velocity, solid, transverse 1630 1940 m/s

Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal 2850 3370 m/s

Volume compressibility κ 1.86 × 10

−5

0.785× 10

−5

1/MPa

Elastic modulus E 78.3 76 177 68 92.7 GPa

Shear modulus G 30.8 70.6 45 GPa

Poisson number µ 0.26 0.25 0.18

Elastic compliance s

27.4 4.91 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

6.73 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

4.79 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

22.0 8.04 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

13.6 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

13.4 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

−10.9 −1.19 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

0.08 1/TPa

Elastic compliance s

−2.61 1/TPa

Elastic stiffness c

77.0 215 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

199 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

267 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

45.5 124 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

73.4 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

74.3 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

50.9 46 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

22 GPa

Elastic stiffness c

108 GPa

Tensile strength 0.219 0.585 0.525 GPa

Vickers hardness 294–687 1960 2500–2800

Part 2 1.5

154 Part 2 The Elements

Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties, cont.

Element name Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Chemical symbol Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Atomic number Z 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Units

Density , solid 14.790 9.310 8.840 g/cm

Molar volume V

mol

16.70 26.96 28.5 cm

/mol

Table 2.1-26B(c) Actinides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Element name Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium

Chemical symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cu

Atomic number Z 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Units Remarks

Modiﬁcation α-Th α-Pa α-U α-Np α-Pu

Thermal conductivity λ 77.0 About 47 22.0 6.3 6.74 About 10 About 10 W/(mK)

Molar heat capacity c

27.32 (27.61) 27.66 29.62 32.84 25.9 (27.70) J/(mol K) At 298 K

Standard entropy S

51.800 51.882 50.200 50.459 54.461 55.396 71.965 J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa

Enthalpy difference H

298

−H

6.3500 6.4392 6.3640 6.6065 6.9023 6.4070 6.1337 kJ/mol

Melting temperature T

2022.99 1844.78 1408.0 917.0 913.0 1449.0 1618.0 K

Transition β–liquid β–liquid γ –liquid γ –liquid ε–liquid γ –liquid β–liquid

Enthalpy change ∆H

13.8072 12.3412 9.1420 3.1986 2.8240 14.3930 14.6440 kJ/mol

Entropy change ∆S

6.825 6.690 6.493 3.488 3.093 9.933 9.051 J/(mol K)

Relative volume change ∆V

0.05 0.022 (V

−V

)/V

at T

Boiling temperature T

5061 4407 3503 2880 K

Enthalpy change ∆H

514.1 481 464.1 423.4 260.0 238.5 395.7 kJ/mol

Element name Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Chemical symbol Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Atomic number Z 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Units Remarks

Thermal conductivity λ About 10 About 10 About 10 W/(mK)

Standard entropy S

(76.15) 80.542 89.471 87.236 J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa

Melting temperature T

1256 1213 1133.0 1800 1100 1100 1900 K

Transition β–liquid

Enthalpy change ∆H

9.4056 1.02 kJ/mol

Entropy change ∆S

8.302 J/(mol K)

Enthalpy of boiling ∆H

3.26 kJ/mol

Part 2 1.5

The Elements 1.5 Data 155

Table 2.1-26B(d) Actinides. Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Element name Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium

Chemical symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cu

Atomic number Z 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Units Remarks

Characteristics Soft metal Toxic metal Ductile Reactive Metal, Metal Metal,

metal metal very toxic very reactive

Electrical resistivity ρ

147 177 280 1414 680 860 nΩ m At RT

Temperature coefﬁcient

27.5×10

−4

28.2×10

−4

33× 10

−4

1/K

Pressure coefﬁcient −3.4×10

−9

1/Pa

Superconducting critical 1.37 K

temperature T

crit

Superconducting critical 162 Oe

ﬁeld H

crit

Hall coefﬁcient R

−1.2×10

−10

0.34× 10

−10

0.69× 10

−6

/(As)

Thermoelectronic 5.0 µV/K

coefﬁcient

Electronic work function 3.67 3.47 V

Thermal work function 3.42 4.8 3.47 V

Molar magnetic 1.22× 10

−3

3.48× 10

−3

5.14× 10

−3

7.23× 10

−3

6.60× 10

−3

/mol

susceptibility χ

mol

(SI)

Molar magnetic 97× 10

−6

277× 10

−6

409× 10

−6

575× 10

−6

525× 10

−6

/mol

susceptibility χ

mol

(cgs)

Mass magnetic 7.2×10

−6

21.6×10

−6

31.7×10

−6

50× 10

−6

susceptibility χ

mol

(SI)

At 298 K, B = 0.3–0.7T.

Element name Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Chemical symbol Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Atomic number Z 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Characteristics Metal Metal Metal Metal

Part 2 1.5

156 Part 2 The Elements

Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modiﬁcations

Element Thorium Protactinium Uranium

Modiﬁcation α-Th β-Th α-Pa β-Pa α-U β-U γ -U

Units

Crystal system, Bravais lattice cub, fc cub, bc tetr, I cub, bc orth, C tetr cub, bc

Structure type Cu W In W α-U W

Lattice constant a 508.51 411 394.5 285.38 1075.9 352.4 pm

Lattice constant b 586.80 pm

Lattice constant c 324.2 495.57 565.4 pm

Space group Fm 3mIm3m I4/mmm Im3m Cmcm P4

/mmm Im3m

Schoenﬂies symbol O

Strukturbericht type A1 A2 A6 A2 A20 A2

Pearson symbol cF4 cI2 tI2 cI2 oC4 tP30 cI2

Number A of atoms per cell 42224302

Coordination number 12 8 8 +22+2+4+4 2 +2 +4 +412 8

Shortest interatomic distance, solid 360 356 321 276 287–353 347 pm

Range of stability RTP > 1673 K RTP > 1443 K RTP > 935 K > 1045 K

Element Neptunium Plutonium

Modiﬁcation α-Np β-Np γ -Np α-Pu β-Pu γ -Pu δ-Pu δ



-Pu ε-Pu

Units

Crystal system, Bravais lattice orth, P tetr cub, bc mon, P mon orth cub, fc tetr cub, bc

Structure type α-Np W Cu In W

Lattice constant a 666.3 489.6 352 618.3 928.4 315.87 463.71 332.61 570.3 pm

Lattice constant b 472.3 482.2 1046.3 576.82 pm

Lattice constant c 488.7 338.7 1096.8 785.9 1016.2 446.30 pm

Lattice angle γ 101.78 92.13 deg

Space group Pn m a P 42

2 Im3m P2

/mI2/m Fddd Fm3mI4/mmm Im3m

Schoenﬂies symbol D

Strukturbericht type A

A2 A1 A6 A2

Pearson symbol oP8 tP4 cI2 mP16 mI34 oF8 cF4 tI2 cI2

Number A of atoms per cell 84216 34 8 4 2 2

Coordination number 8 +68+68+6 4 +2 +412 4+88+6

Shortest interatomic distance, solid 260–336 275–356 305 257–278 259–310 303 328 333 315 pm

Range of stability RTP >553 K >850 K RTP >395 K >508 K >592 K >726 K >744 K

Part 2 1.5

The Elements 1.5 Data 157

Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modiﬁcations, cont.

Element Americium Curium

Modiﬁcation α-Am β-Am γ -Am α-Cm β-Cm

Units

Crystal system, Bravais lattice hex cub, fc orth hex cub, fc

Structure type α-La Cu α-U α-La Cu

Lattice constant a 346.8 489.4 306.3 349.6 438.1 pm

Lattice constant b 596.8 pm

Lattice constant c 1124.1 516.9 1133.1 pm

Space group P6

/mmc Fm3mCmcmP6

/mmc Fm3m

Schoenﬂies symbol D

Strukturbericht type A3



A1 A20 A3



Pearson symbol hP4 cF4 oC4 hP4 cF4

Number A of atoms per cell 44444

Coordination number 6 +612 6+612

Shortest interatomic distance, solid 347 346 350 310 pm

Range of stability RTP > 878 K > 15.0GPa RTP > 1449 K

Element Berkelium Californium Einsteinium

Modiﬁcation α-Bk β-Bk α-Cf β-Cf α-Es β-Es

Units

Crystal system, Bravais lattice hex cub, fc hex cub, fc hex cub, fc

Structure type α-La Cu α-La Cu α-La Cu

Lattice constant a 341.6 499.7 pm

Lattice constant c 1106.9 pm

Space group P6

/mmc Fm3m P6

/mmc Fm3m

Schoenﬂies symbol D

Strukturbericht type A3



A1 A3



A1 A3



Pearson symbol hP4 cF4 hP4 cF4 hP4 cF4

Number A of atoms per cell 444444

Coordination number 12 12

Shortest interatomic distance, solid 353 406 pm

Range of stability RTP > 1183 K > 1213 K RTP > 1093 K

Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Element Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium

Ion Th

Coordination number Units

2 45 pm

4 52 pm

6 94 104 90 78 103 89 76 73 101 87 75 72 pm

8 105 100 86 pm

10 113 pm

12 121 117 pm

Part 2 1.5

158 Part 2 The Elements

Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures), cont.

Element Plutonium Americium Curium

Ion Pu

Coordination number Units

6 100 86 74 71 98 85 97 85 pm

8 109 95 95 pm

Element Berkelium Californium

Ion Bk

Coordination number Units

6 96 83 95 82 pm

8 93 92 pm

References

1.1 W. Martienssen (Ed.): Numerical Data and Func-

tional Relationships in Science and Technology,

Landolt–Börnstein, New Series III and IV (Springer,

Berlin, Heidelberg 1970–2003)

1.2 R. Blachnik (Ed.): Elemente, anorganische Ver-

bindungen und Materialien, Minerale, D’Ans-Lax,

Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker, Vol. 3, 4th

edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)

1.3 D. R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics, 80th edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton

1999)

1.4 Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffchemie, T.H. Aachen: Thermo-

dynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials, Landolt–

Börnstein, New Series IV/19 (Springer, Berlin, Heidel-

berg 1999)

Part 2 1

159

Classes of M

Part 3

Part 3 Classes of Materials

1 Metals

Frank Goodwin, Research Triangle Parc, USA

Sivaraman Guruswamy, Salt Lake City, USA

Karl U. Kainer, Geesthacht, Germany

Catrin Kammer, Goslar, Germany

Wolfram Knabl, Reutte, Austria

Alfred Koethe, Dresden, Germany

Gerhard Leichtfried, Reutte, Austria

Günther Schlamp, Steinbach/Ts, Germany

Roland Stickler, Vienna, Austria

Hans Warlimont, Dresden, Germany

2 Ceramics

Hans Warlimont, Dresden, Germany

3 Polymers

Manfred D. Lechner, Osnabrück, Germany

4 Glasses

Dieter Krause, Mainz, Germany

160

This page intentionally left blank

161

Metals

3.1. Metals

hereas the fundamental properties of all metallic

elements are covered systematically and compre-

hensively in Chapt. 2.1, this section chapter treats

those metals that are applied as base and al-

loying elements of metallic materials. According

to common usage, the section is subdivided into

treatments of metallic materials based on a sin-

gle elements (Mg, Al, Ti, Zr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb),

and treatments of groups of metals with com-

mon dominating features (refractory metals, noble

metals). The term metal is used indiscriminately

for pure metals and for multicomponent metallic

materials, i. e., alloys.

The properties of metallic materials depend

sensitively not only on their chemical composition

and on the electronic and crystal structure of

the phases formed, but also to a large degree

on their microstructure including the kind

and distribution of lattice defects. The phase

composition and microstructure of metallic

materials are strongly dependent, in turn, on

the thermal and mechanical treatments, which

are applied under well-controlled conditions to

achieve the desired properties. Accordingly, the

production of metallic semiﬁnished products and

ﬁnal parts on one hand, and the properties in

the ﬁnal state on the other hand, are usually

intricately linked. This also applies to metallic

materials treated in other chapters (Chapt. 4.2

on superconductors and Chapt. 4.3 on magnetic

materials), as well as to the majority of other

inorganic and organic materials.

According to the complexity of the inter-

relations between fundamental (intrinsic) and

microstructure-dependent (extrinsic) properties of

metallic materials, this section provides a sub-

stantial amount of explanatory text. By the same

token, the data given are mostly typical examples

indicating characteristic ranges of properties

achievable rather than providing complete list-

ings. More comprehensive databases are indicated

by way of reference.

3.1.1 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys....... 162

3.1.1.1 Magnesium Alloys ................... 163

3.1.1.2 Melting and Casting Practices,

Heat Treatment....................... 168

3.1.1.3 Joining .................................. 169

3.1.1.4 Corrosion Behavior .................. 169

3.1.1.5 Recent Developments .............. 170

3.1.2 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys ........ 171

3.1.2.1 Introduction ........................... 171

3.1.2.2 Production of Aluminium ......... 171

3.1.2.3 Properties of Pure Al ................ 172

3.1.2.4 Aluminium Alloy Phase

Diagrams ............................... 174

3.1.2.5 Classiﬁcation of Aluminium

Alloys .................................... 179

3.1.2.6 Structure and Basic Mechanical

Properties of Wrought Work-

Hardenable Aluminium Alloys... 180

3.1.2.7 Structure and Basic Mechanical

Properties of Wrought Age-

Hardenable Aluminium Alloys... 182

3.1.2.8 Structure and Basic Mechanical

Properties of Aluminium Casting

Alloys .................................... 184

3.1.2.9 Technical Properties

of Aluminium Alloys ................ 186

3.1.2.10 Thermal and Mechanical

Treatment .............................. 194

3.1.2.11 Corrosion Behavior

of Aluminium ......................... 202

3.1.3 Titanium and Titanium Alloys .............. 206

3.1.3.1 Commercially Pure Grades of Ti

and Low-Alloy Ti Materials ....... 207

3.1.3.2 Ti-Based Alloys ....................... 208

3.1.3.3 Intermetallic Ti–Al Materials ..... 209

3.1.3.4 TiNi Shape-Memory Alloys ........ 216

3.1.4 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys ........... 217

3.1.4.1 Technically-Pure and Low-Alloy

Zirconium Materials................. 217

3.1.4.2 Zirconium Alloys

in Nuclear Applications ............ 218

3.1.4.3 Zirconium-Based Bulk Glassy

Alloys .................................... 218

Part 3 1